Nicotine & Tobacco Research最新文献

{"title":"Integrating Mendelian Randomization With Single-Cell Sequencing Data Reveals the Causal Effect and Related Mechanisms of Smoking on Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Xinyue Zhang, Zhigang Zhu, Liuhui Zhu, Ying Guan, Zhouhai Zhu, Bin Liu, Hui Ren, Xinglong Yang","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae180","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Smoking (nicotine) has been reported to possibly be neuroprotective and conducive to patients with early Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the causal effect of smoking on PD and the molecular mechanisms of smoking-related genes (SRGs) are vague.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>First, genome-wide association study summary data on smoking (ukb-b-6244) and PD (ieu-b-7) were retrieved from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit OpenGWAS database for Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the results of the MR analyses. Subsequently, a differential analysis of PD patients and controls was performed to identify differentially expressed SRGs (DE-SRGs). Finally, the expression of DE-SRGs was analyzed in annotated cell types.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MR analysis revealed that smoking was a protective factor causally related to PD (p = .008, odds ratio = 0.288). Furthermore, a total of five DE-SRGs enriched in Toll-like receptor signaling pathways were identified in GSE7621 dataset. Regarding the single-cell analysis of the GSE184950 dataset, a total of nine cell types were annotated. The expression of LRRN1 in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes, respectively, differed significantly between PD patients and controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study supported a causal relationship between smoking and PD and found that five SRGs (MAPK8IP1, LRRN1, LINC00324, HIST1H2BK, and YOD1) enriched in Toll-like receptor signaling pathways might be beneficial in PD. In addition, single-cell sequencing indicated that four SRGs were differentially expressed in different cell types. All four genes except MAPK8IP1 were significantly correlated with the 10 genes calculated by scPagwas. Thus, this evidence provides a theoretical basis for further research on the effect of nicotine (smoking) on PD.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>In search of explore the potential etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, this study combined MR analysis, transcriptomics, and single-cell sequencing analysis to explore the association between exposure factors and Parkinson's disease, observe and confirm the relationship and mechanism between the two from the perspective of genetics, and provide more reliable evidence for causal inference.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"884-892"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141731376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco Smoking Functional Networks: A Whole-Brain Connectome Analysis in 24 539 Individuals.","authors":"Yezhi Pan, Chuan Bi, Zhenyao Ye, Hwiyoung Lee, Jiaao Yu, Luba Yammine, Tianzhou Ma, Peter Kochunov, L Elliot Hong, Shuo Chen","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae256","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nicotine addiction, a multifaceted neuropsychiatric disorder, profoundly impacts brain functions through interactions with neural pathways. Despite its significance, the impact of tobacco smoking on the whole-brain functional connectome remains largely unexplored.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>We conducted a whole-brain analysis on 24 539 adults aged 40 and above from the United Kingdom Biobank cohort. Subjects were categorized into individuals who use nicotine and those who do not use nicotine based on current and chronic tobacco smoking information. Functional connectivity was assessed using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We employed a network analysis method to assess the systematic effects of tobacco smoking on brain connectome by identifying subnetworks that show nicotine-use-related differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analyses revealed two nicotine-use-related subnetworks with distinct network structure (permutation p < .001). In the first network, there is a significant decrease in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the basal ganglia regions (eg, nucleus accumbens) and 73% of the remaining brain regions, emphasizing the central hub role of basal ganglia in addictive smoking behaviors. Additionally, a data-driven subnetwork, mainly involving regions from frontal and occipital lobes, showed reduced rsFC among individuals who use nicotine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest significant alterations in the communication and coordination among the basal ganglia and the broader network of brain regions. The observed changes in rsFC indicate a widespread disruption in the connectivity patterns associated with nicotine use.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>This study identifies rsFC subnetworks related to chronic nicotine use through whole-brain connectome analysis. The findings confirm that widespread alterations in rsFC are centered around hub nodes within the basal ganglia, including bilateral nucleus accumbens, putamen, caudate, and globus pallidus. In addition, our analysis found a clique-forming subnetwork vulnerable to tobacco smoking consisting of regions from the visual, dorsal/ventral attention, and frontoparietal networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"917-925"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142522517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Misperceptions About the Effectiveness of Cutting Down and Low-Rate Daily Smoking for Reducing the Risk of Tobacco-Caused Harm.","authors":"Emily Brennan, Tegan Nuss, Ashleigh Haynes, Michelle Scollo, Wendy R Winnall, Melanie Wakefield, Sarah Durkin","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae263","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Reducing the amount smoked per day, or smoking at a low rate, confers limited protection from smoking harms. We aimed to quantify the prevalence of misperceptions about cutting down and low-rate smoking among Australian adults who smoke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional online survey in April/May 2022 (N = 2740). Participants were asked whether they agreed (misperception) or disagreed that \"Reducing the number of cigarettes smoked per day is an effective way to reduce the risk of experiencing the health harms of smoking.\" They were also asked whether the statement \"Smoking 1 cigarette per day is about 1/20th as dangerous as smoking a pack of 20 cigarettes per day\" sounded about right (misperception) or if it was less dangerous (misperception) or more dangerous than that.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The misperception that reducing the number of cigarettes smoked is an effective way to reduce risk was held by 72.0% of people who smoke overall, but was more common among those who smoked ≤5 cigarettes daily (76.3%; Adj PR = 1.11 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.21]) or only occasionally (79.7%; Adj PR = 1.14 [1.06 to 1.23]) compared with those who smoked >5 cigarettes daily (66.7%). Over two-thirds (67.9%) underestimated the dangers of smoking one cigarette per day, and this misperception was also more common among low-rate smokers (77.6%, Adj PR = 1.14 [95% CI 1.04 to 1.26]) compared to those who smoked >5 cigarettes daily (63.1%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Misperceptions about the value of cutting down and low-rate smoking for reducing the risk of tobacco-caused harm are pervasive, especially among those who currently smoke at a low rate or only occasionally.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Recent epidemiological evidence confirms that the risks of harm associated with low-rate smoking and cutting down are much higher than would be expected if the relationship between consumption and harm was linear. Findings from this study indicate that misperceptions about the benefits conferred by these smoking patterns are pervasive among people who smoke, particularly among those who currently smoke at a low rate. Corrective education that explains the mechanisms for the increased risk posed by these behaviors could be delivered via package health warnings and/or public health campaigns and may provide low-rate and occasional smokers with additional reasons to quit.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"932-936"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142624991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Effects of Nicotine on Non-Drug-Related Reward in Smokers and Non-Smokers.","authors":"Nicola Rycroft, Catherine Kimber, Emke S E Brazier, Lynne Dawkins","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae278","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nicotine increases the reward value of non-drug-related stimuli in animals and dependent smokers; however, research on people who are not dependent on nicotine is limited. This study aimed to explore whether nicotine delivered by oral spray can enhance responding to self-selected sensory rewards in both smokers and non-smokers.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>Minimally abstinent smokers (n = 30) and non-smokers (n = 31) completed subjective ratings of nicotine withdrawal, and received either 2 mg nicotine or placebo oral spray and visual analogue scales to measure the perceived effects of the spray. An operant conditioning task (Applepicker) that required button clicks to find apples was completed twice, with and without a reward of 30 seconds of pre-prepared music for each reinforcer earned. Measures taken were the number of apples found (reinforcers), number of clicks (responses), and time spent on the task (in seconds).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no differences between smokers and non-smokers on ratings of nicotine withdrawal or effects of the spray. All participants spent longer searching for apples, earned more reinforcers, and produced more responses when listening to music. Nicotine administration led to a higher number of reinforcers earned and, when music was playing, an increase in a number of responses. A three-way interaction revealed that non-smokers who had received nicotine spent the longest searching for apples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nicotinic enhancement of sensory rewards was seen in non-smokers only which cannot be accounted for by learned associations with nicotine or reversal of withdrawal effects. Smokers, however, may require higher doses of nicotine to achieve the same effect.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Nicotinic enhancement of sensory rewards was demonstrated in non-smokers, but not in everyday smokers, suggesting it is unlikely to be related to nicotine dependence or learned associations between nicotine and pleasure. The absence of this effect in smokers suggests that higher levels of nicotine than those obtained from 2 mg oral sprays may be required to achieve enhancement of reward in people who regularly consume nicotine. For nicotine replacement (including e-cigarettes) to become more effective at reducing anhedonia during quit attempts, smokers may require nicotine doses that more closely replicate levels achieved through smoking.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"815-821"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12012236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing Tobacco-Related Disparities Through Tobacco Treatment Research: A Roadmap With Worked Examples.","authors":"Jamie Hartmann-Boyce","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntaf025","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntaf025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"781-782"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Context of the Emergency Department as a Location for a Smoking Cessation Intervention-Process Evaluation Findings From the Cessation of Smoking Trial in the Emergency Department Trial.","authors":"Caitlin Notley, Pippa Belderson, Emma Ward, Lucy V Clark, Allan Clark, Susan Stirling, Steve Parrott, Jinshuo Li, Timothy J Coats, Linda Bauld, Richard Holland, Sarah Gentry, Sanjay Agrawal, Benjamin M Bloom, Adrian Boyle, Alasdair Gray, M Geraint Morris, Ian Pope","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae223","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hospital emergency departments (ED) offer an opportunity to engage with large numbers of people who smoke to prompt cessation, although the acceptability of opportunistic intervention in this context has been questioned. This process evaluation study was embedded into the Cessation of Smoking Trial in the Emergency Department (COSTED) randomized controlled trial and sought to explore the context of intervention delivery within the ED.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>Qualitative interviews were conducted with participants and staff across six EDs participating in the COSTED randomized controlled trial. Interview data were thematically analyzed specifically exploring contextual influences. Data were triangulated with ethnographic observations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In participant interviews (N = 34), it was acceptable overall to receive a brief opportunistic smoking cessation intervention in the ED. Contextual factors are impacted at a range of levels. At the micro level participant views and experiences combined with staff tailoring were important. Being given an e-cigarette starter kit by a \"credible source\" helped to legitimize vaping for smoking cessation and gave confidence in personal ability to switch away from tobacco. At the meso level, adaptations to intervention delivery were made in response to the context of the ED. Stop smoking advisors (N = 11) had to adapt and deliver the intervention flexibly depending on space and clinical need. At the macro level, hospital policies supportive of vaping legitimized the approach.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Smoking cessation outcomes reported in the main trial across sites were very similar because of the high credibility, acceptability, and flexible approach to delivering the COSTED intervention in the ED.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Attending a hospital ED is the right time and place to receive smoking cessation intervention, even for those not motivated to quit. People are willing to receive intervention, and clinical staff are willing to support intervention delivery. Despite challenges, overall the context is helpful in supporting people to switch away from tobacco. The intervention, with flexible and tailored implementation, is adaptable to different ED contexts. This suggests that wider implementation across NHS Trusts of the effective COSTED intervention is feasible and will ultimately support smoking cessation for people attending EDs, who may not otherwise have sought support.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"909-916"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12012237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142591255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engaging Specific Populations With Tobacco-Related Health Disparities in Treatment Research: A Summary of a Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Treatment Research Network Preconference Workshop.","authors":"Adrienne L Johnson, Thanh Cong Bui, Chris Bullen, Michael Businelle, Dana Mowls Carroll, Virmarie Correa-Fernández, Wyatt Pickner, Claire A Spears, Katrina Vickerman, Damon J Vidrine, Monica Webb Hooper, Krysten W Bold","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae248","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae248","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"937-941"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12012238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142471015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ENDS use and nicotine exposure among adults who use ENDS alone or with cigarettes: The PATH Study 2013-2019.","authors":"Kathryn C Edwards, Katherine Garcia-Rosales, Maciej Goniewicz, David Ashley, Dorothy Hatsukami, Lanqing Wang, Jun Feng, Benjamin C Blount, Eva Sharma, Lori S Merrill, Kristie Taylor, Kara Duffy, Arit Harvanko, Arseima Del Valle-Pinero, Carol H Christensen, Cindy M Chang, Dana van Bemmel, Derick L Rivers, Elena V Mishina, Eric A Tolliver, Esther J Roh, Hoda T Hammad, Prabha Kc, Kerui Xu, Ruben Montes de Oca, Yu-Ching Cheng, Colm Everard, Heather L Kimmel, Carlos Blanco, Wilson Compton, Andrew Hyland","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntaf083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaf083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Evaluating nicotine exposure (total nicotine equivalents-2; TNE-2) changes over time can provide data on the public health impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). This study describes TNE-2 levels of those who use ENDS with or without cigarettes from 2013-2019, and models how changing ENDS use behavior impacts change in TNE-2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Creatinine-corrected TNE-2 was assessed for exclusive ENDS use and dual ENDS and cigarette use from Waves (W) 1-5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Exploratory analyses using generalized estimated equations modeled how changing ENDS use (i.e., frequency of use, flavor use, device type) between wave pairs (W1-W2, W2-W3, etc.) impacted changes in TNE-2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For exclusive ENDS use at each wave, TNE-2 levels increased from 10.1 µmol/g at W1 to 18.4 µmol/g at W5, a positive linear trend (p=0.03). Among those who exclusively used ENDS at all waves, TNE-2 levels peaked at W3 and then decreased at W5, exhibiting a significant quadratic trend (p=0.02). Switching from non-daily to daily use (n=15) was associated with a greater increase in TNE-2 than continued daily use (n=304). For dual use, TNE-2 levels remained relatively flat, and there were no significant effects of changing ENDS behavior on TNE-2.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>For exclusive ENDS use, TNE-2 levels over time differs when looking within-subjects vs. repeated longitudinal assessments, and frequency of use was the only significant predictor of change in TNE-2. TNE-2 from dual use did not significantly change from 2013-2019 and was not impacted by change in ENDS use behavior.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Exclusive ENDS use was associated with a positive linear trend in nicotine exposure between 2013-2019, which may reflect how newer generations of ENDS are better at delivering nicotine. When limiting analysis to within-subject use at all waves the trend was quadratic, with nicotine exposure peaking at W3 and returning toward W1 levels by W5. This may be related to people trying to titrate their nicotine exposure in response to changes in ENDS characteristics. Dual ENDS and cigarette use had more consistent levels of exposure over time, which could be due to greater ease of nicotine titration via cigarettes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure among Individuals using both Combustible Cigarettes and E-cigarettes Based on Level of Product Use.","authors":"Zheng Xue, Eva Orr-Souza, Nigar Nargis, Minal Patel, Tyler Nighbor","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntaf053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaf053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Dual use of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes is the most common multiple tobacco-use behavior in the United States, but its long-term health impact remains unclear. Biomarkers of exposure (BOE) can help identify potential health risks of dual use.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data from 2,679 adult participants from Wave 5 of the Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study, a U.S. nationally representative study, including individuals reporting current exclusive cigarette use (n = 1,913), exclusive e-cigarette use (n = 316), and dual use (n = 450). Eight subgroups were created based on self-reported high/low (above/below mean) cigarettes per day (CPD) and days of e-cigarette use in past the 30 days (ECIG). Adjusted geometric mean concentrations were compared for total nicotine equivalents, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), three volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and heavy metals (lead and cadmium).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Individuals reporting dual use did not differ from those reporting exclusive cigarette use on CPD (13.1 vs. 11.8, respectively). Dual-use groups with high CPD had higher levels of NNAL and VOCs compared to those with low CPD (eg, NNAL for high CPD/high ECIG: 257.07 ng/mg creatinine vs. low CPD/high ECIG: 64.57 ng/mg creatinine, p < .001; high CPD/low ECIG: 312.02 ng/mg creatinine vs. low CPD/low ECIG: 144.11 ng/mg creatinine, p < .001). Cigarette use (dual or exclusive use) was generally associated with higher BOE than exclusive e-cigarette use, though metal exposure did not differ between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dual use and exclusive cigarette use are associated with higher toxicant exposure compared to exclusive e-cigarette use.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>In this population-based cross-sectional study, individuals reporting dual use appear to have nicotine and toxicant exposure at least at the same level as those using cigarettes alone and higher than exclusive e-cigarette use (except for metals). Given the adverse health consequences of dual use, including potential cancer risk, our findings highlight the need for clinicians and public health practitioners to increase awareness of the potential risks associated with dual use.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144012763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Menthol Characterizing Flavors in Cigarettes on Sale in England After a Characterizing Flavor Ban: Findings From Sensory and Chemical Assessments.","authors":"Debbie Robson, Christina N Kyriakos, Ann McNeill, Sophie Harrington, Michelle Page, Richard J O'Connor, John Robins, Maciej L Goniewicz","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntaf064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaf064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In May 2020, the United Kingdom banned menthol as a characteristic flavor in cigarettes. This study aimed to test cigarettes on sale in England in 2021-2022 for menthol and other characterizing flavors, through sensory and chemical testing.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>Assessments were conducted for 20 cigarette brands (16 tests and four reference products). An untrained consumer panel of 50 people who smoked daily were each randomized to smell one of the two blocks of 10 unburnt cigarettes in duplicate (50 assessments per product). Using the Check-All-That-Apply method, participants assessed the presence of 22 odor attributes, including menthol/mint. For each test and reference cigarette, proportions of assessments that identified menthol/mint, \"fruity,\" \"confectionary\" and \"non-tobacco\" odors were identified and compared accounting for the within-participant duplicate testing. For each cigarette, the content of 34 flavoring chemicals (16 cooling/minty) was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four of the sixteen test cigarette products were more frequently identified by participants as having a menthol/mint odor than reference products and had detectable levels of menthol/mint in the chemical tests. For four other test products, there was some discordance between the chemical and sensory assessments. Sensory testing also identified a fruity odor in six test products and a confectionary odor in one test product. The compounds dihydroxyacetone and triacetin were detected above the LLOQ in all products.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Four cigarette products for sale in England in 2021-2022 appeared non-compliant with the ban on menthol as a characterizing flavor in sensory and chemical tests.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Menthol is known to enhance the appeal of tobacco products, particularly among young people. The subjective nature of determining \"characterizing\" flavors in tobacco products creates compliance challenges. Our findings suggest that more stringent regulatory policies around flavoring additives used in tobacco products might be necessary. An outright ban on menthol, other minty flavorings, and additives not essential to the manufacturing process could provide clearer guidelines for manufacturers and regulators.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}