Nicotine & Tobacco Research最新文献

{"title":"Stories, Sovereignty, and Smoking Cessation: Indigenous Perspectives.","authors":"Andrew Waa, Tom Calma","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae282","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142838496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing hope and bolstering knowledge of how to quit: a qualitative investigation of including efficacy content in tobacco risk communication via daily SMS.","authors":"Lillian Brinken, Kate Shiells, Stuart G Ferguson, Stefania Franja, Anna Blackwell, Claire Braboszcz, Olivia M Maynard","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Tobacco warning labels typically feature confronting health risk messages which aim to evoke fear to change behaviour. Evidence shows these graphic health warning labels (GHWLs) can be effective but can also lead to unintended responses, including avoidance or defensiveness. Theory suggests that targeting beliefs about the likelihood and benefits of successfully quitting may increase adaptive responses to risk information.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants with nil imminent quitting intentions were recruited to a randomised controlled trial (RCT) in the UK investigating the effects of receiving daily textual SMS messages targeting risk, self-efficacy, and response-efficacy beliefs on cessation behaviour. To explore their experiences receiving SMS messages during the RCT as well as their naturalistic exposure to GHWLs, we undertook a qualitative investigation conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 participants. Four main themes were generated via thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants found efficacy messaging motivating, reporting increased hope for cessation. Further, these messages bolstered knowledge about cessation benefits and treatment options, which may increase treatment-related health literacy. Self-efficacy and response-efficacy messages were well-received and seen to complement each other whereas naturalistic exposure to GHWLs was associated with defensive responses and use of strategies to manage negative affect. GHWLs were seen to contribute to stigmatisation of PWS as part of a broader denormalisation of smoking.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GHWLs in their current form can have unintended consequences for people who smoke and can lead to defensive responses. By contrast, messages that address efficacy beliefs can increase hope, knowledge of cessation supports and motivation, thus supporting adaptive responses to smoking health risks.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Continued use of confronting GHWLs in their current form should be reconsidered. Future policy and research should investigate how efficacy content can be effectively integrated into tobacco packaging to optimise the impact of this space in targeting determinants of cessation. Efficacy content can give people who smoke hope for the future and valuable information about pathways to cessation. These benefits may have applications in other streams of health promotion such as primary care, m-health initiatives or public service announcements.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can We Predict Who Will Experience Adverse Events While Using Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy? A Secondary Analysis of the EAGLES Clinical Trial.","authors":"Bethany J Wolf, Kevin M Gray, Jennifer R Dahne, Daniel Hashemi, Rachel L Tomko","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae290","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Concerns about potential side effects remain a barrier to uptake of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved smoking cessation pharmacotherapy [i.e., varenicline, bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)]. However, use of pharmacotherapy can double the odds of successful quitting. Knowledge of an individual's likelihood of side effects while taking smoking cessation pharmacotherapy could influence treatment planning discussions and monitoring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a secondary, post-hoc analysis to predict an individual's likelihood of adverse events (AEs) using the Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) data from 4,209 adults in the United States who smoked. Participants were randomized to receive 12 weeks of treatment with varenicline, bupropion, NRT patch, or placebo. Our models predicted the likelihood of moderate to severe psychiatric and non-psychiatric AEs during treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using pre-treatment demographic and clinical data, multivariable logistic regression models yielded acceptable areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for an individual's likelihood of moderate to severe 1) psychiatric AEs for bupropion and NRT and 2) non-psychiatric AEs for varenicline and bupropion. Once we adjusted for demographic and baseline characteristics, medication was not associated with psychiatric AEs. Varenicline differed from placebo with regards to non-psychiatric AEs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is possible to predict person-specific likelihood of moderate to severe psychiatric and non-psychiatric AEs during smoking cessation treatment, though the probability of psychiatric AEs did not differ by medication. Future work should consider factors related to implementation in clinical settings, including determining whether lower burden assessment protocols can be equally accurate for AE prediction.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Using data from a large dataset people who smoke in the U.S., it is possible to predict an individual's likelihood of psychiatric and non-psychiatric adverse events during smoking cessation treatment prior to initiating treatment. These predictive models provide a starting point for future work addressing how best to modify and integrate such clinical decision support algorithms into treatment for smoking cessation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaping-specific nicotine dependence across days among a national sample of US young adults who vape.","authors":"Michael J Parks, Brooke J Arterberry, Megan E Patrick","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vaping has increased among young adults (YAs), and nicotine dependence prevalence has increased among YAs who vape (YAV), in the U.S. Research on nicotine dependence symptoms (NDS) among YAV remains limited, and accurately measuring NDS and their severity remains a challenge. To date, no research has considered day-to-day NDS, as previous research focuses on retrospective measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Daily data came from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Vaping Supplement; out of 1,244 YAs, we analyzed data from 150 (Mage=19 (SE=0.44); 71.2% non-Hispanic white; 57.8% male) who vaped nicotine at least once during 14 daily surveys (n=882 nicotine vaping days). The vaping-specific Hooked on Nicotine Checklist measured NDS on nicotine vaping days. Dichotomous and count measures of NDS were used at the day and aggregated to the person level. Descriptive analyses and multilevel regression models were estimated. Weights ensured generalizability and adjusted for attrition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Any NDS were reported on 64.5% of nicotine vaping days (average 1.93 symptoms); 43.3% of nicotine vaping days had more than 1 NDS. Results across persons (rather than days) showed any NDS on 53.8% of nicotine vaping days, and 45.4% YAs reported between 1 and 2 symptoms per vaping day; 23.3% reported 2+ symptoms on average. Multilevel models showed nontrivial variance across days and persons in NDS, and regular vaping at baseline predicted NDS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vaping-specific NDS varied across days and persons for any NDS and NDS severity. Future research should consider daily NDS fluctuations, identifying factors that confer risk to inform NDS prevention and treatment among YAV.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>NDS and its severity varied across days and persons, demonstrating the utility of daily data. The results were generally similar for experiencing any NDS and for NDS severity, but there was slightly more variability across days for any NDS. Intervention and treatment strategies could utilize approaches that identify and address daily symptoms to help curb nicotine dependence. Future research and treatment efforts should also consider the immediate contexts and potential factors that explain particularly elevated NDS on a given day.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: What is the Relationship Between Raising the Minimum Legal Sales Age of Tobacco Above 20 and Cigarette Smoking? A Systematic Review.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae239","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects Of E-Cigarette Warning Labels About Mental Health Consequences Of Nicotine Addiction Among Young Adults In The Us: Results From A Randomized Controlled Experiment.","authors":"Kristy L Marynak, Joanna E Cohen, Johannes Thrul, Ryan D Kennedy, Rupali Limaye, Meghan B Moran","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Since 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required e-cigarette packaging and advertising to bear the warning: \"WARNING: THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS NICOTINE. NICOTINE IS AN ADDICTIVE CHEMICAL.\" Nicotine has numerous adverse consequences besides addiction, including increased anxiety and depression symptoms that arise from nicotine withdrawal. We tested the effects of exposure to text-only e-cigarette package labels about the psychological consequences of nicotine withdrawal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We randomized 1919 U.S. young adults aged 18-24 years to view one of four warning label conditions: a no-message control, the current FDA warning, a message that \"nicotine addiction can worsen depression and anxiety symptoms,\" and a message that \"nicotine addiction is a source of stress.\" We explored associations between condition and intentions to use or quit e-cigarettes and perceived message effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Label condition was not associated with intentions to use or quit e-cigarettes. Intentions were equivalent among those who viewed the FDA label and those who viewed the no-message control. Compared with the FDA label, the depression/anxiety label and the stress label produced greater agreement among participants that the message \"makes me concerned about nicotine addiction\" after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics; those who viewed the depression/anxiety label had greater agreement that the message \"discourages me from wanting to use nicotine.\"</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While brief exposure to the warnings tested may not impact young adults' intentions to use or quit vaping, messages about stress, depression, and anxiety arising from nicotine addiction had higher perceived effectiveness among young adults than the FDA's current message about addictiveness.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Findings from this randomized controlled experiment among U.S. young adults suggest that warnings about the mental health consequences of nicotine addiction might be one type of message to consider including in a suite of required e-cigarette warnings and as part of a comprehensive effort to educate the public about the risks of commercial tobacco products.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Sweeteners in US-Marketed Oral Nicotine Pouch Products: Correlation with Nicotine Contents and Effects on Product Preference.","authors":"Sairam V Jabba, Peter Silinski, Alicia Y Yang, Wenyi Ouyang, Sven E Jordt","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae293","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Artificial sweeteners, sucralose and acesulfame-k, are listed as ingredients of oral nicotine pouches (ONPs), a product category with rapidly growing market share. The exact quantities of these sweeteners in ONPs remain unknown. Artificial sweeteners in ONPs may reduce aversion, facilitate initiation and encourage consumption behavior.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sucralose and acesulfame-k contents in major US-marketed ONP brands (Zyn, on!, Velo) were determined by Liquid-Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry. Sweetener effects on aversion and consumption of ONP's were modeled in single- and two-bottle drinking tests, offering mice ONP extracts calibrated to contain nicotine levels similar to saliva of people who use smokeless tobacco. To examine the contribution of sweet taste perception, consumption behavior was compared between wild-type and sweet-taste receptor deficient mice (Tas1r2-/-).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Acesulfame-K was detected in on!, Zyn and Velo ONPs (~0.3 to 0.9mg/pouch), including products marketed as \"Unflavored\" or \"Flavor ban approved\". In Velo ONPs, sweetened with sucralose (~0.6 to1.2mg/pouch), higher nicotine strength products contained higher sucralose levels. Tas1r2-/- mice consumed less ONP extracts than wild-type mice in both sexes. ONP extracts with both higher nicotine and sweetener strengths were tolerated by wild-type mice, but produced stronger aversion in Tas1r2-/- mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ONPs contain significant amounts of artificial sweeteners acesulfame-k and sucralose, with some brands adding more sweetener to higher nicotine strength ONPs. In mice, artificial sweeteners, at levels present in ONPs, increase nicotine consumption. Increasing sweetener contents facilitate consumption of higher nicotine strength ONPs. Sweetness imparted by sweetener addition to ONPs likely reduces aversive sensory effects of nicotine and other ONP constituents.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Artificial sweeteners such as acesulfame-K or sucralose reduce aversion and likely facilitate consumption of ONPs. The marketing of some artificially sweetened ONPs as \"Unflavored\" or \"Flavor ban-approved\" suggests that the tobacco industry rejects sweet taste as a determinant for the presence of a characterizing flavor. Sweetness as imparted by artificial sweeteners in tobacco products needs to be addressed by regulators as a component of a characterizing flavor, with the aim to reduce product appeal and initiation by never users, and especially youth attracted to sweet flavors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring cigarette and e-cigarette use over time among LGBT+ youth and young adults using a repeat cross-sectional survey, 2022-2024.","authors":"Elexis C Kierstead, Brenda Dimaya, Maureen Palmerini, Gabrielle C Bayacal, Elizabeth C Hair","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>LGBT+ individuals in the U.S. use tobacco products more than their heterosexual and cisgender peers. Although existing literature identifies this trend, more research using recent, national data from a large sample is needed to better examine trends over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A repeat cross-sectional survey of approximately n=300 youth and young adults aged 15-24 was fielded weekly from October of 2022 to June of 2024, resulting in a total sample of N=25,675. This sample was used to examine cigarette and e-cigarette use over time among LGBT+ and non-LGBT+ youth and young adults. Cigarette and e-cigarette use was also examined by specific sexual orientation and gender identity, using the aggregated sample.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From October 2022 - June 2024, cigarette and e-cigarette use were consistently higher among LGBT+ youth and young adults, compared to their cisgender and heterosexual peers. Compared to heterosexual young people, gay/lesbian and bisexual young people reported higher cigarette and e-cigarette use. Male-identifying individuals reported the highest cigarette use while, female young people reported the highest e-cigarette use. Transgender and gender diverse individuals reported lower cigarette and e-cigarette use than cisgender young people.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Tobacco use disparities persist among LGBT+ youth and young adults. Sexual minority respondents showed elevated risk of tobacco use, while gender minority youth saw lower rates of tobacco use, although prevalence remains high. Future research should continue to investigate LGBT+ tobacco use using national surveillance methods. Effective programs for tobacco prevention and cessation are necessary to advance health equity among LGBT+ youth and young adults.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>This study finds persistently elevated tobacco use among LGBT+ youth and young adults over a two-year period, highlighting the importance of continued tobacco use surveillance, as well as the development of programmatic interventions to reduce LGBT+ tobacco use. These analyses also inform future work further investigating differences in tobacco use by sexual orientation and gender identity among young people. This work provides a call to action to focus efforts on reducing tobacco use among LGBT+ youth, improving the long-term health of this population and increasing health equity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on '\"Keep it a secret\": leaked documents suggest Philip Morris International, and its Japanese affiliate, continue to exploit science for profit.'","authors":"Tomoyasu Hirano","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae287","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae287","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Tobacco and Poly-Tobacco Use as a Function of Sexual Orientation Identity and Sex.","authors":"Alexa G Deyo, Lisa R LaRowe, Jessica M Powers, Raymond A Ruiz, Katherine M Kidwell, Joseph W Ditre","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Limited research has characterized poly-tobacco use (i.e., use of at least two nicotine/tobacco products) among adults with sexual minoritized (SM) identities (i.e., lesbian, gay, and bisexual). Additional work is needed to examine disparities in use by sexual orientation identity and determine whether these disparities differ by sex. We aimed to examine the prevalence of tobacco product use and poly-tobacco use by sexual orientation identity and sex among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were drawn from 32,352 adult respondents (34.9% 18-24 years; 10.4% SM; 51.4% female) at Wave 5 (2018-2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Logistic regression models tested main and interactive effects of sexual orientation identity and sex on tobacco product use and poly-tobacco use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SM (vs. heterosexual) participants were more likely to report use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, hookah, filtered cigars, and cigarillos (ORs=1.71-3.27), and poly-tobacco use (OR=1.83). Male (vs. female) participants, regardless of sexual orientation identity, were more likely to report use of each tobacco product (ORs=1.30-28.73) and poly-tobacco use (OR=1.73). Significant interactions revealed stronger associations between sexual orientation identity and cigarette and e-cigarette use among SM females (vs. heterosexual females) and SM males (vs. heterosexual males; aORs=1.42-4.10). Tobacco use further varied within SM and heterosexual groups based on sex.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study contributes to a growing literature demonstrating disparities in tobacco use among SM individuals. Findings underscore the need for comprehensive assessment of associations between sexual orientation identity and sex in tobacco use treatment.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>This study examines the intersection of sexual orientation identity, sex, and tobacco use among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Findings highlight tobacco-related disparities among sexual minoritized individuals and underscore the importance of routine monitoring and intervening to reduce the disproportionate prevalence of tobacco use among this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}