Neuropsychopharmacology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Development of the Japanese version of the Challenging Experience Questionnaire.","authors":"Hideaki Tani, Kengo Yonezawa, Keisuke Kusudo, Frederick S Barrett, Shinichiro Nakajima, Hiroyuki Uchida","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12456","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The therapeutic potential of psychedelics for various mental disorders has gained significant interest. Previous studies have highlighted that psychedelics induce psychoactive effects, including challenging aspects of experiences. These experiences are assessed using the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), yet its Japanese version has been unavailable. This study aimed to create a Japanese version of the CEQ.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We followed the \"Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation.\" Initially, two Japanese psychiatrists independently conducted the forward translations. These were then reconciled into a single version, which was back-translated into English. The original authors reviewed this back-translation for accuracy, leading to revisions through continuous dialogue until the original authors approved the final version.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final, approved back-translated version of the CEQ is presented in the figure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study developed a Japanese version of the CEQ, enabling the assessment of challenging experiences during psychedelic-assisted therapy for Japanese speakers. Further studies are needed to assess the reliability and validity of this newly translated version.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"534-539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141420074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constipation-associated factors in outpatients with schizophrenia: A multicenter questionnaire survey.","authors":"Taro Tazaki, Hiroki Yamada, Ryotaro Sato, Hiroki Ishii, Shutaro Sugita, Haruka Yanagihara, Dan Nakamura, Osamu Takashio, Atsuko Inamoto, Akira Iwanami","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12464","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Constipation is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder that affects people globally, decreasing their quality of life and life expectancy. Individuals with schizophrenia often suffer from constipation, which could be a result of the illness itself or the side effects of psychotropic medications. However, little research has been conducted on factors contributing to constipation in individuals with schizophrenia. To address this issue, we conducted a survey using self-administered questionnaires and medical records to identify factors associated with constipation in psychiatric outpatients. This study included 399 patients with schizophrenia, resulting in a high prevalence of constipation (43.4%). The analysis suggested that female gender, the doses of antiparkinsonian medications, and benzodiazepine sleeping pills may be associated with constipation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"604-613"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141492755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of A118G (rs1799971) single-nucleotide polymorphism of the μ-opioid receptor OPRM1 gene on intraoperative remifentanil requirements in Japanese women undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgery.","authors":"Ruying Zou, Daisuke Nishizawa, Rie Inoue, Junko Hasegawa, Yuko Ebata, Kyoko Nakayama, Atsuko Hara, Hiroyuki Sumikura, Mari Kitade, Masakazu Hayashida, Kazutaka Ikeda, Izumi Kawagoe","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12468","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Abundant data are available on the effect of the A118G (rs1799971) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the μ-opioid receptor OPRM1 gene on morphine and fentanyl requirements for pain control. However, data on the effect of this SNP on intraoperative remifentanil requirements remain limited. We investigated the effect of this SNP on intraoperative remifentanil requirements.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated 333 Japanese women, aged 21-69 years, who underwent laparoscopic gynecological surgery for benign gynecological disease under total intravenous anesthesia at Juntendo University Hospital. Average infusion rates of propofol and remifentanil during anesthesia and the average bispectral index (BIS) during surgery were recorded. Associations among genotypes of the A118G and phenotypes were examined with the Mann-Whitney U test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average propofol infusion rate was not different between patients with different genotypes. The average remifentanil infusion rate was significantly higher in patients with the AG or GG genotype than the AA genotype (p = 0.028). The average intraoperative BIS was significantly higher in patients with the GG genotype than the AA or AG genotype (p = 0.039).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The G allele of the A118G SNP was associated with higher intraoperative remifentanil requirements and higher intraoperative BIS values but was not associated with propofol requirements. Given that remifentanil and propofol act synergistically on the BIS, these results suggest that the G allele of the A118G SNP is associated with lower effects of remifentanil in achieving adequate intraoperative analgesia and in potentiating the sedative effect of propofol on the BIS.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"650-657"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141879188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of prior depression diagnosis on bipolar disorder outcomes: A retrospective cohort study using a medical claims database.","authors":"Hitoshi Sakurai, Masayuki Nakashima, Takashi Tsuboi, Kenji Baba, Tadashi Nosaka, Koichiro Watanabe, Koji Kawakami","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12457","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bipolar disorder often emerges from depressive episodes and is initially diagnosed as depression. This study aimed to explore the effects of a prior depression diagnosis on outcomes in patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cohort study analyzed data of patients aged 18-64 years who received a new bipolar disorder diagnosis in Japan, using medical claims data from January 2005 to October 2020 provided by JMDC, Inc. The index month was defined as the time of the bipolar diagnosis. The study assessed the incidence of psychiatric hospitalization, all-cause hospitalization, and mortality, stratified by the presence of a preceding depression diagnosis and its duration (≥1 or <1 year). Hazard ratios (HRs) and p-values were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for potential confounders, and supported by log-rank tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 5595 patients analyzed, 2460 had a history of depression, with 1049 experiencing it for over a year and 1411 for less than a year. HRs for psychiatric hospitalization, all hospitalizations, and death in patients with a history of depression versus those without were 0.92 (95% CI = 0.78-1.08, p = 0.30), 0.87 (95% CI = 0.78-0.98, p = 0.017), and 0.61 (95% CI = 0.33-1.12, p = 0.11), respectively. In patients with preceding depression ≥1 year versus <1 year, HRs were 0.89 (95% CI = 0.67-1.19, p = 0.43) for psychiatric hospitalization, 0.85 (95% CI = 0.71-1.00, p = 0.052) for all hospitalizations, and 0.25 (95% CI = 0.07-0.89, p = 0.03) for death.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A prior history and duration of depression may not elevate psychiatric hospitalization risk after bipolar disorder diagnosis and might even correlate with reduced hospitalization and mortality rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"591-598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141492756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis including in-game spending and violent game playing in patients with internet gaming disorder.","authors":"Haruka Minami, Toshiyuki Shirai, Shohei Okada, Masao Miyachi, Takaki Tanifuji, Satoshi Okazaki, Tadasu Horai, Kentaro Mouri, Ikuo Otsuka, Akitoyo Hishimoto","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12470","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is receiving increasing attention. In particular, violent gameplay or in-game spending affects the psychiatric conditions and economic difficulties of patients. We conducted regression analysis and path analysis to investigate the associations between a comprehensive list of factors in patients with IGD, including the degree of internet or gaming dependence, developmental problems, family background, severity of depression, sleeping habits, in-game spending, and first-person shooter (FPS) and third-person shooter (TPS) game playing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The participants were 47 Japanese individuals (39 males and 8 females) aged ≤20 years diagnosed with IGD with complete data from the internet addiction test, autism spectrum quotient, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. All participants were asked whether their parents have divorce history, whether they have siblings, whether they play FPS or TPS games, and whether they engage in in-game spending. Firstly, we compared these factors between males and females; secondly, we conducted regression analysis and path analysis in male patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As for simple comparison between sex, female patients showed greater severity of IGD and depressive score. In regression analysis of male patients, significant associations were found between FPS or TPS game playing and in-game spending. We also created path diagrams.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of the comprehensive analyses suggest the possibility that bidirectional synergistic effects could be achieved by gradually reducing both violent game playing and in-game spending. The concept of internet dependence has a wide range of meanings, and for each subtype, it is important to consider the background that led to the dependence to make individualized environmental adjustments and provide psychotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"631-638"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141788725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photopharmacological modulation of hippocampal local field potential by caged-glutamate with MicroLED probe.","authors":"Shogo Okada, Noriaki Ohkawa, Kazuki Moriya, Yoshito Saitoh, Mikiko Ishikawa, Kakeru Oya, Atsushi Nishikawa, Hiroto Sekiguchi","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12472","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Photopharmacology is a new technique for modulating biological phenomena through the photoconversion of substances in a specific target region at precise times. Caged compounds are thought to be compatible with photopharmacology as uncaged ligands are released and function in a light irradiation-dependent manner. Here, we investigated whether a microscale light-emitting diode (MicroLED) probe is applicable for the photoconversion of caged-glutamate (caged-Glu) in vivo.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A needle-shaped MicroLED probe was fabricated and inserted into the mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) with a cannula for drug injection and a recording electrode for measuring the local field potential (LFP). Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) or caged-Glu was infused into the DG and illuminated with light from a MicroLED probe.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the caged-Glu-injected DG, the LFP changed in the 10-20 Hz frequency ranges after light illumination, whereas there was no change in the ACSF control condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The MicroLED probe is applicable for photopharmacological experiments to modulate LFP with caged-Glu in vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"658-662"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141913404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cluster analysis of patients with alcohol use disorder featuring alexithymia, depression, and diverse drinking behavior.","authors":"Kazuhiro Kurihara, Hiroyuki Enoki, Hotaka Shinzato, Yoshikazu Takaesu, Tsuyoshi Kondo","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12449","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to identify subgroups of alcohol use disorder (AUD) based on a multidimensional combination of alexithymia, depression, and diverse drinking behavior.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We recruited 176 patients with AUD, which were initially divided into non-alexithymic (n = 130) and alexithymic (n = 46) groups using a cutoff score of 61 on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Subsequently, the profiles of the two groups were compared. Thereafter, a two-stage cluster analysis using hierarchical and K-means methods was performed with the Z-scores from the TAS-20, the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report Japanese Version, the 12-item questionnaire for quantitative assessment of depressive mixed state, and the 20-item questionnaire for drinking behavior pattern.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the first analysis, Alexithymic patients with AUD showed greater depressive symptoms and more pathological drinking behavior patterns than those without alexithymia. Cluster analysis featuring alexithymia, depression, and drinking behavior identified three subtypes: Cluster 1 (core AUD type) manifesting pathological drinking behavior highlighting automaticity; Cluster 2 (late-onset type) showing relatively late-onset alcohol use and fewer depressive symptoms or pathological drinking behavior; and Cluster 3 (alexithymic type) characterized by alexithymia, depression, and pathological drinking behavior featuring greater coping with negative affect.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The multidimensional model with alexithymia, depression, and diverse drinking behavior provided possible practical classification of AUD. The alexithymic subtype may require more caution, and additional support for negative affect may be necessary due to accompanying mood problems and various maladaptive drinking behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"512-520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141075547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropsychiatric manifestations due to anticholinergic agents and anabolic steroids ingestion: A case series and literature review.","authors":"Homa Talabaki, Mahkameh Soltani, Ali Abbasi, Vahid Sharifi, Narges Salehi, Zakaria Zakariaei","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12460","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anticholinergic toxicity is a common occurrence in the emergency room, making it crucial for emergency clinicians to have a good understanding of this toxidrome. The neuropsychiatric effects of anticholinergic agents and anabolic steroids (ASs) can manifest as symptoms like anxiety, agitation, dysarthria, confusion, seizures, visual hallucinations, bizarre behavior, delirium, psychosis, and coma. When dealing with a conscious patient who has ingested an anticholinergic substance, a detailed history of ingestion can aid clinicians in making an accurate diagnosis. However, the lack of information about the substances consumed can complicate diagnosis. In cases where the exposure is unknown, clinicians should consider anticholinergic poisoning in patients showing signs of altered mental status and physical examination findings consistent with anticholinergic toxicity. We report four cases presenting a range of symptoms, including neuropsychiatric manifestations, following the ingestion of the same bodybuilding powders with anticholinergic properties. All four patients consumed yellow and white powders at the same time and in the same place. Laboratory analysis revealed that yellow powder and white powder contained ASs and cyproheptadine, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"540-544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141420075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurophysiological profiles of patients with bipolar disorders as probed with transcranial magnetic stimulation: A systematic review.","authors":"Keita Taniguchi, Naotsugu Kaneko, Masataka Wada, Sotaro Moriyama, Shinichiro Nakajima, Masaru Mimura, Yoshihiro Noda","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12458","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Bipolar disorder (BD) has a significant impact on global health, yet its neurophysiological basis remains poorly understood. Conventional treatments have limitations, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the neurophysiology of BD for early diagnosis and novel therapeutic strategies.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Employing a systematic review approach of the PRISMA guidelines, this study assessed the usefulness and validity of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) neurophysiology in patients with BD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Databases searched included PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO, covering studies from January 1985 to January 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 6597 articles screened, nine studies met the inclusion criteria, providing neurophysiological insights into the pathophysiological basis of BD using TMS-electromyography and TMS-electroencephalography methods. Findings revealed significant neurophysiological impairments in patients with BD compared to healthy controls, specifically in cortical inhibition and excitability. In particular, short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) was consistently diminished in BD across the studies, which suggests a fundamental impairment of cortical inhibitory function in BD. This systematic review corroborates the potential utility of TMS neurophysiology in elucidating the pathophysiological basis of BD. Specifically, the reduced cortical inhibition in the SICI paradigm observed in patients with BD suggests gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor-mediated dysfunction, but results from other TMS paradigms have been inconsistent. Thus, complex neurophysiological processes may be involved in the pathological basis underlying BD. This study demonstrated that BD has a neural basis involving impaired GABAergic function, and it is highly expected that further research on TMS neurophysiology will further elucidate the pathophysiological basis of BD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"572-584"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544454/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141458365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful treatment with guanfacine in a long-COVID case manifesting marked cognitive impairment.","authors":"Tsuyoshi Kondo, Riki Higa, Mariko Kuniba, Hotaka Shinzato, Yoshikazu Takaesu","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12466","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Persistent cognitive impairment is a serious consequence of the post-COVID condition. However, there have been no established effective treatments for this pathophysiology supported by sufficient evidence.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 32-year-old woman became aware of difficulty in word recalling, reading, and writing as well as difficulty in completing various household multitasks 3 weeks after the COVID-19 infection. Although blood tests, magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and Kohs block design test were all within normal limits, completion time by trail making test (TMT) A or B was markedly delayed. Finally, she was referred to our hospital 3 months after the infection. At baseline, the THINC integrated tool (THINC-it), a digital battery consisting of the five-item version of the perceived deficit questionnaire (PDQ-5), choice reaction time (CRT), 1-back test, digit symbol substitution test (DSST), and TMT-B, revealed poor capability in attention, working memory, and executive function. Also, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) demonstrated no activation in frontal or temporal regions during verbal fluency task. Extended-release guanfacine (GXR) 2 mg/day was initiated and a month later was elevated up to 4 mg/day as a maintenance dose. The PDQ-5, CRT, 1-back test, DSST, and TMT-B were dramatically improved 1 month after GXR treatment. NIRS finding was also normalized after 2 months of treatment. These effects were successfully maintained throughout the 6-month follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GXR may be helpful in improving subjective/objective cognitive functioning and frontotemporal brain activity in long-COVID patients manifesting apparent cognitive impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"585-590"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544435/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141458366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}