Neuropsychopharmacology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Anxiolytic and sedative effects of sodium valproate with different experimental paradigms in male and female rats.","authors":"María de Los Ángeles Cintado, Luis Gonzalo De la Casa, Gabriel González","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12483","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Valproic acid or sodium valproate is a widely used drug in the treatment of epilepsy, although it also appears to have anxiolytic and sedative properties derived from its agonistic action on the GABAergic system. To analyze these potential effects of the drug, we conducted three experiments with rats using procedures designed to assess anxiety in rodents. In the first experiment, with a fear conditioning procedure, three groups of male rats were included that received either 100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg of valproate or an equivalent volume of saline solution. In Experiment 2, recording spontaneous activity in an open field, we compared the effects of valproic acid (300 mg/kg) on male and female rats. In the third experiment, we analyzed the effect of valproic acid using a novelty-induced hypophagia test and tested again for potential differences as a function of the sex of the animals. The results showed an anxiolytic effect restricted to the 300 mg/kg dose of the drug in Experiment 1. Such an effect was restricted to the female sample in Experiment 2, but in the third experiment affected both sexes. As for the sedative effect, it was observed in all experiments irrespective of the sex of the rats. These findings hold significant implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders since valproate may offer a novel therapeutic approach for anxiety-related conditions with distinct benefits and fewer side effects. However, clinical studies are needed to validate the translation of these findings from animal models to human patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"737-748"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11609752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142292114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in interoception before and after treatment in patients with alcohol use disorder.","authors":"Chika Shimohara, Ariyuki Kagaya, Tomoyuki Akita, Ryotaro Tsukue, Atsushi Shimohara, Maro G Machizawa, Shigeto Yamawaki, Junko Tanaka, Hitoshi Okamura","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12491","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To investigate the factors associated with interoception in patients with alcohol use disorder and determine whether treatment causes changes in their interoception.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Body Perception Questionnaire-Body Awareness ultra-short version Japanese version (BPQ-BAVSF-J) was used to measure interoception in 50 alcohol-dependent participants (27 in the inpatient group and 23 in the outpatient group). The BPQ-BAVSF-J was administered and data on aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), mean corpuscular volume, platelet count, and Fib-4 index were extracted at admission and immediately before discharge for the inpatient group and at the first outpatient visit and approximately 3 months after the visit for the outpatient group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the 50 participants was 51.0 ± 12.3 years. Significant associations were found between the BPQ-BAVSF-J and Fib-4 index and AST. The BPQ-BAVSF-J score significantly decreased at discharge in the inpatient group. AST, ALT, γ-GTP, and Fib-4 index of liver function were also significantly lower at discharge. In contrast, in the outpatient group, there were no significant changes in the BPQ-BAVSF-J score, AST level, ALT level, γ-GTP level, and Fib-4 index between at the first outpatient visit and approximately 3 months after the visit.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Interoception in patients with alcohol use disorder increased with worsening liver function and decreased with improvement in liver function owing to treatment. This suggests that the BPQ-BAVSF-J score, an easily accessible scale, may be used to detect early deterioration of liver function through regular administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"792-797"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11609739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case series of patients with early psychosis presenting hypoperfusion in angular gyrus and self-disturbance: Implication for the sense of agency and schizophrenia.","authors":"Akane Yoshikawa, Youhei Obata, Chihiro Kakiuchi, Atsushi Nakanishi, Satoshi Kimura, Shigeki Aoki, Tadafumi Kato","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12476","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12476","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Self-disturbance has been considered as a core symptomatology of schizophrenia and its emergence from the prodromal phase makes it a crucial target for early detection and intervention in schizophrenia. Currently, the clinical assessment of self-disturbance relies on the self-report of patients, and clinicians have no diagnostic tools in clinical practice. Identifying the neural substrate of self-disturbance would be of great clinical value by shedding light on the core dimension of schizophrenia.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We first introduce an adolescent patient who initially presented self-disturbance, and clinically detectable hypoperfusion in angular gyrus (AG) was observed when early psychosis was suspected. Interestingly, the hypoperfusion in AG may correspond to improvement and exacerbation of self-disturbance. This clinical observation led us to pursue the relationship between the decreased blood flow in the AG and self-disturbance. Among 15 cases with suspected early psychosis in which single photon emission computed tomography was performed to exclude organic factors, we found additional 5 cases, including one prodromal patient, showing hypoperfusion in the AG and self-disturbance with significant correlation (r = 0.79, p = 0.00025).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The self-disturbance has been interpreted as a reflection of disturbance of the \"Sense of Agency\", the ability to attribute their action and/or thoughts to themselves. AG has been shown to play a pivotal role in the sense of agency. These cases suggest that the hypoperfusion in AG associated with the disruption in the sense of agency would be an early clinical sign of schizophrenia. Further longitudinal studies are needed to test this hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"706-715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11609757/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142109914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comfort distance between patients and pharmacists during medication instruction: A prospective observational study at a cancer chemotherapy center.","authors":"Saori Gocho, Yukina Miyagi, Chika Nakayama, Yuka Miyachi, Shoshiro Okada, Kenta Maruyama, Taeyuki Oshima","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12475","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The distance from the patient is a crucial factor in the communication with patients. The distance between patients and pharmacists varies depending on several factors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between comfort distance and patients' physical condition and mood by measuring this distance at a chemotherapy center.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 114 patients were surveyed regarding their physical condition and mood. The distance at which the patients were best able to talk to the pharmacists was measured. For comfort distance measurement, the pharmacists were instructed to approach or move away from the patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The correlation between physical condition, mood, and comfort distance was examined in both male and female patients, and no significant correlation was found; however, there was a strong correlation between physical condition and mood in female patients. We looked at correlations by further dividing patients into those over and under 65 years of age and found a slight correlation with comfort distance in women under 65. They tended to shorten the distance when they felt well and lengthen the distance when they felt not well.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>No correlation was found between physical condition or mood and comfort distance in male or female. A slight correlation was observed when age was included; however, the results were not satisfactory. By directly measuring the distance in actual patients, we obtained an actual measurement of the comfort distance that synthesized the patient's condition and various backgrounds during chemotherapy, providing a foothold for future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"698-705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11609728/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142043990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of cognitive-motor functions in adults with perceived neuropsychological problems using NIH toolbox after remote biofield energy treatment as non-pharmacological intervention: A randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial.","authors":"Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Sambhu Mondal, Snehasis Jana","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12482","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12482","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-pharmacological interventions include physical activity, biofield energy therapy, reiki, Tai chi, and therapeutic touch. However, no reports analyzed the effectiveness of biofield therapy on cognition and motor function performance in adult subjects. The study aimed to investigate the impact of remote biofield energy healing therapy on cognition and motor functioning in adults with self-perceived neuropsychological impairments. This was a randomized double-blind clinical trial that involved 114 participants with self-perceived neuropsychological impairments. The participants were divided into three groups (control, sham control, and biofield intervention). Cognitive and motor function scores were assessed using the NIH Toolbox at baseline (day 0), day 90, and day 180. The biofield treatment group showed significant improvements in language function (p < 0.0001), working memory (p < 0.0001), and episodic memory (p < 0.0001) scores. Other cognitive functions also improved, although not statistically significant. The biofield intervention group also demonstrated significant enhancements (p < 0.05 to p < 0.0001) in locomotion, standing balance, dexterity, grip strength, and muscle endurance. No adverse effects were reported. The results suggest that remote biofield energy therapy is a safe, noninvasive intervention that improves cognitive and motor functions in adults. Further research is needed to understand its clinical benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"749-761"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11609756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142292115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful treatment with olanzapine and aripiprazole of a schizophrenic patient who developed priapism after switching from risperidone to paliperidone.","authors":"Saki Kawahara, Kazuyuki Watanabe, Kazuhiko Inazumi, Makoto Kimura, Yuki Hirose, Hiraki Koishikawa","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12501","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ischemic priapism is a rare pathological condition, and delayed intervention can result in irreversible sequelae. Most cases are attributed to the use of antipsychotics. The blockade of α1-adrenergic receptors is thought to be associated with the disease onset, although data supporting this hypothesis are lacking. No consensus regarding the optimal choice of medication is available.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 59-year-old man with schizophrenia, who had been receiving long-acting injections of risperidone, developed ischemic priapism after receiving paliperidone treatment. Following improvement in ischemic priapism, we administered a combination of aripiprazole and olanzapine, which improved his psychiatric symptoms. We did not observe any recurrence of ischemic priapism.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Switching the antipsychotic drug causing ischemic priapism to patients having a relatively low affinity for α1-adrenergic receptors may enable the treatment of schizophrenia without recurrence of ischemic priapism. In addition to the affinity for α1-adrenergic receptor, differences in metabolic enzyme types and antipsychotic doses may be involved in the occurrence of ischemic priapism. Accumulating evidence is necessary to establish guidelines for selecting medication of patients with ischemic priapism.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"863-866"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11609731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142566553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High prevalence of severe pain is associated with low opioid availability in patients with advanced cancer: Combined database study and nationwide questionnaire survey in Japan.","authors":"Maiko Hasegawa-Moriyama, Yasuhide Morioka, Shinzo Hiroi, Noriyuki Naya, Yura Suzuki, Yuichi Koretaka, Erina Hara, Hiroaki Abe, Kanji Uchida, Masahiko Sumitani","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12448","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Opioid availability for the palliative care of patients with advanced cancer is increasing globally. However, opioid availability remains extremely low in Japan. We investigated whether pain is appropriately controlled by low-dose opioid prescriptions in patients with advanced cancer in Japan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A web-based nationwide survey for caregivers from 2000 community comprehensive support care centers was performed in Japan to assess details about pain in the 30 days before patients died of end-stage cancer. Separately, the data for opioid prescription doses and medical services in the 90 days before the death of patients with cancer were extracted from a health insurance claim database.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Responses from 1034 responders were retrieved and 665 patients were included. In total, 254 patients (38.2%) complained of severe-to-intolerable cancer-related pain. The median cumulative prescription dose of opioids in the 90 days before patient death was 311.0 mg by oral morphine equivalent doses. Multiple regression analyses across prefectures revealed that the proportion of patients with severe-to-intolerable cancer-related pain was negatively associated with the cumulative opioid consumption expressed as morphine-equivalent doses within 90 days before death.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The very low availability of opioids for patients with end-stage cancer could result in high rate of severe-to-intolerable cancer-related pain patients. There were several limitations in this study, and the interpretations of the findings should be carefully. However, the increase in the absolute dose of opioids could improve the palliative care framework to the pain control levels of the global standard.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"502-511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544452/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140912615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Major depressive disorder after heart transplantation with partial response to antidepressant therapy and remission with aripiprazole augmentation: A case report.","authors":"Toshinori Nakamura, Yuta Kuraishi, Dai Ohya, Kazuhiro Kimura, Daimei Sasayama, Shinsuke Washizuka","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12463","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) after heart transplantation is high; however, there are no reports on treatment options when antidepressant therapy fails to improve the condition. We herein report on the case of a woman with MDD after heart transplantation who partially improved with antidepressant treatment but continued to have a loss of appetite. Augmentation treatment with aripiprazole improved her appetite, and her MDD went into remission. When antidepressant treatment is not sufficiently effective for MDD after heart transplantation, augmentation treatment with antipsychotics, such as aripiprazole, should be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"569-571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141458364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of omega-3, DHA, EPA, Souvenaid® in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Ernesto Calderon Martinez, Stephin Zachariah Saji, Jonathan Victor Salazar Ore, Omar A Borges-Sosa, Samyuktha Srinivas, Naga Sai Rasagna Mareddy, Tanseem Manzoor, Mariela Di Vanna, Yasemin Al Shanableh, Rishabh Taneja, Victor Sebastian Arruarana","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12455","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3-PUFA) are essential to normal neural development and function. Souvenaid®, a medical supplement that contains n-3-PUFA's: eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has emerged as an alternative, slowing cognitive decline in AD patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with n-3-PUFA, EPA, DHA, and Souvenaid® in AD patients.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to establish the relationship between n-3-PUFA, EPA, DHA, and Souvenaid® with cognitive effects, ventricular volume and adverse events in AD patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of randomized control trials (RCT), cohorts, and case-control studies was done in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase for AD adult patients with dietary supplementation with n-3-PUFA, EPA, DHA, or Souvenaid® between 2003 and 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 14 studies with 2766 subjects aligned with our criteria. Most publications described positive cognitive outcomes from supplements (58%). The most common adverse events reported were gastrointestinal symptoms. CDR scale showed reduced progression of cognitive decline (SMD = -0.4127, 95% CI: [-0.5926; -0.2327]), without subgroup differences between different dietary supplement interventions. ADCS-ADL, MMSE, ADAS-cog, adverse events, and ventricular volume did not demonstrate significant differences. However, Souvenaid® showed a significant negative effect (SMD = -0.3593, 95% CI: -0.5834 to -0.1352) in ventricular volumes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The CDR scale showed reduced progression of cognitive decline among patients with n-3-PUFA supplemental interventions, with no differences between different n-3-PUFA supplements.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"545-556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141458367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between myelin basic protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid and motor speed in patients with schizophrenia.","authors":"Takako Enokida, Kotaro Hattori, Miho Ota, Megumi Tatsumi, Shinsuke Hidese, Noriko Sato, Mikio Hoshino, Hiroshi Kunugi","doi":"10.1002/npr2.12471","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.12471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alterations in the white matter have been implicated in schizophrenia. Myelin basic protein (MBP), a component of the myelin sheath, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been suggested as a biomarker for white matter damage in demyelinating diseases. This prompted us to examine the CSF-MBP levels in patients with schizophrenia. We analyzed the CSF-MBP levels in 152 patients with schizophrenia and 117 age- and sex-matched controls. A significant positive correlation between age and CSF-MBP levels was observed both in the patients (p < 0.001) and controls (p = 0.014). No significant difference was observed in the CSF-MBP levels between the two groups. However, among a subsample of the patients (N = 32), a significantly negative correlation was observed between CSF-MBP and age-adjusted motor speed score of the brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia (ρ = -0.59, p < 0.001). Further, among patients who underwent diffusional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (N = 27), the CSF-MBP levels showed a significantly negative correlation with the mean kurtosis value in the right temporo-parietal region (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that the CSF-MBP level has limited utility as a diagnostic marker; however, higher CSF-MBP levels are associated with poorer motor speed, which may be associated with regional white matter damage in the brain in patients with schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"663-670"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11544460/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141971528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}