Neuropsychopharmacology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Persistent Interleukin-1β Elevation in Post-COVID-19 Patients: Findings From a Nationwide Registry Study in Japan.","authors":"Naoki Takamatsu, Hiroki Kimura, Mari S Oba, Hiroyuki Chiba, Ikue Umemoto, Yuki Moriyama, Nobuaki Matsunaga, Shinichiro Morioka, Daisuke Mori, Kazuhiro Hara, Aya Ogura, Kazufumi Yoshida, Hirohisa Watanabe, Satoshi Maesawa, Masashi Ikeda, Masahisa Katsuno, Norio Ohmagari, Masaki Takao, Shinsuke Kito, Norio Ozaki, Hironori Kuga","doi":"10.1002/npr2.70082","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>COVID-19 has been associated with dysregulated immune responses, with increasing evidence indicating sustained inflammasome activation and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production. This study aimed to characterize the temporal profile of inflammatory markers, particularly interleukin (IL)-1β, in post-COVID-19 patients compared with pre-pandemic healthy controls, using data from the Psychiatric Symptoms for COVID-19 Registry Japan (PSCORE-J).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Blood samples were analyzed from 119 post-COVID-19 patients (median age 45 years) recruited during 2023 and 374 pre-pandemic healthy controls (median age 65 years). For post-COVID-19 patients, samples were collected at baseline, 3 months, and 9 months. Multiple inflammatory markers were assessed, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IFN-β, IP-10, ACE2, and eotaxin. Age- and sex-adjusted analyses were performed on log-transformed IL-1β levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IL-1β levels were significantly elevated in post-COVID-19 patients compared with healthy controls across all age groups (under 30s: 0.69 ± 0.33 vs. 0.25 ± 0.03; 30s: 0.70 ± 0.63 vs. 0.26 ± 0.09; 40s: 0.84 ± 0.76 vs. 0.30 ± 0.23; 50s: 0.67 ± 0.65 vs. 0.26 ± 0.10; 60 or over: 0.54 ± 0.30 vs. 0.26 ± 0.23 pg/mL). This elevation was sustained throughout the 9-month follow-up (baseline: 0.500 [0.33-0.890]; 3 months: 0.630 [0.28-1.290]; 9 months: 0.54 [0.29-0.96] pg/mL) compared with controls (0.24 [0.21-0.27] pg/mL). Other inflammatory markers showed either no significant differences or were paradoxically lower in patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with persistent elevation of IL-1β levels that remains stable over a 9-month period, suggesting sustained inflammasome activation. These findings provide novel insight into post-COVID-19 inflammatory processes and may have important implications for understanding both acute and chronic manifestations of the disease.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Japan Registry of Clinical Trials: jRCT1030220711.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":"46 1","pages":"e70082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12949360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147317918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Assessment of Cognitive-Motor Functions in Adults With Perceived Neuropsychological Problems Using NIH Toolbox After Remote Biofield Energy Treatment as Non-Pharmacological Intervention: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/npr2.70098","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Retraction: </strong>M. K. Trivedi, A. Branton, D. Trivedi, S. Mondal and S. Jana, \"Assessment of Cognitive-Motor Functions in Adults With Perceived Neuropsychological Problems Using NIH Toolbox After Remote Biofield Energy Treatment as Non-Pharmacological Intervention: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial,\" Neuropsychopharmacology Reports 44, no. 4 (2024): 749-761, https://doi.org/10.1002/npr2.12482. The above article, published online on 13 September 2024 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa; the Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology; and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed upon as the study's design, methods, results and conclusions are essentially the same as another article published elsewhere by the same author group in the same year, without any attribution to that article. Furthermore, the study contains physiologically implausible data and statistical anomalies. The editors consider the results and conclusions of this article to be invalid. The authors do not agree with the retraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":"46 1","pages":"e70098"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12912925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146213658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Effect of Combination Treatment of Brexpiprazole and Nalmefene on Ethanol Intake in Rats.","authors":"Naoki Amada, Mai Nakamura, Yuta Ohgi, Yusuke Kakumoto, Mikio Suzuki, Takashi Futamura, Kenji Maeda","doi":"10.1002/npr2.70107","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Reduction of alcohol consumption is one of treatment goals to reduce harm among individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), a major worldwide health problem, for which nalmefene, an opioid receptor modulator, is used. In this study, the effect of nalmefene on ethanol (EtOH) intake, already reported, was evaluated in Wistar rats, as validation. In addition, effects of brexpiprazole, serotonin-dopamine activity modulator, alone and in combination with nalmefene were evaluated to investigate further treatment option for AUD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During the first training phase, animals had 10% EtOH as the only drinking fluid available for the first 5 days. Then, the animals had a 24-h free choice between EtOH and water for 39 days which is named the continual access paradigm. Thereafter, the limited access paradigm, which restricted the availability of 10% EtOH to 1 h every day, was carried out for 114 days. EtOH intake (g/kg/1 h) was determined by weighing 10% EtOH bottles before and after the limited EtOH access every day. Brexpiprazole (0.01-0.1 mg/kg, orally) and nalmefene (0.04-0.4 mg/kg, subcutaneously) were daily administered to rats 1 h or 20 min before starting the limited access paradigm for consecutive 4 days, respectively. The combination effect was evaluated using each subeffective dose of brexpiprazole and nalmefene which did not significantly reduce EtOH intake. The daily and the average EtOH intake for 4 days before and during the treatment with test compounds were statistically analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Brexpiprazole (0.1 mg/kg) and nalmefene (0.4 mg/kg) alone significantly decreased EtOH intake. Moreover, the combination of subeffective doses of brexpiprazole (0.01 mg/kg) and nalmefene (0.04 mg/kg) significantly and synergistically decreased EtOH intake.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data suggest that brexpiprazole may have the potential to decrease alcohol intake in AUD patients. In addition, brexpiprazole may have a synergistic therapeutic effect with nalmefene in those patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":"46 1","pages":"e70107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12966623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147369920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zolpidem Withdrawal Delirium Developed as Severe Psychiatric and Physical Symptoms in a Patient With a History of Ovarian Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Junji Yamaguchi, Ryoichi Sadahiro, Saho Wada, Eri Nishikawa, Tatsuto Terada, Rika Nakahara, Hiromichi Matsuoka","doi":"10.1002/npr2.70090","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Zolpidem is a common medication for sleep disorders prescribed during or after cancer treatment. However, the possible risk of zolpidem withdrawal delirium does not seem to be well recognized by medical staff engaged in cancer treatment.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A female in her 50s with a diagnosis of ovarian cancer underwent bilateral oophorectomy 6 years earlier. No recurrence was observed after treatment with anticancer drugs. She had been prescribed zolpidem (10 mg/day, oral) by her attending physician for approximately 5 years, although she often took it 2-3 times the dose when her insomnia was severe. At X years, she was hospitalized due to abdominal pain from infectious enteritis, and zolpidem was discontinued. On Day 3 of hospitalization, however, she became extremely confused and disoriented with psychomotor agitation, delusions, and myoclonus. Laboratory findings, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and spinal fluid examination denied encephalitis and encephalopathy. Finally, the patient was diagnosed with zolpidem withdrawal delirium, and lemborexant was effective for her sleep disorders. She was discharged on Day 22 with no aftereffects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cancer patients might be relatively more prone to zolpidem withdrawal delirium because of the possible Blood-Brain Barrier dysfunction derived from anticancer drug treatment or cancer. Oncologists and liaison psychiatrists need to prevent and detect zolpidem withdrawal delirium because it may be difficult to manage withdrawal delirium with severe psychiatric symptoms in cancer hospitals with no dedicated psychiatric ward.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":"46 1","pages":"e70090"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12834464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146053190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Amelioration of Adults' Mental Health Conditions and Symptoms Through Spiritual Energy Therapy: Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/npr2.70099","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Retraction: </strong>M. K. Trivedi, A. Branton, D. Trivedi, S. Mondal and S. Jana, \"Amelioration of Adults' Mental Health Conditions and Symptoms Through Spiritual Energy Therapy: Randomized Controlled Trial,\" Neuropsychopharmacology Reports 45, no. 3 (2025): e70050, https://doi.org/10.1002/npr2.70050. The above article, published online on 10 September 2025 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa; The Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology; and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed upon as a similar version of this article by the same authors was previously retracted by the Journal of General and Family Medicine (https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.773). Although revisions have been made, the article does not adequately address the previously identified concerns. In particular, issues regarding the appropriateness of the control group and the psychological questionnaire scoring method remain unresolved. Additionally, some biomarker values remain implausible without sufficient justification and claims regarding the efficacy of spiritual energy therapy continue to lack independent supporting evidence. The editors agree the results and conclusions are unreliable. The authors disagree with the retraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":"46 1","pages":"e70099"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12912924/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146213681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Impact of EGUIDE Training on Facility-Wide Guideline Adherence Rate in Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder-A Methodological Reflection.","authors":"Ghufran Saeed Rizvi","doi":"10.1002/npr2.70103","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This Letter highlights crucial methodological flaws, including selection bias and ignored data clustering, in the EGUIDE training impact study. We recommend adopting quasiexperimental designs, multilevel modeling, and patient-centered outcomes to ensure future research accurately confirms the program's true clinical effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":"46 1","pages":"e70103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12933874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147284533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric Properties of the Drug Stigma Scale Among Community Pharmacists Concerning Individuals Who Use Over-The-Counter Drugs.","authors":"Munenori Katayama, Takuya Shimane, Norihito Shirakawa, Kanna Sugiura, Ken Inada, Jun Konishi, Yoshihito Sakurai, Keiji Kobara, So Fujishiro, Toshihiko Matsumoto","doi":"10.1002/npr2.70101","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Stigma among pharmacists toward individuals who use over-the-counter (OTC) drugs for unintended purposes may hinder effective support. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Drug Stigma Scale (DSS) when applied to pharmacists and to examine the factors associated with stigma levels in this context.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A survey was anonymously distributed to pharmacists attending voluntary online workshops organized by a prefectural pharmaceutical association in Japan from August 2023 to March 2024. These workshops focused on OTC drug use for unintended purposes and the gatekeeping role of pharmacists. A total of 490 responses were analyzed. The DSS, originally a 24-item scale developed for the Japanese context, was adapted to specify \"OTC drug use.\" Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal consistency analyses were conducted. Concurrent validity was assessed using correlations and group comparisons based on demographic variables, confidence in knowledge, and gatekeeper self-efficacy (GKSES).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The adapted 18-item structure of the DSS demonstrated a good model fit (CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, GFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.061). Internal consistency ranged between α = 0.68 and 0.88. Female pharmacists scored significantly lower on several subscales than male pharmacists, indicating less stigmatizing attitudes. Additionally, lower DSS scores were observed among pharmacists who had frequent contact with individuals who misuse OTC drugs, had a family history of such misuse, or sought help for related issues. The correlations between the DSS and GKSES scores were weak but significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The DSS is a valid tool for measuring stigma among pharmacists concerning OTC drug use. The findings suggest that direct or familial experiences with OTC drug misuse may reduce stigmatized attitudes. Efforts to reduce stigma should extend beyond knowledge-based interventions and consider community engagement and opportunities for pharmacists to hear individuals' lived experiences.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":"46 1","pages":"e70101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12956546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147348884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Pregnancy Hope and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Among Female Workers: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey in Japan.","authors":"Yuka Ito, Natsu Sasaki, Yoshiaki Kanamori, Rikako Tsuji, Mako Iida, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Miho Egawa, Daisuke Nishi","doi":"10.1002/npr2.70106","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.70106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This cross-sectional study examined the association between pregnancy hope and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) outcomes among full-time working women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed an October 2023 survey of nulligravid women aged 20-44 years (N = 1947). PMDD diagnosis and symptom severity were assessed using a DSM-IV-based scale. Logistic and linear regression examined associations with pregnancy hope and tested interaction by marital status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PMDD prevalence was 5.4% with pregnancy hope and 4.8% without. Pregnancy hope was not associated with PMDD diagnosis (crude OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.71-1.80) and remained null after adjustment. Pregnancy hope was weakly associated with higher symptom scores (crude standardized β = 0.059, p = 0.009), persisting after adjustment. Interaction by marital status was not significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among full-time workers, pregnancy hope was unrelated to PMDD diagnosis but was weakly associated with subthreshold symptom severity. Longitudinal studies that comprehensively assess multidimensional pregnancy intention, perceptions of menstruation, and work-related constraints are needed to clarify causal directionality and mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":"46 1","pages":"e70106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12964171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prolonged Anti-Zic4 Antibody-Positive Cerebellar Degeneration Following COVID-19 Infection.","authors":"Risa Suzuki-Yamamoto, Asuka Nakajima, Tsuyoshi Furuya, Takahiro Koinuma, Atsuhito Fuse, Hiroto Eguchi, Yasushi Shimo","doi":"10.1002/npr2.70094","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although anti-Zic4 antibodies are associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, predominantly in small-cell lung carcinoma, their role in postinfectious autoimmunity remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>Here, we report a 53-year-old woman who developed progressive cerebellar degeneration following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), characterized by isolated anti-Zic4 antibody positivity in the absence of malignancy. Two months after developing mild respiratory symptoms, she developed dysarthria, imbalance, and gait ataxia. Neurological examination revealed gaze-evoked nystagmus, broad-based ataxia, and cerebellar dysmetria. Brain MRI demonstrated marked cerebellar atrophy, while cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed elevated protein, increased IgG index, and the presence of oligoclonal bands. Serological testing confirmed strong anti-Zic4 antibody positivity. Initial treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis achieved transient improvement and decreased antibody titers. However, 1 year later, recurrence of antibodies coincided with further cerebellar atrophy and posterior hypoperfusion on MRI and SPECT, despite maintenance immunotherapy with low-dose corticosteroids and periodic IVIG. Cognitive function was well preserved, highlighting the selective vulnerability of cerebellar circuits.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case illustrates an unusual phenotype of prolonged, isolated anti-Zic4 antibody-associated cerebellar degeneration triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus expanding the recognized clinical spectrum of Zic4-related disorders beyond paraneoplastic contexts. The underlying immunopathological mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Notably, radiological progression was disproportionate to clinical stabilization, underscoring the necessity of long-term clinical/imaging surveillance. This case highlights the need for further studies to clarify pathophysiological links between COVID-19 and persistent autoimmune cerebellar degeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":"46 1","pages":"e70094"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12910518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146213665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Response to \"Concerns Regarding Masataka et al.'s 'Revisiting the Gateway Drug Hypothesis for Cannabis'\".","authors":"Yuji Masataka, Toshihiko Matsumoto","doi":"10.1002/npr2.70093","DOIUrl":"10.1002/npr2.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We clarify Dr. Narita's concerns by replacing subjective wording with data-based statements, emphasizing the descriptive-not causal-nature of our analysis, and noting that logistic regression was exploratory. Our findings show both progression and non-progression pathways, indicating no single dominant gateway pattern among Japanese cannabis users.</p>","PeriodicalId":19137,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Reports","volume":"46 1","pages":"e70093"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12892117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146156157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}