Metabolites最新文献

{"title":"Utility of an Untargeted Metabolomics Approach Using a 2D GC-GC-MS Platform to Distinguish Relapsing and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis","authors":"Indrani Datta, Insha Zahoor, Nasar Ata, Faraz Rashid, Mirela Cerghet, Ramandeep Rattan, Laila M. Poisson, Shailendra Giri","doi":"10.3390/metabo14090493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090493","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in young adults and results in progressive neurological defects. The relapsing-remitting phenotype (RRMS) is the most common disease course in MS, which ultimately progresses to secondary progressive MS (SPMS), while primary progressive MS (PPMS) is a type of MS that worsens gradually over time without remissions. There is a gap in knowledge regarding whether the relapsing form can be distinguished from the progressive course, or healthy subjects (HS) based on an altered serum metabolite profile. In this study, we performed global untargeted metabolomics with the 2D GC-GC-MS platform to identify altered metabolites between RRMS, PPMS, and HS. We profiled 235 metabolites in the serum of patients with RRMS (n = 41), PPMS (n = 31), and HS (n = 91). A comparison of RRMS and HS patients revealed 22 significantly altered metabolites at p < 0.05 (false-discovery rate [FDR] = 0.3). The PPMS and HS comparisons revealed 28 altered metabolites at p < 0.05 (FDR = 0.2). Pathway analysis using MetaboAnalyst revealed enrichment of four metabolic pathways in both RRMS and PPMS (hypergeometric test p < 0.05): (1) galactose metabolism; (2) amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism; (3) phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; and (4) aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. The Qiagen IPA enrichment test identified the sulfatase 2 (SULF2) (p = 0.0033) and integrin subunit beta 1 binding protein 1 (ITGB1BP1) (p = 0.0067) genes as upstream regulators of altered metabolites in the RRMS vs. HS groups. However, in the PPMS vs. HS comparison, valine was enriched in the neurodegeneration of brain cells (p = 0.05), and heptadecanoic acid, alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, and glycerol participated in inflammation in the CNS (p = 0.03). Overall, our study suggests that RRMS and PPMS may contribute metabolic fingerprints in the form of unique altered metabolites for discriminating MS disease from HS, with the potential for constructing a metabolite panel for progressive autoimmune diseases such as MS.","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic Trace Minerals Enhance the Gut Health of British Shorthair Cats by Regulating the Structure of Intestinal Microbiota","authors":"Yingyue Cui, Mingrui Zhang, Haotian Wang, Tong Yu, Anxuan Zhang, Gang Lin, Yuhan Guo, Yi Wu","doi":"10.3390/metabo14090494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090494","url":null,"abstract":"Trace minerals are essential for biological processes, including enzyme function, immune response, and hormone synthesis. The study assessed the effects of different dietary trace minerals on the gut health, microbiota composition, and immune function of cats. Eighteen adult British Shorthair cats were divided into three groups receiving inorganic trace minerals (ITM), a 50/50 mix of inorganic and organic trace minerals (ITM + OTM), or organic trace minerals (OTM) for 28 days. The OTM showed enhanced immune capacities, reduced intestinal barrier function, and lower inflammation condition. The OTM altered gut microbiota diversity, with a lower Simpson index and higher Shannon index (p < 0.05). Specifically, the abundance of Bacteroidota, Lachnospiraceae, and Prevotella in the OTM group were higher than the ITM group (p < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis identified 504 differential metabolites between the OTM and ITM groups (p < 0.05, VIP-pred-OPLS-DA > 1), affecting pathways related to steroid hormone biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism (p < 0.05, VIP-pred-OPLS-DA > 2). Additionally, there was a significant correlation between intestinal microbiota and differential metabolites. To conclude, dietary OTM can modulate the gut metabolite and microbiota composition, enhance immune and intestinal barrier function, and mitigate inflammation in cats, highlighting the benefit of using OTM in feline diet to promote the intestinal and overall health.","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sarcosine, Trigonelline and Phenylalanine as Urinary Metabolites Related to Visceral Fat in Overweight and Obesity.","authors":"Aline Maria Cavalcante Gurgel, Aline Lidiane Batista, Diogo Manuel Lopes de Paiva Cavalcanti, Alviclér Magalhães, Denise Engelbrecht Zantut-Wittmann","doi":"10.3390/metabo14090491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of the present study is to analyze the urinary metabolome profile of patients with obesity and overweight and relate it to different obesity profiles. This is a prospective, cross-sectional study in which patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m were selected. Anthropometric data were assessed by physical examination and body composition was obtained by bioimpedance (basal metabolic rate, body fat percentile, skeletal muscle mass, gross fat mass and visceral fat). Urine was collected for metabolomic analysis. Patients were classified according to abdominal circumference measurements between 81 and 93, 94 and 104, and >104 cm; visceral fat up to 16 kilos and less than; and fat percentiles of <36%, 36-46% and >46%. Spectral alignment of urinary metabolite signals and bioinformatic analysis were carried out to select the metabolites that stood out. NMR spectrometry was used to detect and quantify the main urinary metabolites and to compare the groups. Seventy-five patients were included, with a mean age of 38.3 years, and 72% females. The urinary metabolomic profile showed no differences in BMI, abdominal circumference and percentage of body fat. Higher concentrations of trigonelline (<i>p</i> = 0.0488), sarcosine (<i>p</i> = 0.0350) and phenylalanine (<i>p</i> = 0.0488) were associated with patients with visceral fat over 16 kg. The cutoff points obtained by the ROC curves were able to accurately differentiate between patients according to the amount of visceral fat: sarcosine 0.043 mg/mL; trigonelline 0.068 mg/mL and phenylalanine 0.204 mg/mL. In conclusion, higher visceral fat was associated with urinary levels of metabolites such as sarcosine, related to insulin resistance; trigonelline, related to muscle mass and strength; and phenylalanine, related to glucose metabolism and abdominal fat. Trigonelline, sarcosine and phenylalanine play significant roles in regulating energy balance and metabolic pathways essential for controlling obesity. Our findings could represent an interesting option for the non-invasive estimation of visceral fat through biomarkers related to alterations in metabolic pathways involved in the pathophysiology of obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11434364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142349784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Eight Machine Learning Algorithms in the Establishment of Infertility and Pregnancy Diagnostic Models: A Comprehensive Analysis of Amino Acid and Carnitine Metabolism.","authors":"Rui Zhang, Lei Zhou, Xiaoyan Hao, Liu Yang, Li Ding, Ruiqing Xing, Juanjuan Hu, Fengjuan Wang, Xiaonan Zhai, Yuanbing Guo, Zheng Cai, Jiawei Gao, Jun Yang, Jiayun Liu","doi":"10.3390/metabo14090492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To explore the effects of altered amino acids (AAs) and the carnitine metabolism in non-pregnant women with infertility (NPWI), pregnant women without infertility (PWI) and infertility-treated pregnant women (ITPW) compared with non-pregnant women (NPW, control), and develop more efficient models for the diagnosis of infertility and pregnancy, 496 samples were evaluated for levels of 21 AAs and 55 carnitines using targeted high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Three methods were used to screen the biomarkers for modeling, with eight algorithms used to build and validate the model. The ROC, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the infertility diagnosis training model were higher than 0.956, 82.89, 66.64, and 82.57%, respectively, whereas those of the validated model were higher than 0.896, 77.67, 69.72, and 83.38%, respectively. The ROC, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the pregnancy diagnosis training model were >0.994, 96.23, 97.79, and 97.69%, respectively, whereas those of the validated model were >0.572, 96.39, 93.03, and 94.71%, respectively. Our findings indicate that pregnancy may alter the AA and carnitine metabolism in women with infertility to match the internal environment of PWI. The developed model demonstrated good performance and high sensitivity for facilitating infertility and pregnancy diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11433856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142349777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Products and Derivatives Targeting Metabolic Reprogramming in Colorectal Cancer: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Mengyu Wang, Liqun Qu, Xinying Du, Peng Song, Jerome P. L. Ng, Vincent Kam Wai Wong, Betty Yuen Kwan Law, Xianjun Fu","doi":"10.3390/metabo14090490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090490","url":null,"abstract":"Metabolic reprogramming is a critical pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), referring to metabolic disorders that cancer cells make in response to the stimulating pressure. Metabolic reprogramming induces changes in genetic material and promotes CRC progression and has been proven to be an efficient target of CRC. As natural products have garnered interest due to notable pharmacological effects and potential in counteracting chemoresistance, an increasing body of research is delving into the impact of these natural products on the metabolic reprogramming associated with CRC. In this review, we collected published data from the Web of Science and PubMed, covering the period from January 1980 to October 2023. This article focuses on five central facets of metabolic alterations in cancer cells, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), amino acid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and nucleotide metabolism, to provide an overview of recent advancements in natural product interventions targeting metabolic reprogramming in CRC. Our analysis underscores the potential of natural products in disrupting the metabolic pathways of CRC, suggesting promising therapeutic targets for CRC and expanding treatment options for metabolic-associated ailments.","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Whole Blood Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Metabolome with Anthropometry and IGF-I Serum Levels in Healthy Children and Adolescents in Germany","authors":"Ricky Jensch, Ronny Baber, Antje Körner, Wieland Kiess, Uta Ceglarek, Antje Garten, Mandy Vogel","doi":"10.3390/metabo14090489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090489","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Physiological changes of blood amino acids and acylcarnitines during healthy child development are poorly studied. The LIFE (Leipziger Forschungszentrum für Zivilisationserkrankungen) Child study offers a platform with a large cohort of healthy children to investigate these dynamics. We aimed to assess the intra-person variability of 28 blood metabolites and their associations with anthropometric parameters related to growth and excess body fat. Methods: Concentrations of 22 amino acids (AA), 5 acylcarnitines (AC) and free carnitine of 2213 children aged between 3 months and 19 years were analyzed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Values were transformed into standard deviation scores (SDS) to account for sex- and age-related variations. The stability of metabolites was assessed through the coefficient of determination. Associations with parameters for body composition and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) SDS were determined by the Pearson correlation and linear regression. Results: Our research revealed substantial within-person variation in metabolite concentrations during childhood and adolescence. Most metabolites showed a positive correlation with body composition parameters, with a notable influence of sex, pubertal status and weight group. Glycine exhibited negative associations with parameters of body fat distribution, especially in normal weight girls, overweight/obese boys and during puberty. Conclusion: Blood AA and AC measurements may contribute to elucidating pathogenesis pathways of adiposity-related comorbidities, but the specific timings and conditions of development during childhood and adolescence need to be taken into consideration.","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Endogenous Inhibitor of CETP, apoC1, Remains Ineffective In Vivo after Correction of Hyperglycemia in People with Type 1 Diabetes","authors":"Alexia Rouland, Thomas Gautier, Damien Denimal, Laurence Duvillard, Isabelle Simoneau, David Rageot, Bruno Vergès, Benjamin Bouillet","doi":"10.3390/metabo14090487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090487","url":null,"abstract":"ApolipoproteinC1 (apoC1) is the main physiological inhibitor of the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP). Increased CETP activity is associated with macrovascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). ApoC1 has lost its ability to inhibit CETP in patients with T1D, and in vitro glycation of apoC1 increases CETP activity, suggesting that hyperglycemia could be a factor implicated in the loss of the inhibitory effect of apoC1 on CETP. Thus, we aimed to see whether improvement of glycemic control might restore apoC1 inhibitory effect on CETP. We studied 98 patients with T1D and HbA1c > 9% at baseline and 3 months after improvement of glycemic control by a medical intervention (insulin introduction or changes in multi-injection therapy or pump therapy introduction/therapeutic education for all patients). CETP activity was assessed by a radioactive method and plasma apoC1 levels were measured by ELISA. The different isoforms of apoC1 were determined by mass spectrometry. CETP activity was not significantly modified after improvement of glycemic control, despite a significant reduction in mean HbA1c (8.7 ± 1.7 vs. 10.8 ± 2, p < 0.0001). No association between plasma apoC1 and CETP activity was observed in patients with T1D at baseline, nor at 3 months, even in the subgroup of patients with optimal control (3-month HbA1c < 7%). We did not find any glycated form of apoC1 using mass spectrometry in people with T1D. Hyperglycemia in vivo does not seem to be a major factor implicated in the loss of apoC1 ability to inhibit CETP activity observed in T1D. Other factors, such as qualitative abnormalities of lipoproteins, could be involved. Our data emphasize the fact that hyperglycemia is not the only factor involved in lipid abnormalities and macrovascular complications in T1D. Clinical trial reg. no. NCT02816099 ClinicalTrials.gov.","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein’s Role in NLRP3 Activation and Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis by Pyroptosis Pathway: In Vivo Study","authors":"Ruba Altahla, Xu Tao","doi":"10.3390/metabo14090488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090488","url":null,"abstract":"Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) has been involved in oxidative stress and activation of the NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, directly linking it to the pyroptosis pathway. Furthermore, pyroptosis may contribute to the inflammatory process in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TXNIP in activating the NLRP3 inflammasome through the pyroptosis pathway in an OA rat model. Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) was induced in the OA model with intra-articular injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV) overexpressing (OE) or knocking down (KD) TXNIP. A total of 48 healthy rats were randomly divided into six groups (N = 8 each). During the experiment, the rats’ weights, mechanical pain thresholds, and thermal pain thresholds were measured weekly. Morphology staining, micro-CT, 3D imaging, and immunofluorescence (IF) staining were used to measure the expression level of TXNIP, and ELISA techniques were employed. OE-TXNIP-AAV in DMM rats aggravated cartilage destruction and subchondral bone loss, whereas KD-TXNIP slowed the progression of OA. The histological results showed that DMM modeling and OE-TXNIP-AAV intra-articular injection caused joint structure destruction, decreased anabolic protein expression, and increased catabolic protein expression and pyroptosis markers. Conversely, KD-TXNIP-AAV slowed joint degeneration. OE-TXNIP-AVV worsened OA by accelerating joint degeneration and damage, while KD-TXNIP-AAV treatment had a protective effect.","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selenium, Zinc, and Plasma Total Antioxidant Status and the Risk of Colorectal Adenoma and Cancer","authors":"Miłosława Zowczak-Drabarczyk, Jacek Białecki, Teresa Grzelak, Mikołaj Michalik, Dorota Formanowicz","doi":"10.3390/metabo14090486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090486","url":null,"abstract":"Selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) are known to be involved in carcinogenesis and participate in the defence against reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of serum Se, Zn, and Cu concentrations and plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA) in a population of low Se and borderline Zn status. Based on clinical examination and colonoscopy/histopathology, the patients (n = 79) were divided into three groups: colorectal cancer (n = 30), colorectal adenoma (n = 19), and controls (CONTROL, n = 30). The serum Se concentration was lower in the CRC group than in the CRA group (by 9.1%, p < 0.0001) and the CONTROL group (by 7.9%, p < 0.0001). In turn, the serum Zn concentration was decreased in the CRA group (by 17.9%, p = 0.019) when compared to the CONTROL group. Plasma TAS was lower in the CRC group (by 27.8%, p = 0.017) than in the CONTROL group. In turn, the serum Zn concentration was decreased in the CRA group when compared to the CONTROL group. Plasma TAS was lower in the CRC group than in the CONTROL group. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis revealed that the Se level was of the highest diagnostic utility for the discrimination of the CRC group from both the CRA group (area under ROC curve (AUC) 0.958, sensitivity 84.21%, specificity 100%) and the CONTROL group (AUC 0.873, sensitivity 100%, specificity 66.67%). The Zn and TAS levels were significantly accurate in the differentiation between the groups. An individualised risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer approach could comprise Se, Zn, and TAS assays in the population.","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Heart Failure in Young Korean Population: A Nationwide Study","authors":"Tae-Eun Kim, Do Young Kim, Hyeongsu Kim, Jidong Sung, Duk-Kyung Kim, Myoung-Soon Lee, Seong Woo Han, Hyun-Joong Kim, Hyun Kyun Ki, Sung Hea Kim, Kyu-Hyung Ryu","doi":"10.3390/metabo14090485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090485","url":null,"abstract":"Limited data are available regarding the effect of metabolic syndrome on heart failure (HF) development in young individuals. Utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service, we included a total of 1,958,284 subjects in their 40s who underwent health screening between January 2009 and December 2009 in Korea. Subjects were classified into three groups: normal, pre-metabolic syndrome (Pre-MetS), and metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS was identified in 10.58% of males and 5.21% of females. The hazard ratio for HF in subjects with MetS was 1.968 (95% CI: 1.526–2.539) for males and 2.398 (95% CI: 1.466–3.923) for females. For those with Pre-MetS, the hazard ratio was 1.607 (95% CI: 1.293–1.997) in males and 1.893 (95% CI: 1.43–2.505) in females. Additionally, acute myocardial infarction and low hemoglobin levels were identified as significant risk factors for HF in both genders. MetS approximately doubled the risk of developing HF in individuals in their 40s. Pre-MetS was also a significant risk factor for HF in this population.","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}