Metabolites最新文献

{"title":"Eliciting Clavulanic Acid Biosynthesis: The Impact of <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> FZB42 on the Metabolism of <i>Streptoyces clavuligerus</i> ATCC 27064.","authors":"Luisa F Patiño, Carlos Caicedo-Montoya, Laura Pinilla-Mendoza, Jaison H Cuartas, Rigoberto Ríos-Estepa","doi":"10.3390/metabo15050337","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15050337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Clavulanic acid (CA) is produced by cell suspension cultures of <i>Streptomyces clavuligerus</i> ATCC 27064, and is widely used as a beta-lactamase inhibitor to combat antibiotic resistance. CA titers are moderate due to bioprocess complexity, prompting ongoing efforts to overcome these limitations. <b>Methods:</b> In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of live and inactivated <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> FZB42 cells on CA production in <i>S. clavuligerus</i>, and to explore the transcriptional response underlying this interaction using RNA-seq technology. <b>Results:</b> The addition of dead and live cells of <i>B. velezensis</i> improved CA production by 1.4 and 2.0-fold, respectively. Furthermore, the transcriptome of <i>S. clavuligerus,</i> obtained with live cells of <i>B. velezensis</i> FZB42 at the peak of maximum CA production, revealed that 410 genes were up-regulated and 594 were down-regulated under these conditions, with a <i>padj</i> < 0.05. Most of the genes from the cephamycin C and CA clusters were up-regulated, which correlates well with the increase in CA production. Likewise, <i>S. clavuligerus</i> ATCC 27064 enhanced the expression of genes encoding enzymes that scavenge endogenous H₂O₂, as well as other genes related to oxidative stress defense. Regarding downregulated genes, we found that <i>S. clavuligerus</i> decreased the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, polyketides, and lantibiotics, as well as the expression of the operon involved in the synthesis of the pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) cofactor. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings contribute to the understanding of <i>S. clavuligerus</i> metabolism and pave the way for future metabolic engineering efforts aimed at obtaining CA-overproducing strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, a Key NAD⁺ Intermediate, Alleviates Body Fat Mass and Hypertriglyceridemia by Enhancing Energy Expenditure with Promotion of Fat Oxidation and Hepatic Lipolysis and Suppressing Hepatic Lipogenesis in <i>db/db</i> Mice.","authors":"Bungo Shirouchi, Sarasa Mitsuta, Mina Higuchi, Mai Okumura, Kazunari Tanaka","doi":"10.3390/metabo15050333","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15050333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Supplementation with nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a key nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) intermediate, exerts anti-aging, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic effects in animal experiments. However, previous studies have evaluated NMN supplementation using oral administration in drinking water or by intraperitoneal administration. No studies have reported whether NMN exerts beneficial effects when incorporated into the diet. The diet is a multicomponent mixture of many nutrients that may interact with each other, thus weakening the effects of NMN. In the present study, we evaluated whether dietary NMN intake protects obese diabetic <i>db/db</i> mice from obesity-related metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. <b>Methods</b>: Five-week-old male <i>db/db</i> mice were randomly assigned to two groups and fed for four weeks either a control diet containing 7% corn oil and 0.1% cholesterol (CON group, <i>n</i> = 6) or a diet supplemented with 0.5% NMN (NMN group, <i>n</i> = 5). <b>Results</b>: After 4 weeks of feeding, dietary NMN intake alleviated obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic triglyceride accumulation in <i>db/db</i> mice. Respiratory gas analysis indicated that dietary NMN intake significantly enhanced energy expenditure by suppressing carbohydrate oxidation and increasing fat oxidation after 3 weeks of feeding. Additionally, the suppression of the increase in plasma triglyceride (TG) levels by dietary NMN intake was attributable to a reduction in hepatic TG levels through the suppression of fatty acid synthesis and the enhancement of fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver. Furthermore, the improvement in hepatic fatty acid metabolism induced by dietary NMN intake was partially responsible for the significant increase in plasma adiponectin and soluble T-cadherin levels. <b>Conclusions</b>: This is the first report to show that dietary NMN intake but not oral administration in drinking water or intraperitoneal administration alleviates body fat mass and hypertriglyceridemia by enhancing energy expenditure, with preferential promotion of fat oxidation, the enhancement of hepatic lipolysis, and the suppression of hepatic lipogenesis in <i>db/db</i> mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113554/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urine Metabolomic Profiling and Machine Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis: Toward Precision Treatment.","authors":"Shula Shazman, Julie Carmel, Maxim Itkin, Sergey Malitsky, Monia Shalan, Eyal Soreq, Evan Elliott, Maya Lebow, Yael Kuperman","doi":"10.3390/metabo15050332","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15050332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis traditionally relies on behavioral assessments, which can be subjective and often lead to delayed identification. Recent advances in metabolomics and machine learning offer promising alternatives for more objective and precise diagnostic approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>First-morning urine samples were collected from 52 children (32 with ASD and 20 neurotypical controls), aged 5.04 ± 1.87 and 5.50 ± 1.74 years, respectively. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), 293 metabolites were identified and categorized into 189 endogenous and 104 exogenous metabolites. Various machine learning classifiers (random forest, logistic regression, random tree, and naïve Bayes) were applied to differentiate ASD and control groups through 10-fold cross-validation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The random forest classifier achieved 85% accuracy and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9 using all 293 metabolites. Classification based solely on endogenous metabolites yielded 85% accuracy and an AUC of 0.86, whereas using exogenous metabolites alone resulted in lower performance (71% accuracy and an AUC of 0.72).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates the potential of urine metabolomic profiling, particularly endogenous metabolites, as a complementary diagnostic tool for ASD. The high classification accuracy highlights the feasibility of developing assistive diagnostic methods based on metabolite profiles, although further research is needed to link these profiles to specific behavioral characteristics and ASD subtypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Impact of Aerobic Exercise and Resveratrol on White Adipose Tissue Browning in Obese Rats: Mechanistic Exploration and Biological Insights.","authors":"Yulong Hu, Yihan Wu, Chunlong Wang, Qiguan Jin, Xianghe Chen","doi":"10.3390/metabo15050331","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15050331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity, marked by excessive white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation, worsens metabolic disorders, and inducing WAT browning is a promising therapy. This study examined the synergistic effects of moderate-intensity aerobic training and resveratrol (RES) on WAT browning and its underlying mechanisms in obese male rats. <b>Methods:</b> Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a normal diet control group (<i>n</i> = 8) and a high-fat-diet modeling group (<i>n</i> = 32), with the rats in the latter group being further divided randomly in groups of eight into a high-fat group; a high-fat, exercise group; a high-fat, RES group; and a high-fat, exercise-combined-with-RES group. The rats in the exercise intervention groups underwent moderate-intensity aerobic treadmill exercise for one hour daily, six days a week, while those in the RES groups received a 50 mg/kg/d RES solution via gavage before exercise, once daily, six days a week. Both interventions lasted eight weeks. <b>Results:</b> The combined intervention synergistically suppressed weight gain and visceral fat accumulation. WAT browning was enhanced, evidenced by upregulated UCP1 and CIDEA expression. Mitochondrial biogenesis was activated via the SIRT1-PGC-1α-NRF-1-TFAM pathway, accompanied by elevated mitochondrial enzyme activity and improved lipid mobilization (reduced serum free fatty acids and triglycerides). <b>Conclusions:</b> The combination of aerobic exercise and RES promotes WAT browning and lipolysis by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and stimulating mitochondrial thermogenesis through the modulation of the SIRT1-PGC-1α-NRF-1-TFAM pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atractylenolide I Inhibits Nicotine-Induced Macrophage Pyroptosis and Alleviates Atherogenesis by Suppressing the TLR4/ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 Pathway.","authors":"Huan-Huan Li, Xian Liu, Yu-Ping Wang, Xi Xu, Lin Zhu, Wei Zhang, Kun Ren","doi":"10.3390/metabo15050329","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15050329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Studies have shown that Atractylenolide I (AT-I) can exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, protecting against the development of various kinds of cardiovascular diseases. However, whether AT-I prevents nicotine-induced atherogenesis is unknown. This study was designed to explore the effects of AT-I on nicotine-induced macrophage pyroptosis and the progression of atherosclerosis. <b>Methods:</b> RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of TXNIP and pyroptosis-related factors in THP-1-derived macrophages. ELISA was used to detect the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hoechst/PI double-staining assay was used to assess plasma membrane integrity. The ROS assay kit, LDH release assay kit, and caspase-1 activity assay kit were used to detect ROS production, LDH release, and caspase-1 activity. Oil Red O, HE, and Masson staining were used to evaluate lipid accumulation, lesion size, and plaque stability in HFD-fed apoE^-/- mice. <b>Results:</b> AT-I treatment significantly decreased pyroptosis-related factors expression, disrupted plasma membrane integrity, and down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, thereby inhibiting nicotine-induced pyroptosis of THP-1-derived macrophages. In addition, AT-I decreased ROS production and the expression of TLR4 and TXNIP. Lentivirus overexpression of TLR4 or TXNIP, or pre-treatment with ROS agonist, mainly reversed the anti-pyroptotic effects of AT-I in nicotine-treated THP-1-derived macrophages. Additionally, administering AT-I to HFD-fed apoE^-/- mice markedly decreased nicotine-induced up-regulation of pyroptosis-related proteins in the aortas. Enzymatic methods and ELISA assay suggested that AT-I improved dyslipidemia and inflammation in vivo. Oil Red O, HE, and Masson staining showed that AT-I alleviated lipid accumulation, decreased plaque size, and increased plaque stability. <b>Conclusions:</b> Taken together, AT-I can be regarded as a potential phytomedicine that protects against macrophage pyroptosis and atherosclerosis triggered by nicotine.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Endocarditis Immunothrombosis.","authors":"Francesco Nappi","doi":"10.3390/metabo15050328","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15050328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Infective endocarditis continues to represent a challenge for healthcare systems, requiring careful management and resources. Recent studies have indicated a shift in the predominant pathogens of concern, with <i>Streptococcus</i> sp. a being superseded by <i>Staphylococcus</i> sp. and <i>Enterococcus</i> sp. as the leading causes of concern. This shift is of concern as it is associated with <i>Staphylococcus Aureus</i> which has a high virulence rate and a tendency to form a biofilm, meaning that non-surgical therapy may not be effective. It is imperative to deliberate on the likelihood of platelet blood clot formation, which may be accompanied by bacterial infestation and the development of a biofilm. <b>Methods:</b> MEDLINE, Embase, and Pubmed were searched using terms relating to 'endocarditis' and '<i>Staphilococcus aureus</i>', along with 'epidemiology', 'pathogenesis', 'coagulation', 'platelet', 'aggregation', and 'immunity'. The search focused on publications from the past 15 years, but excluded older, highly regarded articles. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles. Recommended review articles are cited for more details. <b>Results:</b> An endocarditis lesion is believed to be a blood clot infected with bacteria that adheres to the heart valves. Infective endocarditis is a good example of immunothrombosis, where the coagulation system, innate immunity and the function of coagulation in isolating and eliminating pathogens interact. However, in the context of infective endocarditis, immunothrombosis unintentionally establishes an environment conducive to bacterial proliferation. The process of immunothrombosis impedes the immune system, enabling bacterial proliferation. The coagulation system plays a pivotal role in the progression of this condition. <b>Conclusion:</b> The coagulation system is key to how bacteria attach to the heart valves, how vegetations develop, and how complications like embolisation and valve dysfunction occur. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, the main cause of infective endocarditis, can change blood clotting, growing well in the fibrin-rich environment of vegetation. The coagulation system is a good target for treating infective endocarditis because of its central role in the disease. But we must be careful, as using blood-thinning medicines in patients with endocarditis can often lead to an increased risk of bleeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomic Analysis Revealed the Differences in Metabolites Between Three Different Sugarcane Stems and Leaves.","authors":"Hongbo Lou, Linyan Xie, Xianhong Wang, Xianli Li, Lilian He, Fusheng Li","doi":"10.3390/metabo15050327","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15050327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Sugarcane is an important sugar crop. Sugarcane stems are mainly used for sugar extraction, while leaves can only be burned as waste. However, sugarcane leaves can also produce a large number of secondary metabolites, and these metabolites have significant nutritional and pharmacological value. At present, there are few studies on sugarcane compounds. <b>Methods:</b> Therefore, the stems and leaves of three sugarcane varieties (Yacheng 89-159, Dianzhe 01-58, ROC22) were selected as experimental materials, and the compounds of stems and leaves of different sugarcane were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography. <b>Results:</b> Metabolomics analysis detected 1197 metabolites that could be broadly divided into 11 categories. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis identified metabolites that were differentially abundant across groups (stems and leaves within and across the three varieties). Flavonoids, phenolic acids, and lipids were the main differential metabolites. Notably, tricin-4'-O-(guaiacylglycerol)ether-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-3,4-O-di-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-(6''-O-malony)glucoside were significantly higher in the stems than in the leaves across all three varieties. The content of methylenesuccinic acid was higher in the leaves of Dianzhe 01-58 and ROC22. In the comparative analysis of the top 20 differential metabolites among different varieties, it was found that the metabolite content of stems and leaves of Yacheng 89-9 and ROC22 was significantly higher than that of Dianzhe 01-58. Next, KEGG analysis showed that these differential metabolites were mainly enriched in pathways related to flavonoid, phenylpropanoid, and isoflavonoid biosynthesis, as well as starch and sucrose metabolism. Leaves also had significantly fewer metabolites involved in starch and sucrose metabolism than stems did. <b>Conclusion:</b> In conclusion, this study provides a scientific basis for utilization of sugarcane compounds, laying a theoretical foundation for further processing of sugarcane by-products into higher-value materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Storage Profiling: Evaluating the Effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Metabolomic Changes of Strawberries (<i>Fragaria × ananassa</i>).","authors":"Johannes Brockelt, Robin Dammann, Jennifer Griese, Agnes Weiss, Markus Fischer, Marina Creydt","doi":"10.3390/metabo15050330","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15050330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Strawberries (<i>Fragaria × ananassa</i>) are among the most commonly consumed fruits due to their taste and nutritional benefits. However, their high rate of spoilage poses a major problem during the period from harvest and transport to further processing or marketing. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effects of passive modified atmosphere packaging on the metabolome and shelf life of strawberries as a more sustainable alternative compared to standard market storage conditions. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 99 strawberry samples were analyzed for microbial viable counts, water content, and metabolomic changes using non-targeted low-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and microbial culture-based methods. <b>Results:</b> Using near-infrared spectroscopy as a rapid screening method, the linear regression model indicated that strawberries stored under modified atmosphere packaging conditions had a longer shelf life. Furthermore, lipidomic analysis using mass spectrometry showed that the levels of spoilage biomarkers, such as oxidized phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines, were increased under common market storage conditions without a controlled atmosphere. In contrast, the levels of these metabolites were reduced when strawberries were stored in modified atmosphere packaging. Moreover, the strawberries stored under modified atmosphere packaging had a lower number of bacteria, yeasts, and molds as well as a lower water loss throughout the entire storage period. <b>Conclusions:</b> Overall, the study highlights the potential of passive modified atmosphere packaging films to extend the shelf life and thus maintain the edibility of strawberries over a longer period.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Analysis of Volatile Metabolites in Rose Varieties: Effects of Cultivar Differences and Drying Temperatures on Flavor Profiles.","authors":"Jun Zhang, Meile Sun, Xiangrong Ren, Jing Yang, Yijie Zhang, Jingtao Hui, Pengbing Li, Jianfei Tao, Tianzhi Liu, Guocang Lin","doi":"10.3390/metabo15050325","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15050325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rose processing faces critical challenges in preserving bioactive compounds and aroma profiles during thermal treatments, particularly given the growing demand for natural ingredients in the food and cosmetic industries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using widely targeted metabolomics, we first characterized volatile profiles of four major commercial cultivars (Hetian, Damask, Bulgarian, and Fenghua; <i>n</i> = 6 replicates per cultivar), identifying terpenoids as dominant components (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Subsequent thermal optimization focused on Hetian rose, where WGCNA and K-means analyses revealed temperature-dependent dynamics (40-55 °C, triplicate drying trials per temperature).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hetian rose exhibited significantly higher accumulation (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of a unique sesquiterpene marker, 4-(1,5-dimethyl-1,4-hexadienyl)-1-methyl-cyclohexene. Systematic drying optimization identified 50 °C as the thermal threshold for optimal color, bioactive retention, and sensory quality. Mechanistic analysis identified 193 temperature-responsive metabolites (VIP > 1, FC < 0.25 or >4, <i>p</i> < 0.01), with terpenoid biosynthesis (MVA/MEP pathways) and esterification dynamics emerging as critical control points.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study establishes the first cultivar-specific processing framework for roses, demonstrating that metabolic signature-guided drying improves product quality. The findings advance our understanding of thermal impacts on aroma biochemistry while providing actionable protocols for natural product industries.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal Epithelial-Derived Exosomes Under Cold Stimulation Promote Adipose Thermogenesis.","authors":"Xue Han, Tiange Feng, Yaxu Yang, Ziming Zhu, Fangyu Shao, Lijun Sun, Yue Yin, Weizhen Zhang","doi":"10.3390/metabo15050324","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15050324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Whether intestinal epithelial cells can regulate distant adipose tissue remains a mystery. <b>Methods</b>: Cold-stimulated intestinal epithelial cell-derived exosomes (Cold IEC-Exo) play a pivotal role in enhancing adipose thermogenesis and metabolic homeostasis, as demonstrated in this study. <b>Results</b>: IEC-Exo can accumulate in adipose tissue. Compared with IEC-Exo derived from room temperature mice (RT IEC-Exo), Cold IEC-Exo significantly enhanced the thermogenesis of adipose. In vitro, Cold IEC-Exo directly stimulated thermogenesis in primary adipocytes by elevating oxygen consumption rate, proton leak, and fatty acid uptake, with no effect on glucose uptake. Small RNA sequencing identified miR-674-3p as a key mediator enriched in Cold IEC-Exo. miR-674-3p mimicry replicated Cold IEC-Exo effects, augmenting <i>Ucp1</i> expression, mitochondrial uncoupling, and fatty acid utilization in adipocytes. Local overexpression of miR-674-3p in BAT and sWAT via AAV in vivo enhanced thermogenesis and attenuated diet-induced glucose intolerance. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings establish that Cold IEC-Exo, via miR-674-3p transfer, drive adipose thermogenic activation and mitigate metabolic dysfunction, highlighting their therapeutic potential in obesity-related disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}