Metabolites最新文献

{"title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Orange Juice in Cardiac Remodeling: A Metabolomics Approach.","authors":"Priscila Portugal Dos Santos, Anderson Seiji Soares Fujimori, Bertha Furlan Polegato, Marina Politi Okoshi","doi":"10.3390/metabo15030198","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15030198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide, and the process of cardiac remodeling lies at the core of most of these diseases. Sustained cardiac remodeling almost unavoidably ends in progressive muscle dysfunction, heart failure, and ultimately death. Therefore, in order to attenuate cardiac remodeling and reduce mortality, different therapies have been used, but it is important to identify adjuvant factors that can help to modulate this process. One of these factors is the inclusion of affordable foods in the diet with potential cardioprotective properties. Orange juice intake has been associated with several beneficial metabolic changes, which may influence cardiac remodeling induced by cardiovascular diseases. Current opinion highlights how the metabolites and metabolic pathways modulated by orange juice consumption could potentially attenuate cardiac remodeling. It was observed that orange juice intake significantly modulates phospholipids, energy metabolism, endocannabinoid signaling, amino acids, and gut microbiota diversity, improving insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Specifically, modulation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) metabolism and activation of PPARα and PPARγ receptors, associated with improved energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress, showed protective effects on the heart. Furthermore, orange juice intake positively impacted gut microbiota diversity and led to an increase in beneficial bacterial populations, correlated with improved metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest that orange juice may act as a metabolic modulator, with potential therapeutic implications for cardiac remodeling associated with cardiovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Antifreeze Glycopeptides on the Quality and Microstructure of Frozen Lamb Meatballs.","authors":"Rong Dong, Shengkun Yan, Guoqiang Wang, Pei Wang","doi":"10.3390/metabo15030202","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15030202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explored the protective effects of antifreeze glycopeptide and alginate on the quality of -18 °C frozen lamb meatballs across various storage periods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Measurements of volatile salt nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), water retention, water distribution, microstructure, and metabolite changes were taken in the lamb meatballs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the addition of antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGs) significantly preserved the quality characteristics of lamb meatballs. In particular, the 0.30% antifreeze glycopeptide demonstrated the strongest protective effect on water retention and metabolites during freezing. The ice crystal area within the microstructure of lamb meatballs with added antifreeze glycopeptides was markedly reduced compared to the others after 14 days of freezing (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Additionally, AFGs lessened the lipid oxidation reaction and prolonged the oxidation time of lamb after 28 days of freezing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In summary, AFGs beneficially affected the quality of frozen lamb meatballs and are a potential, safe, and efficient cryoprotectant.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the Rate Structure of an Evolved Metabolic Network.","authors":"Friedrich Srienc, John Barrett","doi":"10.3390/metabo15030200","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15030200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>: When glucose molecules are metabolized by a biological cell, the molecules are constrained to flow along distinct reaction trajectories, which are defined by the cell's underlying metabolic network. <i>Methods</i>: Using the computational technique of Elementary Mode Analysis, the entire set of all possible trajectories can be enumerated, effectively allowing metabolism to be viewed in a discretized space. <i>Results</i>: With the resulting set of Elementary Flux Modes (EMs), macroscopic fluxes, (of both mass and energy) that cross the cell envelope can be computed by a simple, linear combination of the individual EM trajectories. The challenge in this approach is that the usage probability of each EM is unknown. But, because the analytical framework we have adopted allows metabolism to be viewed in a discrete space, we can use the mathematics of statistical thermodynamics to derive the usage probabilities when the system entropy is maximized. The resulting probabilities, which obey a Boltzmann-type distribution, predict a rate structure for the metabolic network that is in remarkable agreement with experimentally measured rates of adaptively evolved <i>E. coli</i> strains. <i>Conclusions</i>: Thus, in principle, the intracellular dynamic properties of such bacteria can be predicted, using only the knowledge of the DNA sequence, to reconstruct the metabolic reaction network, and the measurement of the specific glucose uptake rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944149/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomedicines Targeting Metabolic Pathways in the Tumor Microenvironment: Future Perspectives and the Role of AI.","authors":"Shuai Fan, Wenyu Wang, Wenbo Che, Yicheng Xu, Chuan Jin, Lei Dong, Qin Xia","doi":"10.3390/metabo15030201","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15030201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Tumor cells engage in continuous self-replication by utilizing a large number of resources and capabilities, typically within an aberrant metabolic regulatory network to meet their own demands. This metabolic dysregulation leads to the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in most solid tumors. Nanomedicines, due to their unique physicochemical properties, can achieve passive targeting in certain solid tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, or active targeting through deliberate design optimization, resulting in accumulation within the TME. The use of nanomedicines to target critical metabolic pathways in tumors holds significant promise. However, the design of nanomedicines requires the careful selection of relevant drugs and materials, taking into account multiple factors. The traditional trial-and-error process is relatively inefficient. Artificial intelligence (AI) can integrate big data to evaluate the accumulation and delivery efficiency of nanomedicines, thereby assisting in the design of nanodrugs. <b>Methods:</b> We have conducted a detailed review of key papers from databases, such as ScienceDirect, Scopus, Wiley, Web of Science, and PubMed, focusing on tumor metabolic reprogramming, the mechanisms of action of nanomedicines, the development of nanomedicines targeting tumor metabolism, and the application of AI in empowering nanomedicines. We have integrated the relevant content to present the current status of research on nanomedicines targeting tumor metabolism and potential future directions in this field. <b>Results:</b> Nanomedicines possess excellent TME targeting properties, which can be utilized to disrupt key metabolic pathways in tumor cells, including glycolysis, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. This disruption leads to the selective killing of tumor cells and disturbance of the TME. Extensive research has demonstrated that AI-driven methodologies have revolutionized nanomedicine development, while concurrently enabling the precise identification of critical molecular regulators involved in oncogenic metabolic reprogramming pathways, thereby catalyzing transformative innovations in targeted cancer therapeutics. <b>Conclusions:</b> The development of nanomedicines targeting tumor metabolic pathways holds great promise. Additionally, AI will accelerate the discovery of metabolism-related targets, empower the design and optimization of nanomedicines, and help minimize their toxicity, thereby providing a new paradigm for future nanomedicine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal Ion Reduction, Chelation, and Cytotoxicity of Selected Bicyclic Monoterpenes and Their Binary Mixtures.","authors":"Karolina Wojtunik-Kulesza, Marcela Dubiel, Katarzyna Klimek","doi":"10.3390/metabo15030199","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15030199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Bicyclic monoterpenes are one of the most common groups of secondary plant metabolites found in Nature. Their wide spectrum of biological activity can be used in the prevention and in the treatment of various diseases, including so-called 'diseases of civilization'. Their potential for synergistic interactions may influence the biological activities of more complex mixtures. <b>Methods</b>: This study investigated the ability of selected bicyclic monoterpenes and their binary mixtures to reduce Fe(III) and Cu(II) and chelate Fe(II) and assessed their cytotoxic activity against BJ and HepG2 cell lines. <b>Results</b>: The obtained results did not reveal synergistic interactions towards the biological activities, but binary mixtures proved to be safe in relation to the tested cell lines. Among the tested single monoterpenes, the most effective were 3-carene and <i>β</i>-pinene, with the latter exhibiting the greatest ability to decrease cell viability (CC₅₀ for BJ and HepG2 cells was about 1.08 and 1.85 mM, respectively). <b>Conclusions</b>: The results revealed that both single compounds and binary mixtures demonstrate the ability to reduce selected metal ions and chelate Fe(II) ions. Synergistic interactions were not observed, but an increase in the activity of selected binary mixtures was recorded. Based on cell culture experiments, the monoterpenes and their binary mixtures can be considered safe at a concentration lower than 1 mM and close to 0.313 mM, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apolipoproteins in Psoriasis: The Effect of Acitretin Treatment and UVB Phototherapy.","authors":"Hanna Myśliwiec, Dorota Kozłowska, Katarzyna Hodun, Bartłomiej Łukaszuk, Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek, Adrian Chabowski, Iwona Flisiak","doi":"10.3390/metabo15030196","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15030196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psoriasis is a chronic, multi-system inflammatory disease frequently associated with metabolic syndrome and lipid disturbances. Apolipoproteins, as essential regulators of lipid metabolism, may play a critical role in these metabolic abnormalities, potentially influencing disease severity and systemic inflammation. The aim of this study was to compare serum concentrations of chosen apolipoproteins in patients with psoriasis before and after treatment with acitretin or narrowband UVB (NB-UVB).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted on 39 patients with psoriasis. The concentration of nine apolipoproteins and C-reactive protein was quantified using the Bio-Plex Immunoassay Kit.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The serum concentrations of ApoA2, ApoC1, ApoD, ApoE, and ApoJ were higher in the acitretin group compared to the NB-UVB group before treatment, while the ApoA1/ApoA2 ratio was lower. We also observed a negative association between the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and ApoA1/ApoA2 ratio in the patients before the treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this study confirm the presence of metabolic disturbances in psoriatic patients. The treatment with NB-UVB or acitretin did not cause any significant changes in the apolipoproteins profile. Thus, we found no detrimental impact of acitretin on the apolipoproteins profile, despite the observed rise in total cholesterol concentration after the treatment. Further research is needed to explore whether specific therapeutic approaches can modify these disturbances and potentially improve long-term cardiovascular outcomes in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Executive Functions and Long-Term Metabolic Control in Adults with Phenylketonuria (PKU).","authors":"Anne Tomm, Alena G Thiele, Carmen Rohde, Haiko Schlögl, Wieland Kiess, Skadi Beblo","doi":"10.3390/metabo15030197","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15030197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, resulting in highly elevated blood phenylalanine (Phe) concentrations, leading to neurotoxic effects. Despite advancements in treatment, adult patients with PKU may experience impairments in executive functions (EFs). This study investigates the influence of metabolic control across different life stages on EFs and sociodemographic outcomes in adult PKU. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a monocentric study with 36 early-diagnosed and treated PKU patients (mean age: 34.8 years). EFs were assessed using the Test Battery for Attentional Performance (TAP) and the Tower of London (TL-D). Metabolic data were extracted from medical records, focusing on childhood and adulthood metabolic control, including Phe fluctuations. Sociodemographic data were collected via questionnaires. Statistical analyses explored relationships between EFs, metabolic control, and sociodemographic data. <b>Results:</b> EFs in the cohort were within the lower average range. Significant negative correlations could be observed between EF performance and dried blood Phe concentrations during childhood (ages 0-10 years) as well as current Phe concentrations and Phe variation. Elevated childhood Phe concentrations were associated with lower educational attainment. Sociodemographic characteristics, such as employment status and living arrangements, aligned with those of the general population. <b>Conclusions:</b> Optimal cognitive development in PKU requires good metabolic control, particularly in early childhood. In adulthood, while dietary restrictions may be relaxed, maintaining low and stable Phe concentrations is crucial for EFs. Consistent monitoring and tailored therapeutic approaches throughout life seem essential for optimizing metabolic and neurocognitive outcome in PKU.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ceramide as a Promising Tool for Diagnosis and Treatment of Clinical Diseases: A Review of Recent Advances.","authors":"Xueping Shen, Rui Feng, Rui Zhou, Zhaoyang Zhang, Kaiyong Liu, Sheng Wang","doi":"10.3390/metabo15030195","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15030195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Ceramide, a sphingolipid metabolite, has emerged as a key player in various physiological and pathological processes. Changes in ceramide levels are associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases, highlighting its potential as a biomarker of various clinical diseases. <b>Methods:</b> The biosynthesis and metabolism of ceramide are discussed, along with its functions in cell signaling, apoptosis, and inflammation. This study further examines the potential of ceramide as a biomarker for disease diagnosis and treatment. <b>Results:</b> This article highlights the involvement of ceramide in several diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, dermatosis, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic syndromes. For each disease, the potential of ceramide as a biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis is explored, and the feasibility of therapeutic strategies targeting ceramide metabolism are reviewed. Additionally, the challenges and future directions in the field of ceramide research are addressed. <b>Conclusions:</b> This review article provides an overview of the recent advances in understanding the role of ceramide in clinical diseases and its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Analysis on Physicochemical Properties and Characteristic Compounds of Insect-Infested Ziziphi Spinosae Semen.","authors":"Bo Xu, Zhenying Liu, Yanzhen Shen, Yunxia Cheng, Pingping Song, Feifei Wang, Zhimao Chao","doi":"10.3390/metabo15030188","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15030188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> Ziziphi spinosae semen (ZSS), an edible and medicinal substance, was easily infested by <i>Plodia interpunctella</i> (<i>P. interpunctella</i>) during storage. However, there was no identification method for insect-infested ZSS based on its chemical composition. Therefore, the characteristic compounds in ZSS before and after being infested by <i>P. interpunctella</i> were discovered based on the comparison of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), untargeted metabolomics, and other quality characters. <b>Methods:</b> Color, total flavonoid content (TFC), and main active compound content were measured to explore the change of physicochemical properties in ZSS after being infested by <i>P. interpunctella</i>. Non-targeted metabolomic techniques, including ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were used to assess molecular-level alterations. <b>Results:</b> The color changed significantly. The TFC and main active compounds of spinosin, jujuboside A, jujuboside B, and betulinic acid were decreased significantly. A total of nine VOCs and twenty-one metabolites were screened out that could be used to identify whether ZSS was infested. And some metabolites, such as uric acid, gluconic acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine, were discovered as characteristic compounds in ZSS after being infested by <i>P. interpunctella</i>. <b>Conclusions:</b> The study provided the basis and reference for the identification of insect-infested ZSS and offered an example for the identification of other insect-infested edible and medicinal materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyses of Saliva Metabolome Reveal Patterns of Metabolites That Differentiate SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Disease Severity.","authors":"Violeta Larios-Serrato, Natalia Vázquez-Manjarrez, Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio, Nora Rios-Sarabia, Beatriz Meza, Oliver Fiehn, Javier Torres","doi":"10.3390/metabo15030192","DOIUrl":"10.3390/metabo15030192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The metabolome of COVID-19 patients has been studied sparsely, with most research focusing on a limited number of plasma metabolites or small cohorts. This is the first study to test saliva metabolites in COVID-19 patients in a comprehensive way, revealing patterns significantly linked to disease and severity, highlighting saliva's potential as a non-invasive tool for pathogenesis or diagnostic studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included 30 asymptomatic subjects with no prior COVID-19 infection or vaccination, 102 patients with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 61 hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 status. Saliva samples were analyzed using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) in positive and negative ionization modes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences in metabolites were identified in COVID-19 patients, with distinct patterns associated with disease severity. Dipeptides such as Val-Glu and Met-Gln were highly elevated in moderate cases, suggesting specific protease activity related to SARS-CoV-2. Acetylated amino acids like N-acetylserine and N-acetylhistidine increased in severe cases. Bacterial metabolites, including muramic acid and indole-3-carboxaldehyde, were higher in mild-moderate cases, indicating that oral microbiota differs according to disease severity. In severe cases, polyamines and organ-damage-related metabolites, such as N-acetylspermine and 3-methylcytidine, were significantly increased. Interestingly, most metabolites that were reduced in moderate cases were elevated in severe cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Saliva metabolomics offers insightful information that is potentially useful in studying COVID-19 severity and for diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18496,"journal":{"name":"Metabolites","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}