Medical Principles and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Response to the Letter on \"Plasma Sodium and Laboratory Parameters in Determining Complicated Appendicitis in Children\".","authors":"Zlatan Zvizdic, Asmir Jonuzi, Una Glamoclija, Semir Vranic","doi":"10.1159/000541749","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541749","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18455,"journal":{"name":"Medical Principles and Practice","volume":" ","pages":"98-99"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11805539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative Importance of Defined Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens in the T-Cell Recognition Repertoire of Latently Infected Individuals Not Progressing to Active Disease.","authors":"Fredrik Oftung, Abu Salim Mustafa","doi":"10.1159/000542324","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this study, we have mapped the relative importance of well-defined recombinantly expressed Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in the T-cell recognition repertoire of latently infected individuals not progressing to active disease.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy latently infected long-term non-progressors were screened for antigen-induced proliferation and Th1 cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The panel of antigens tested showed a clear spectrum of responsiveness and lead to the identification of a subgroup of frequently recognized antigens (MPT59, CFP7, CFP10, CFP21, TB37.6/PPE68, ESAT-6, MPT51, and DnaK) with a high cellular response level as measured in both proliferation and IFN-γ assays. Among a subgroup of antigens also screened for responses in tuberculosis patients, CFP21 was identified as differentially recognized in non-progressors. For both cellular assays, we found a positive correlation between responder frequency and magnitude of response. A significant correlation between the level of antigen-specific proliferation and INF-γ secretion was also observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We have identified a defined set of M. tuberculosis antigens frequently recognized by T cells at a high response level from latently infected long-term non-progressors which warrant further investigation for a potential role in immune regulation and protection against progression to active disease.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this study, we have mapped the relative importance of well-defined recombinantly expressed Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in the T-cell recognition repertoire of latently infected individuals not progressing to active disease.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy latently infected long-term non-progressors were screened for antigen-induced proliferation and Th1 cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The panel of antigens tested showed a clear spectrum of responsiveness and lead to the identification of a subgroup of frequently recognized antigens (MPT59, CFP7, CFP10, CFP21, TB37.6/PPE68, ESAT-6, MPT51, and DnaK) with a high cellular response level as measured in both proliferation and IFN-γ assays. Among a subgroup of antigens also screened for responses in tuberculosis patients, CFP21 was identified as differentially recognized in non-progressors. For both cellular assays, we found a positive correlation between responder frequency and magnitude of response. A significant correlation between the level of antigen-specific proliferation and INF-γ secretion was also observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We have identified a defined set of M. tuberculosis antigens frequently recognized by T cells at a high response level from latently infected long-term non-progressors which warrant fur","PeriodicalId":18455,"journal":{"name":"Medical Principles and Practice","volume":" ","pages":"66-74"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11805546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142546241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in Saphenous Vein Graft Failure.","authors":"Alkame Akgümüş, Bedrettin Boyraz, Ahmet Balun","doi":"10.1159/000541879","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to investigate the relationship between advanced glycation end product (AGE) levels in patients with saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure and in patients without SVG failure.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>In our study, 55 patients with a history of previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, who subsequently underwent coronary angiography for any reason and were found to have either SVG occlusion or significant lesions, were included as study patients. Additionally, 55 patients who have had CABG surgery without SVG failure for at least 1 year served as the control group. AGE values of the patients were measured using the skin autofluorescence method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In our study results, we observed a significant difference in AGE levels between the two groups of patients with similar demographic characteristics (SVG failure groups AGE 3.2 [2.8-3.6] vs. control groups AGE 2.4 [2.1-2.7] p < 0.001). In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we determined the ability of AGE levels to detect SVG failure with an area under the curve of 0.869. We found that in patients with AGE >3, it could detect SVG failure with a sensitivity of 70.9% and a specificity of 87.3%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results demonstrate that AGE levels can predict SVG failure risk inexpensively, easily, and quickly.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to investigate the relationship between advanced glycation end product (AGE) levels in patients with saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure and in patients without SVG failure.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>In our study, 55 patients with a history of previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, who subsequently underwent coronary angiography for any reason and were found to have either SVG occlusion or significant lesions, were included as study patients. Additionally, 55 patients who have had CABG surgery without SVG failure for at least 1 year served as the control group. AGE values of the patients were measured using the skin autofluorescence method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In our study results, we observed a significant difference in AGE levels between the two groups of patients with similar demographic characteristics (SVG failure groups AGE 3.2 [2.8-3.6] vs. control groups AGE 2.4 [2.1-2.7] p < 0.001). In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we determined the ability of AGE levels to detect SVG failure with an area under the curve of 0.869. We found that in patients with AGE >3, it could detect SVG failure with a sensitivity of 70.9% and a specificity of 87.3%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results demonstrate that AGE levels can predict SVG failure risk inexpensively, easily, and quickly.</p>","PeriodicalId":18455,"journal":{"name":"Medical Principles and Practice","volume":" ","pages":"87-95"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11805552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Approach of Oxidative Stress and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Relationship of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Genes.","authors":"Luana Vilches Cagnim Nuevo, Vânia Belintani Piatto, Luís Cesar Fava Spessoto","doi":"10.1159/000543466","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease, with its own clinical, radiological, and histopathological characteristics, which mainly affects premature newborns (NBs), resulting from a combination of factors that include immaturity, inflammation, and lung injury, in addition to therapy with mechanical ventilation and exposure to high concentrations of oxygen. However, even with advances in care for critically ill NBs, BPD continues to be a challenge for the care team and family members. This has been identified as one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality due to prematurity and can have significant impacts on the quality of life of the affected patients. While interactions between the risk factors associated with BPD characterize it as multifactorial, its real pathogenesis still remains uncertain, as some NBs, despite having similar risk factors, do not develop it, suggesting, therefore, that susceptibility to BPD is genetically determined. Genetic variants in the glutathione S-transferase Mu-1/glutathione S-transferase theta-1-null (GSTM1/GSTT1) genes may be associated with a greater risk of developing BPD in premature NBs, as they affect the function of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) enzymes and, consequently, the body's ability to eliminate toxic or harmful pro-inflammatory substances. GSTM1/GSTT1-null individuals, due to the absence of gene expression, present loss of enzymatic activity of the respective GST enzymes, triggering failures in the detoxification process and the consequent development of numerous diseases resulting from oxidative damage such as infertility, chronic kidney disease, eryptosis, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, periventricular leukomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage. The objective of this narrative review was to highlight the role of genetic variants in the GSTM1/GSTT1 genes in the onset of BPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":18455,"journal":{"name":"Medical Principles and Practice","volume":" ","pages":"201-211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142951291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Takotsubo Syndrome Recurrence: A Trigger for Increased 30-Day Cardiovascular Mortality.","authors":"Albert Topf, Moritz Mirna, Uta C Hoppe, Michael Lichtenauer, Lukas Motloch, Ravi Vazirani, Sabine Horn, Iván J Núñez-Gil","doi":"10.1159/000545544","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Recurrence of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) has been reported with a rate up to 4%. The effect of TTS recurrence on clinical outcomes has not been in the focus of studies so far.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In our study, we enrolled 435 patients with TTS, of whom 14 patients had a recurrence. The inclusion interval for the index event was from 2015 to 2022, and patients were followed to categorize them in the group of TTS with or without the recurrence. TTS recurrences were registered until June 2024. Blood samples, data on clinical presentation, precipitating factors, cardiovascular risk factors, medications, demographics, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters were obtained. The 30-day cardiovascular mortality (CV), the 30-day mortality, and arrhythmia during hospitalization were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comorbidities, ECG changes, premedication, and symptoms were not significantly different between TTS patients with and without recurrence. Only the index left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of TTS patients with recurrence was significantly decreased (p = 0.046). In the case of outcome parameters, TTS patients with recurrence had a significantly, higher 30-day CV mortality compared to those without recurrence (21.4% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.001) with a 5.9-fold higher 30-day CV mortality (B(SE) = 1.94 (0.70), p = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our study, the TTS recurrence was associated with 5.9-fold higher 30-day CV mortality. Therefore, a more precise monitoring is necessary in this high-risk group. Whether only the reduced LVEF is responsible for the increased 30-day CV mortality is an open issue and more factors can be assumed to play a role.</p>","PeriodicalId":18455,"journal":{"name":"Medical Principles and Practice","volume":" ","pages":"391-399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12097407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143764412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Statement.","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000545239","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545239","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18455,"journal":{"name":"Medical Principles and Practice","volume":" ","pages":"404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12065416/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144032264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Sublethal Disinfectant Exposure on Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Pseudomonasaeruginosa.","authors":"Mohemid Maddallah Al-Jebouri","doi":"10.1159/000542322","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The problem of hospital cross-infection due to contamination of disinfectants has been recognized elsewhere. The passage of bacteria through diluted disinfectants may not only bring about phenotypic changes in their antibiograms but also changes in phage susceptibility patterns. Contact with disinfectants in sublethal concentrations allows survival and multiplication of bacteria.</p><p><strong>Methods and materials: </strong>Serial passage, through disinfectants at subminimal inhibitory concentrations, induced antibiotic resistance in 18% of derived phenotypic variants of fifty strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were isolated from diarrheal stools of infants in children's hospital.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A proportion of these strains became susceptible to an increased number of antibiotics. The present study revealed that all the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and carbenicillin and 40% of these isolates became sensitive to both antibiotics after exposure to disinfectants. The exposure to disinfectants induced neomycin resistance among two isolates. The resistance patterns were three before disinfectants exposure which increased to be nine different patterns after exposure. No antibiotic resistance was transferred between P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli K12 as a recipient strain.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Almost 50% of the isolates tested became sensitive to tetracycline, carbenicillin and co-trimoxazole after exposure to disinfectants. The resistance patterns among the 50 isolates were three which changed to be nine different patterns after exposure to disinfectants. Unjustifiable use of disinfectants might give a chance for survival and multiplication of pathogenic bacteria to develop new resistance patterns to antibiotics in use with a short time. These new resistance variants of bacteria which multiply in hospital environment could lead to serious epidemic conflicts particularly the epidemiological reporting and management.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The problem of hospital cross-infection due to contamination of disinfectants has been recognized elsewhere. The passage of bacteria through diluted disinfectants may not only bring about phenotypic changes in their antibiograms but also changes in phage susceptibility patterns. Contact with disinfectants in sublethal concentrations allows survival and multiplication of bacteria.</p><p><strong>Methods and materials: </strong>Serial passage, through disinfectants at subminimal inhibitory concentrations, induced antibiotic resistance in 18% of derived phenotypic variants of fifty strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were isolated from diarrheal stools of infants in children's hospital.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A proportion of these strains became susceptible to an increased number of antibiotics. The present study revealed that all the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and carbenicillin and 40% of these isolate","PeriodicalId":18455,"journal":{"name":"Medical Principles and Practice","volume":" ","pages":"172-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11936435/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142623801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhaled Aviptadil Is a New Hope for Recovery of Lung Damage due to COVID-19.","authors":"Dorina Esendagli, Nuran Sarı, Sıla Akhan, Sonay Arslan, İrem Asena Doğan Öntaş, Gürdal Yılmaz, Firdevs Aksoy, Aydın Kant, Kadriye Kart Yaşar, Esra Canbolat Ünlü, Işıl Kibar Akıllı, Mustafa Kemal Çelen, Çiğdem Mermutluoğlu, Saim Dayan, Emre Kara, Gamze Durhan, Serhat Ünal, Barış Demirkol, Levent Arafat, Erdoğan Çetinkaya, Mustafa Çörtük, Nagihan Durmuş Koçak, Elif Torun Parmaksız, Ahmet Çağkan İnkaya","doi":"10.1159/000543773","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543773","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We are still in search of new therapeutic options for COVID-19 to prevent new infections, enable fast recovery, and reduce the long-lasting symptoms or sequelae. This study aimed to investigate the short- and long-term effects of inhaled aviptadil on hospitalized, adult COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multicenter, prospective, placebo-controlled, comparative, randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted. Patients were randomized 1:1 to either inhaled aviptadil or placebo, in addition to the standard care. The primary endpoint is the time from hospitalization to discharge within 30 days of treatment. The secondary endpoints are clinical and radiological score improvements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study involved 80 patients enrolled from 9 clinical centers. The mean age was 55.8 ± 18.5 years, and 27 of them (33.8%) were female. The average time to discharge was 7.8 ± 4.0 days in aviptadil group and 10 ± 5.0 days in placebo (p = 0.049). Modified Borg scales were not statistically different on day 3 (p = 0.090), but significantly lower in the aviptadil group on day 7 (p = 0.033). The CT lung damage score was not different on day 1 for both groups (p = 0.962); improvement on day 28 was significantly greater in the aviptadil group (p = 0.028). The death rate was also lower in the aviptadil group (5.1%) when compared to the placebo (12.2%). There was no drop-out due to side effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Study shows that inhaled aviptadil is well tolerated and can be used as a supplementary intervention to fasten the recovery of respiratory manifestations in hospitalized patients for COVID-19 pneumonia.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We are still in search of new therapeutic options for COVID-19 to prevent new infections, enable fast recovery, and reduce the long-lasting symptoms or sequelae. This study aimed to investigate the short- and long-term effects of inhaled aviptadil on hospitalized, adult COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multicenter, prospective, placebo-controlled, comparative, randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted. Patients were randomized 1:1 to either inhaled aviptadil or placebo, in addition to the standard care. The primary endpoint is the time from hospitalization to discharge within 30 days of treatment. The secondary endpoints are clinical and radiological score improvements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study involved 80 patients enrolled from 9 clinical centers. The mean age was 55.8 ± 18.5 years, and 27 of them (33.8%) were female. The average time to discharge was 7.8 ± 4.0 days in aviptadil group and 10 ± 5.0 days in placebo (p = 0.049). Modified Borg scales were not statistically different on day 3 (p = 0.090), but significantly lower in the aviptadil group on day 7 (p = 0.033). The CT lung damage score was not different on day 1 for both groups (p = 0.962); improvement on day 28 was significantly ","PeriodicalId":18455,"journal":{"name":"Medical Principles and Practice","volume":" ","pages":"191-200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11936437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Oral Adverse Effects following COVID-19 Vaccination and Similarities with Oral Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients: Taste and Saliva Secretory Disorders.","authors":"Hironori Tsuchiya, Maki Mizogami","doi":"10.1159/000543182","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines exhibit diverse side effects, taste and saliva secretory disorders have remained poorly understood despite their negative impact on the overall quality of life. The present study aimed to characterize oral adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccination and assess their similarities with oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients. A literature search was conducted in databases, including PubMed, LitCovid, and Google Scholar, to retrieve relevant studies. The narrative review indicated that a certain number of vaccinated people develop ageusia, dysgeusia, hypogeusia, xerostomia, and dry mouth, while they are rare compared with COVID-19 oral symptoms. The prevalence of oral adverse effects varies by country/region and such geographical differences may be related to the type of vaccine used. Similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, COVID-19 vaccination adversely affects taste perception and salivary secretion in females and older subjects more frequently than in males and younger subjects. Their impairments mostly appear within 3 days of vaccination, and bitter taste is specifically impaired in some cases. Considering that oral adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccination share some characteristics with oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients, it is speculated that the spike protein derived from COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection may be pathophysiologically responsible for taste and saliva secretory disorders. This is because such spike protein has the potential to interact with ACE2 expressed on the relevant cells, produce proinflammatory cytokines, and form antiphospholipid antibodies. Our results do not deny the advantages of COVID-19 vaccination, but attention should be paid to post-vaccination oral effects in addition to COVID-19 oral symptoms. Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines exhibit diverse side effects, taste and saliva secretory disorders have remained poorly understood despite their negative impact on the overall quality of life. The present study aimed to characterize oral adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccination and assess their similarities with oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients. A literature search was conducted in databases, including PubMed, LitCovid, and Google Scholar, to retrieve relevant studies. The narrative review indicated that a certain number of vaccinated people develop ageusia, dysgeusia, hypogeusia, xerostomia, and dry mouth, while they are rare compared with COVID-19 oral symptoms. The prevalence of oral adverse effects varies by country/region and such geographical differences may be related to the type of vaccine used. Similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, COVID-19 vaccination adversely affects taste perception and salivary secretion in females and older subjects more frequently than in males and younger subjects. Their impairments mostly appear w","PeriodicalId":18455,"journal":{"name":"Medical Principles and Practice","volume":" ","pages":"101-120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11936456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endoplasmic Reticular Stress and Pathogenesis of Experimental Colitis: Mechanism of Action of 5-Amino Salicylic Acid.","authors":"Zahraa A Baydoun, Muddanna Rao, Islam Khan","doi":"10.1159/000541791","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541791","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Inflammatory bowel diseases which are characterized by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway are commonly treated with 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of 5-amino salicylic acid in the UPR-signaling pathway in experimental colitis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Colitis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intrarectal instillation of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Animals received 5-amino salicylic acid (100 mg/kg body weight) 2 h before the induction of colitis and repeated daily until day 7. The animals were sacrificed on day 7 and tissues were collected for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expression of protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), a mediator of UPR signaling increased significantly (p < 0.05), while inositol-requiring enzyme type-1 (IRE1) and the CCAAT/enhancer-binding homologous protein (CHOP) remained unaltered in the inflamed colon. The expression of glucose-regulated protein-78, activator of transcription factor-4, and phosphorylated-eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2αP) increased (p < 0.05) in the inflamed colon. However, the levels of eIF2α protein and mRNA expression remained unchanged. Myeloperoxidase activity, colon weight, and infiltration of inflammatory cells increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the submucosa whereas the body weight decreased. These changes were significantly inhibited by 5-amino salicylate treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of 5-amino salicylic acid are mediated through the inhibition of the PERK signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Inflammatory bowel diseases which are characterized by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway are commonly treated with 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of 5-amino salicylic acid in the UPR-signaling pathway in experimental colitis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Colitis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intrarectal instillation of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Animals received 5-amino salicylic acid (100 mg/kg body weight) 2 h before the induction of colitis and repeated daily until day 7. The animals were sacrificed on day 7 and tissues were collected for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expression of protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), a mediator of UPR signaling increased significantly (p < 0.05), while inositol-requiring enzyme type-1 (IRE1) and the CCAAT/enhancer-binding homologous protein (CHOP) remained unaltered in the inflamed colon. The expression of glucose-regulated protein-78, activator of transcription factor-4, and phosphorylated-eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2αP) increased (p < 0.05) in the inflamed co","PeriodicalId":18455,"journal":{"name":"Medical Principles and Practice","volume":" ","pages":"39-47"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11805548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142576315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}