MethodsXPub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102984
Thijs Defraeye , Celine Verreydt , Julien Gonthier , Leo Lukasse , Paul Cronjé , Tarl Berry
{"title":"Building a physics-based virtual refrigerated container filled with fruit in ventilated packaging","authors":"Thijs Defraeye , Celine Verreydt , Julien Gonthier , Leo Lukasse , Paul Cronjé , Tarl Berry","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We build a validated physics-based model of a refrigerated container filled with fruit in ventilated packaging. This model of a virtual container is the basis for simulations in an accompanying paper on citrus fruit shipped overseas from South Africa to Europe. The model is used to understand better how the cargo cools and when and where food quality is lost in these supply chains. We build a computational fluid dynamics model with a two-phase porous media approach that simulates the airflow in the container and the cooling process of every fruit. This container can be considered aerodynamically to be a slot-ventilated enclosure. We also model the fruit's thermally-driven quality loss. Using a two-phase porous media approach for the ventilated cargo and modeling temperature-driven fruit quality evolution are two steps forward compared to most existing physics-based refrigerated container models. We validate the porous media model implementation. We define and apply actionable metrics for every fruit inside the cargo, such as remaining shelf life upon arrival and seven-eighths cooling time.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>This model can help reduce food loss and increase supply-chain resilience.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>This model is an essential building block of a refrigerated container’s digital twin.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>This model can support stakeholders in improving cargo temperature control and resulting fruit quality preservation.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 102984"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MethodsXPub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102982
Chun-wei Lai , Gee-Way Lin , Wen-Chih Lee , Chun-che Chang
{"title":"Enhancing protein signal detection in asexual and viviparous pea aphids: A guided protocol for tissue dissection and proteinase K treatment","authors":"Chun-wei Lai , Gee-Way Lin , Wen-Chih Lee , Chun-che Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aphids, as hemipteran insects, reproduce via parthenogenesis and viviparity, resulting in rapid and exponential offspring production. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying parthenogenetic viviparity in asexual aphids, precise protein detection through immunostaining is essential. Our previous research demonstrated the need for proteinase K (PK) treatment to improve tissue permeability, enabling antibodies targeting the germ-cell marker Ap-Vas1 to access gastrulating and later-stage embryos. However, optimal PK digestion protocols have not been thoroughly explored. In this study, we propose strategies to optimize PK digestion conditions for early, middle, and late-stage pea aphid embryos, which have varying tissue thicknesses. Additionally, we extend the application of PK treatment to salivary glands, a representative somatic tissue, by optimizing conditions for antibody penetration against the salivary gland marker C002. To enhance spatial precision in signal detection, we provide a detailed protocol for tissue dissection specific to pea aphids, focusing on the preservation of tissue integrity. These comprehensive guidelines, covering tissue dissection and PK titration, are expected to improve the specificity and intensity of protein signals in pea aphids and other aphid species.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Provide aphid-specific dissection methods to obtain intact embryos and salivary glands.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Present strategies for optimizing PK treatment conditions across different tissue types.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 102982"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MethodsXPub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102980
Poonam Ray, Divya Chandran
{"title":"Spray inoculation and image analysis-based quantification of powdery mildew disease severity on pea leaves","authors":"Poonam Ray, Divya Chandran","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pea (<em>Pisum sativum</em>) is an important agricultural legume crop, but powdery mildew disease caused by the biotrophic fungus <em>Erysiphe pisi</em> regularly limits its annual yield. Assays to evaluate the efficacy of potential antifungal compounds or resistance genes for disease control require a simple fungal inoculation method that provides control over the initial inoculum concentration and enables uniform inoculum distribution within a leaf and across replicates as well as a method for the quantitative assessment of disease severity. Here, we present an easy spray inoculation method for the uniform distribution of a defined concentration of <em>E. pisi</em> conidia on the leaves of pea plants and a semi-automated image analysis-based quantification of disease symptoms. The uniformity in conidial distribution was validated using a novel grading system termed the uniformity index. In addition, RT-qPCR was used to validate the reproducibility of the spray inoculation method and image analysis-based disease quantification. These procedures permit the accurate quantification of powdery mildew disease severity at macroscopic and molecular levels.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Uniform and reproducible inoculum distribution on leaves using a simple and inexpensive spray device</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Rapid and reproducible quantification of powdery mildew disease symptoms using open-source software without the requirement of computational expertise</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 102980"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Combined fluorometric analysis of biliverdin and bilirubin by the recombinant protein HUG","authors":"Federica Tramer , Paola Sist , Rocio Cardenas-Perez , Ranieri Urbani , Giulia Bortolussi , Sabina Passamonti","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biliverdin is a secondary metabolite of heme catabolism. It is formed by the reaction catalyzed by heme oxygenase, which converts the heme group contained in proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and catalase into biliverdin, iron (II) and CO in equimolar amounts, consuming NADPH. Biliverdin is then reduced to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Biliverdin and bilirubin form a redox couple and are important for the redox homeostasis of cells. Heme oxygenase-1 is an inducible enzyme that is induced by hypoxic conditions, increased availability of heme or proinflammatory mechanisms such as LPS, UV radiation, etc. In addition, both heme oxygenase-1 and biliverdin reductase play roles other than catalysis by modulating specific metabolic pathways at the transcriptional level. There is a need for affordable assays to analyze these bile pigments in biological and clinical samples. Here we present a method for the combined determination of biliverdin and bilirubin that utilizes the specific binding of bilirubin to the fluorescent recombinant fusion protein HUG and the enzymatic conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>This method enables the combined measurement of bilirubin and biliverdin in the nM range.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>The method does not require solvent extraction or protein precipitation of the samples.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 102979"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Psychological disorder detection: A multimodal approach using a transformer-based hybrid model","authors":"Debadrita Ghosh , Hema Karande , Shilpa Gite , Biswajeet Pradhan","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Detecting psychological disorders, particularly depression, is a complex and critical task within the realm of mental health assessment. This research explores a novel approach to improve the identification of psychological distresses, such as depression, by addressing the subjectivity, complexity, and biasness inherent in traditional diagnostic techniques. Using multimodal data, such as voice characteristics and linguistic content from participant interviews, we developed a Transformer-Based Hybrid Model that combines advanced natural language processing and deep learning approaches. This model provides a complete assessment of an individual's psychological well-being by merging aural cues and textual data. This study investigates the theoretical underpinnings, technical complexities, and practical applications of this model in the context of psychological disorder detection. Additionally, the model's design and implementation details are thoroughly documented to ensure replicability by other researchers.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>A unique way of strengthening emotional ailments (focusing on depression).</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Transformer-Based Hybrid Model is proposed using multimodal data from interviews of participants.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>The model integrates voice characteristics (aural cues) and linguistic content (textual data).</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Comparative analysis of this research with existing approaches.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 102976"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MethodsXPub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102971
Caio F. Zani , Arlete S. Barneze , Gerlinde B. De Deyn , J. Frans Bakker , Kevin Stott , David A.C. Manning
{"title":"A method to evaluate enhanced rock weathering using intact soil monoliths under field conditions","authors":"Caio F. Zani , Arlete S. Barneze , Gerlinde B. De Deyn , J. Frans Bakker , Kevin Stott , David A.C. Manning","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) has attracted considerable attention as a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy. However, a reliable method for accurately measuring, monitoring, and verifying carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) removal, particularly under field conditions, remains elusive. Here we describe a method for installing soil monoliths in an in situ buried apparatus that allows collection of water draining through a soil, undisturbed by external environmental factors that may affect similar apparatus located above ground. The method provides a robust, cost-effective means of collecting, developing, and establishing soil monoliths, allowing through drainage soil water sample collection and analysis, and so facilitating estimation of ERW CO<sub>2</sub> removal. A 200 mm diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe is inserted into the soil to extract intact monoliths from a site of interest, withdrawn and then fitted with a basal double socket coupling and end cap for leachate collection. It is buried to reproduce soil environmental conditions, and water is collected via a sampling tube to surface. Validity was confirmed through an experimental trial with 36 monoliths over 6 months. This method enables accurate chemical analysis of solute draining through the soil monolith, which can be used to validate models of ERW efficacy.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>PVC pipes are inserted into the target soil and subsequently extracted to retrieve intact soil monoliths</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>PVC sockets, equipped with a mesh and a geotextile membrane in the middle to retain the collected intact soil monolith and prevent soil particle transport, are then attached to the PVC pipe</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>PVC caps, featuring a small drainage tube attached to its outer side, are used to collect the leachate at the bottom part of the system.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 102971"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142326821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MethodsXPub Date : 2024-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102932
C. Smyth, M. Fellows, S. Morken, M. Magnan
{"title":"Development of national post-fire restoration system to assess net GHG impacts and salvage biomass availability","authors":"C. Smyth, M. Fellows, S. Morken, M. Magnan","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In light of the recent unprecedented wildfires in Canada and the potential for increasing burned areas in the future, there is a need to explore post-fire salvage harvest and restoration and the implications for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Salvage logging and replanting initiatives offer a potential solution by regrowing forests more quickly while meeting societal demands for wood and bioenergy.</div><div>This study presents a comprehensive modeling framework to estimate post-fire salvage biomass and net GHG emissions relative to a ‘do-nothing’ baseline for all of Canada's harvest-eligible forests. Forest ecosystem carbon emissions and removals were modeled at 1-ha spatial resolution for Canadian forests using the Generic Carbon Budget Model (GCBM) from 1990 to 2070 using several forest inventory data sources with future harvest and wildfires.</div><div>Building upon previous research, our work integrated the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System fire intensity to estimate fire severity of future wildfires. For 2024 to 2070, we assessed the changes in ecosystem carbon, emissions from harvested wood products, and substitution benefits from avoided emissions-intensive materials, relative to a forward-looking baseline. Our prototype system provides a comprehensive framework, configuration files, links to datasets to quantify the net GHG of post-fire restoration, and sample results for validation<em>.</em><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div><em>Developed spatially explicit forest carbon modeling system for all of Canada's forests.</em></div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div><em>Assessed the net GHG reduction from post-fire restoration.</em></div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div><em>Used system approach to consider forests, wood products and substitution benefits.</em></div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 102932"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MethodsXPub Date : 2024-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102960
Cristiana S.A. Bento, Hermínio C. de Sousa, Mara E.M. Braga
{"title":"Measurement of ethanol concentration for monitoring the solvent exchange during the alcogel preparation","authors":"Cristiana S.A. Bento, Hermínio C. de Sousa, Mara E.M. Braga","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A crucial and time-consuming stage in aerogel production is the solvent exchange process for alcogel formation. This process involves multiple steps, exposing the hydrogel to ethanol solutions with increasing concentration until the equilibrium in each step. Currently, the determination of contact time between phases (hydrogel and liquid solution) is either arbitrary or based on prior studies. However, considering the unique physicochemical characteristics of each system, as well as the solid-liquid interactions and the liquid diffusion within the matrix, the required time may vary. Monitoring this step can lead to a reduction in the time needed for alcogel production and the optimization of the entire process. The refractive index serves as a tool to assess ethanol concentration in the liquid solution over time, providing immediate information about the status of the solvent exchange. Alongside, differential scanning calorimetry can be employed to evaluate ethanol content in the alcogel (solid phase), confirming the attainment of equilibrium between phases.</div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>This research introduces a technique for monitoring solvent exchange.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Refractive index measurement of the liquid solvent offers immediate concentration information into the status of the solvent exchange.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Differential scanning calorimetry is applicable for measuring the ethanol content within the alcogel and validating refractive index findings.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 102960"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MethodsXPub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102973
Albert Menéndez-Pedriza , Marta Gual , Lidia Molina-Millán , Ron M.A. Heeren , Carlos Barata , Laia Navarro-Martín
{"title":"Facilitating microplastic ingestion in aquatic models: A verified protocol for daphnia magna as a trojan horse vector","authors":"Albert Menéndez-Pedriza , Marta Gual , Lidia Molina-Millán , Ron M.A. Heeren , Carlos Barata , Laia Navarro-Martín","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastic pollution poses a significant environmental threat due to its persistence, widespread distribution, and inherent toxic potential. Despite the increasing number of publications in this field, a standardized protocol for the laboratory intake of microplastics by <em>Daphnia magna</em> has yet to be established. In this study, we introduce a verified protocol designed to facilitate the ingestion of microplastic particles (MPs) by <em>D. magna</em>, ranging in size from 5–55 µm. This protocol can be further applied to evaluate the toxicity of MPs on <em>D. magna</em>, a crucial organism model in ecotoxicology. Furthermore, this protocol can be used to assess toxicity of MPs in other aquatic species, such as fish, by using daphnids as a vehicle for ensuring the ingestion of these particles. Consequently, this protocol can be applied to study also one of the most pressing concerns regarding exposure to MPs, the transfer of MPs through different trophic levels, which has a great potential for ecotoxicological studies.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>The influence of MPs concentration, duration and exposure dynamics and <em>D. magna</em> age/size in MPs intake were tested.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>We have determined the optimal conditions for promoting microplastic ingestion by <em>D. magna</em>.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 102973"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142326447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MethodsXPub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102964
Yasser M. Ayid , Mohammad Zakaraia , Mohamed Meselhy Eltoukhy
{"title":"An artificial bee colony optimization algorithms for solving fuzzy capacitated logistic distribution center problem","authors":"Yasser M. Ayid , Mohammad Zakaraia , Mohamed Meselhy Eltoukhy","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a methodological approach to solving the fuzzy capacitated logistic distribution center problem, with a focus on the optimal selection of distribution centers to meet the demands of multiple plants. The distribution centers are characterized by fixed costs and capacities, while plant demands are modeled using fuzzy triangular membership functions. The problem is mathematically formulated by converting fuzzy demands into crisp values, providing a structured framework for addressing uncertainty in logistic planning. To support future research and facilitate comparative analysis, 20 benchmark problems were generated, filling a gap in the existing literature. Three distinct artificial bee colony algorithm variants were hybridized with a heuristic: one using the best solution per iteration, another incorporating chaotic mapping and adaptive procedures, and the third employing convergence and diversity archives. An experimental design based on Taguchi's orthogonal arrays was employed for optimizing the algorithm parameters, ensuring systematic exploration of the solution space. The developed methods offer a comprehensive toolkit for addressing complex, uncertain demands in logistic distribution, with code provided for reproducibility.</div><div>Key contributions include:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Development of a fuzzy model for the selection of distribution centers with fixed costs and capacities under uncertain plant demands.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Generation of 20 benchmark problems to advance research in the fuzzy capacitated logistic distribution center problem domain.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Integration of a heuristic approach with three distinct ABC algorithm variants, each contributing unique methodological insights.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 102964"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}