Measurement最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic validation of safety integrity level for safety instrumented system considering random/fuzzy uncertainty","authors":"Jiao Zhou ,&nbsp;Xuewen Cao ,&nbsp;Xu Liu ,&nbsp;Zeyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiang Bian","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a dynamic safety integrity level (SIL) validation framework integrating stochastic and fuzzy uncertainty theories to overcome the limitations of conventional static methods. By combining long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for stochastic failure rate prediction and fuzzy support degree (FSD) algorithms for subjective parameter fusion, the methodology enables real-time SIL updates and quantifies parameter impacts through random forest-based feature importance analysis. Two industrial case studies validate the framework’s efficacy: For the n-hexane buffer tank level high-high interlock SIS (Case 1), the total probability of failure on demand (<em>PFD_avg</em>) increased by 1.71× to 2.48 × 10⁻³ over three years, with the actuator subsystem exhibiting the fastest-growing <em>PFD_avg</em> (2.78×) and a low safe failure fraction (<em>SFF</em> = 0.4589). In the acrylic purification tank outlet flow low interlock SIS (Case 2), the <em>PFD_avg</em> of the sensor subsystem sharply increased by a factor of 3.31 over a 33-month period, and the SFF dropped to 0.1927. The framework classifies 33 types of parameters into stochastic, fuzzy, and constant types, achieving 18–25 % higher accuracy than single-uncertainty methods. Dynamic monthly updates reveal critical trends, such as solenoid valve <em>λ_SU</em> rising to 2.44 × 10⁻⁸ (Case 1) and valve <em>λ_SD3</em> contributing 76.3 % to <em>PFD_avg</em> growth (Case 2). Feature importance analysis prioritizes high-impact parameters (e.g., <em>λ_DU6</em> in Case 1; <em>λ_SD3</em> in Case 2), guiding targeted maintenance. Both cases confirm SIL compliance, with actuator subsystems identified as reliability bottlenecks. This framework bridges static validation and operational dynamics, offering actionable insights for predictive maintenance and industrial safety intelligence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 117797"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143934697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-cascade deep learning method for physiological micro-vibration signal enhancement: A case for OSA monitoring","authors":"Hongyan Liu ,&nbsp;Qian Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxin Lan ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Song ,&nbsp;Yuhang Wang ,&nbsp;Haibo Yuan ,&nbsp;Tianyuan Hou ,&nbsp;Yi Xin","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Physiological micro-vibration signals (PMVS) always contain a lot of basic vibration information of organs and tissues, thereby providing favorable judgment information for human physiological index monitoring. Meanwhile, wearable equipment based on flexible sensors, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film, can provide comfortable and long-time wearing experience and has become a hot research topic. In this study, we design a wearable monitoring device based on PVDF film with comfortable wearability and precise measurement to collect PMVS data. However, the collected PMVS data suffers from intense and complicated interference, bringing challenges for the following diagnostic procedure. To improve the quality of the captured data, A PMVS multi-cascade denoising network (PMD-Net), which combines multi-cascade scheme and attention mechanism is proposed. Specifically, the PMD-Net is composed of three cascades to capture informative features from high, middle, and low resolutions. Moreover, self-attention mechanism and spatial attention mechanism are also introduced to refine the obtained features. On this basis, we use synthetic and real monitored data as the analyzed data and compare the results with other popular methods to evaluate its performance. It is shown that PMD-Net represents better denoising performance than the other methods being compared methods and obviously improve the quality of PMVS data. Simultaneously, the monitoring results proposed in this study were compared with those obtained from medical polysomnography (PSG) for the accurate diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The change characteristics of physiological signals exhibited a high level of consistency, while vibration signals provided more intricate information. Consequently, the flexible wearable monitoring device presented in this paper demonstrates attributes such as comfortable wearability, precise measurement, and comprehensive signal acquisition. Furthermore, its signal processing efficacy has been validated through clinical OSA monitoring using PMD-Net, thereby offering a reliable and feasible approach for advancing human health signal monitoring technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 117796"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An electromagnetic-triboelectric hybrid wave energy harvesting system with high-output performance based on wire-stayed structure","authors":"Can Hu,&nbsp;Pingshun Zeng,&nbsp;Yubao Li,&nbsp;Lingfei Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, ocean monitoring sensors rely on batteries, which substantially limits operational duration and presents significant maintenance challenges. Wave energy harvesting offers a promising solution to address these challenges. This study presents a novel wire-stayed-based electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator (WS-EM-TENG) designed for wave energy harvesting. The proposed system comprises a wire-stayed structure, a wind cup, a fixed system, a mass ball, and an encapsulated electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator (EM-TENG). Wind and wave excitation cause the wire to compress and stretch, allowing the rotor to rotate without manual intervention. This mechanism enables continuous wave energy harvesting, mitigating issues associated with battery replacement and environmental pollution. The flexible wire minimizes internal mechanical wear, enhances durability and longevity, and maintains optimal system output at low frequencies. This investigation also systematically analyzes the output characteristics and stability of the proposed WS-EM-TENG. Additionally, we develop a power management module (PMM) to transform the stochastic power output of the WS-EM-TENG into a stable direct current (DC) ideal for low-power sensors. Experimental results show that the electromagnetic generator (EMG) module in the WS-EM-TENG has a peak output power of 2.1379 W and a power density of 50 W/m³. In contrast, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) module attains 2.059 mW and 53 mW/m³, respectively. These findings substantiate the feasibility and practicality of the WS-EM-TENG hybrid generator as a viable power source for monitoring sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 117800"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of the blood alcohol concentration via a metal-phenolic film-coated quartz crystal microbalance","authors":"Karekin D. Esmeryan,&nbsp;Teodor Grakov,&nbsp;Yuliyan Lazarov,&nbsp;Lazar G. Vergov,&nbsp;Stefan Staykov","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although useful to the human health at reasonable consumption, the alcohol is a psychoactive substance weakening the driving skills and contributing to daily motor vehicle crashes. The percent of fatal road accidents in some countries is very high regardless of the strict alcohol-related traffic laws, imposing the need of timely measures such as pre-driving alcohol screening via breathalyzers. All modern portable alcotesters are efficient and convenient, but they are either too expensive (e.g., the price may reach 2500 €) or require periodic calibration. The quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) seem to be a good and inexpensive alternative, but to be implementable in alcohol sensor systems, the QCM measuring platform must maintain constant breath flow rate and breath-to-sensor distance, warranting equal gas sorption from measurement-to-measurement – a problem that remains unaddressed. Here, we disclose for the first time a series of specially-designed cylindrical mouthpieces mountable to a metal-phenolic film-coated QCM for highly-sensitive detection of blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The as-prepared sensor configuration transforms the turbulent exhaled air into laminar, provides steady signal for the alcohol-free breath (less than 5 % error) and discriminates up to 0.008 % BAC with a resolution of 0.005 %/s. Our invention could be considered as initial step towards the launch of a new generation breathalyzers detecting the alcohol concentration via changes in the breath’s mass without being interfered by changes in the ambient humidity, temperature and breathing pattern.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 117795"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moisture migration characterization of bitumen emulsion-based cold-mix asphalt mixture over curing based on capacitive measurement","authors":"Xing Hu ,&nbsp;Qiao Dong ,&nbsp;Bin Shi ,&nbsp;Xueqin Chen ,&nbsp;Kang Yao ,&nbsp;Xin Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bitumen emulsion-based cold in-place recycling has been widely used all around the world due to its superior environmental benefits. During the mixing process of cold-mix asphalt (CMA) mixtures, extra water is introduced to enhance workability and ensure uniform coating. The limited understanding of moisture migration in the curing process has restricted the broader application of this technology in pavement maintenance. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a novel moisture migration characterization method for CMA mixtures over curing based on capacitive measurement. A semi-sealed laboratory curing method was employed to simulate practical construction and the moisture migration in the depth direction and radial direction of CMA mixtures was analyzed by a self-designed three-layer circular capacitance sensor (CCS) during the curing period. It is found that the capacitance values of asphalt specimens measured by CCS show a good “U” curve trend. Two parameters (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>s</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ε</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) for evaluating moisture migration in depth direction were proposed. The variation of <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>s</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ε</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> demonstrated the gradient moisture distribution in the depth direction during the first stage of curing. And the rate of moisture consumption was uniform during the second stage. All three layers of CMA-13 exhibited a gradient distribution in the radial direction without side waterproof layer, while the imaging within the circular cross-section is uniform in semi-sealed curing condition, with no gradient distribution. These findings suggest that electrical capacitance method could provide a tool for characterizing and visualizing the moisture migration in CMA mixture non-destructively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 117791"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"YOLO photothermal image combined with external prestressed duct grouting cavity detection method","authors":"Sheng-Li Li ,&nbsp;Shu-Han Chen ,&nbsp;Nan Jiang ,&nbsp;Can Cui ,&nbsp;Shi-Ji Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the realm of intelligent detection for external prestressed duct grouting cavity, misidentifying the background of an infrared thermal image as part of the duct leads to erroneous cavity identification. This study introduces a novel method for detecting grout cavities by integrating visible light and infrared thermal images. By capturing visible light images and infrared thermal images of specimens at similar angles, the YOLOv5 model was employed to detect duct targets in the visible light images, extracting coordinates of the duct region to generate masks. Subsequently, the mask aligns with the corresponding area of the infrared thermal image using an image alignment method for further processing. Following that, the YOLOv5-seg model accurately segments the grout cavities within the duct region of the processed infrared thermal image. The findings illustrate a significant enhancement in the mean Average Precision at intersection-over-union thresholds from 0.5 to 0.95 ([email protected]:0.95) index of the YOLOv5s-seg model within this approach, increasing from 76.1 % to 85.2 %, thereby boosting recognition accuracy and mitigating external background interference in grout cavity segmentation. This successful resolution addresses recognition inaccuracies stemming from blurred edges, low contrast, and background interference when solely relying on infrared thermal images. The problem of recognition inaccuracy caused by blurred edge, low contrast and background interference in single use of infrared thermal image is solved successfully.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 117711"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion mapping of the surface of metal plates using FMCW radar","authors":"Ercan Menguc ,&nbsp;Atalay Kocakusak ,&nbsp;Emin Sapmaz ,&nbsp;Gulluhan Irmak ,&nbsp;Selcuk Helhel","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radar systems calculate detection and range by comparing transmitted and received signals. Frequency-modulated continuous wave radars (FMCW) rely on measuring the phase difference between the transmitted and received signals. The received signals provide valuable information, including distance, speed, and target characteristics. This study aims to create a corrosion map of metal plates using image processing techniques on collected FMCW records, representing a form of non-destructive testing (NDT) that evaluates the characteristics or structural integrity of materials, components, or systems without causing damage. After gathering the beat frequency associated with the target, initial data preprocessing is performed to generate data matrices, followed by image processing techniques for secondary mapping. The data dimensions required to construct an image are approximately 466,854 pixels. The beat frequency, or phase shift, varies at that frequency for both the foreground and background while adaptive windowing and thresholding are applied to the initial frames. Various image segmentation techniques are also utilized on the reconstructed image to validate the results visually. The analysis indicated that the histogram similarity and Euclidean distance were 0.80 and 0.63, respectively, compared to the optically taken photo.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 117703"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosensing solutions for protein measurement in blood-derived media: a review","authors":"Krzysztof Bartnik ,&nbsp;Monika Janik ,&nbsp;Marcin Koba ,&nbsp;Tomasz Rygiel ,&nbsp;Paulina Musolf ,&nbsp;Mateusz Śmietana","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient biosensing in blood and blood-derived media, such as plasma and serum, is crucial for molecular diagnostics. However, the complexity of blood components makes the selective measurement of analytes highly challenging, as these media contain various cells, proteins, saccharides, and lipids that interact with sensor surfaces in different ways. This review highlights the challenges and advances in biosensing within blood-derived media, with a focus on overcoming nonspecific interactions that interfere with selective measurements. We specifically address protein detection, as proteins are key indicators of disease presence, progression, and treatment response. First, we discuss blood’s composition and its interaction with sensor surfaces. Established protein detection methods like ELISA, western blot, and mass spectrometry are reviewed alongside strategies for enhancing selectivity and reducing nonspecific binding. We also explore label-free biosensors, which enable miniaturized, real-time monitoring but are vulnerable to interference. Finally, we discussed future directions, emphasizing improved real-time diagnostics in clinical settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 117756"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key-pin-position and Gaussian-L2-distance based rigid registration for accurate and fast location of ball grid array chip","authors":"Chao Xu ,&nbsp;Yongxin Song ,&nbsp;Xianqiang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The large number and various arrangements of solder balls in a Ball Grid Array (BGA) of an electric chip poses significant challenges on its accurate and quick location to the Printed Circuit Board (PCB). To solve these problems, a key-pin-position and Gaussian L2 distance based rigid registration method was proposed. The key idea was to use the pins only at the corners (key positions) to build up data point which was used to obtain the offset and rotation angle of the BGA relative to the specified place by the Gaussian-L2-distance-based rigid registration method. Gaussian function was used to model the actual solder balls’ positions and the specified positions, the Expectation and Maximization algorithm was used to solve the iteration process of the rigid registration. It was experimentally found that the maximum positioning error in three directions (X, Y and rotation angle) is only 1/12 pixels, which significantly outperforms Samsung’s method with a positioning error of 0.68 pixels and the state-of-art method with 0.7 pixels. The location time for a BGA with more than 200 balls is no more than 200 ms which is less than half of that of a commercial device (Samsung SM482). Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in handling BGA chips with varying numbers and arrangements of solder balls.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 117793"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A capacitive imaging algorithm for signal separation: Defects vs. lift-off disturbances","authors":"Zhen Li ,&nbsp;Jianqing Han ,&nbsp;Renting Cao ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongbo Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanzhe Wang ,&nbsp;Cong Zhang ,&nbsp;Lin Chang ,&nbsp;Jianguo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Capacitive imaging (CI) technology is extensively utilized in various industries, including aerospace, oil transportation, automobile manufacturing, and construction engineering, with its significance continually increasing. A critical factor in ensuring the reliability of detection results in CI technology is the accurate differentiation between defect signals and lift-off disturbance signals. This paper uses COMSOL to establish a three-dimensional simulation model of CI sensors detecting insulated cladding components and obtains the influence of different lift-off heights on the surface defects of the insulation layer, hidden defects of the insulation layer, and surface defects of the metal layer. The Measurement Sensitivity Distribution (MSD) diagram is used to analyze the detection of<!--> <!-->sensitive areas of different types of defects. Using a CI system to experimentally detect three different types of defects and reveal the impact patterns of unidirectional and multidirectional lift-off disturbances on different types of defects. Based on the differences in detection trends between lift-off disturbances and three different types of defects, a Normalized Variation Ratio (NVR)-integral double-threshold algorithm is proposed. The effectiveness of the algorithm is verified through experimental results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 117691"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}