Measurement最新文献

{"title":"Miniaturized high-resolution Fourier ptychographic microscopy based on fiber optic array","authors":"Weiming Wang ,&nbsp;Ruixue Li ,&nbsp;Xinjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Haoru Xin ,&nbsp;Yangjian Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) is a computational imaging method that reconstructs high-resolution images by synthesizing multiple low-resolution images captured under varying illumination angles. In this work, we propose a miniaturized FPM based on the fiber optic array (FOA, 6×, <span><math><mrow><mi>NA</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.65</mn></mrow></math></span>) which can improve the resolution from 9.84 μm to 1.74 μm compared to conventional objective (10×, <span><math><mrow><mi>NA</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.25</mn></mrow></math></span>)-based FPM. The FOA enables distortion-free microscopy imaging, while a programmable LED array provides the angular illumination required for FPM recovery and synthetic aperture generation. The system couples the FOA to the smartphone’s built-in camera for microscopy imaging. Furthermore, by employing a hybrid FOA-Lens FPM (FOA, lens and FPM, termed FLFPM), the resolution is enhanced to 775 nm. Within a consistent field of view of 92 μm × 185 μm, there is no visible naked-eye distortion. Line-pair grayscale profile analysis was performed on all resolution images to provide additional evidence that the selected line pairs are distinguishable. Moreover, we investigated the resolution performance of various configurations, including the FOA-only mode, the FOA-FPM mode, and the FLFPM. To quantify performance, we compared the signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of these systems. The FLFPM demonstrated the highest contrast, indicating superior background suppression and signal extraction. This advantage was further confirmed by Modulation Transfer Function (MTF<strong>)</strong> analysis, where the FLFPM achieved the highest spatial frequency (592.90 lp/mm) at a 0.7 contrast threshold. This method provides a hardware improvement approach for enhancing the resolution of FPM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 121073"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-MCDA-Net: A novel class-specific cross-domain fault diagnosis technique under time-varying speed conditions with limited labeled data","authors":"Misbah Iqbal ,&nbsp;C.K.M. Lee ,&nbsp;J.Z. Ren ,&nbsp;Xingchen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Time-varying rotational speed conditions cause domain shifts in rotating machines, resulting in discrepancies between training and testing datasets, preventing transfer learning models operating at constant speed conditions from detecting invariant features and reducing their generalization efficacy. Moreover, the current transfer learning methods for varying speed scenarios mainly focus on aligning the marginal data distribution while neglecting the influence of class-specific feature alignment on the diagnostic accuracy. To address these limitations, this research develops a novel end-to-end semi-supervised marginal and conditional distribution alignment network (Semi-MCDA-Net) to deal with the issues of fault diagnosis under variable speed working conditions, particularly in the context of insufficient labeled data in the target domain. Our method integrates multi-kernel Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) and Wasserstein distance (WD) to develop a unified domain alignment module, systematically applied across multiple convolutional layers of a shared 1D-CNN. In contrast to conventional transfer learning approaches, the proposed methodology effectively acquires features that are both domain-invariant and class-discriminative, explicitly aligns both marginal and conditional distributions, and thereby generalizes to data in the target domain while improving accuracy near the class decision boundaries. Two case studies are carried out to verify the efficacy and generalizability of Semi-MCDA-Net method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 121072"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hierarchical and progressive ship-feature-based method for berthing and unberthing situation awareness","authors":"Tian-Qi Wang,&nbsp;Ying Li","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To ensure the safety of the ship and port, it is crucial to accurately perceive and analyze the ship’s motion behavior and spatiotemporal features during the berthing and unberthing process. This paper proposes a ship-feature-based hierarchical and progressive situation awareness method. In this method, a progressive perception framework, progressing layer by layer from the data layer to the behavioral layer and then to the global layer, is constructed. Firstly, the Kalman filter algorithm is employed to measurement key parameters during the berthing and unberthing process, thereby obtaining the ship’s motion information. Secondly, by integrating the social force model with the motion information, the interaction forces between the ship and the shoreline are calculated, and then the behavior features of the ship are identified. Thirdly, a dynamic buffer zone is constructed in the spatiotemporal domain, and an adaptive smoothing method is introduced to extract key time points and evolutionary patterns, thereby enabling comprehensive spatiotemporal modeling of the entire berthing and unberthing process. At last, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified through the berthing and unberthing experiments conducted in Dalian Port, China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 121035"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutoff frequency determination algorithm for ferroelectric device pulse measurements with application to machine learning based prediction","authors":"Seungyong Byun ,&nbsp;Jinwoo Choi ,&nbsp;Hyunwoo Park","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accurate characterization of the ferroelectric switching dynamics is essential but challenging. Square-pulse measurements are commonly used, yet achieving both an accurate and precise level of measurement leads to weak current responses and poor signal-to-noise ratios. Since polarization is obtained by time-integrating these noisy currents, reliable denoising is critical. However, typical Conventional fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based noise filtering relies on manual determination by a person of the cutoff frequency in the Fourier domain, without a rigorous or reproducible criterion, which makes it difficult to automate the process. To address this issue, we propose a cutoff frequency determination algorithm that finds the frequency at which the inverse gradient of the logarithmic mean squared error (log MSE) curve is minimized. Furthermore, we developed a machine learning model combining 1-D dilated convolution and gated recurrent unit (GRU) layers to predict the cutoff frequency labeled by the proposed algorithm. This model performed particularly well in cases with a limited number of data points, where the algorithm tended to fail, effectively capturing both local and global patterns in signals. The post-processing following noise filtering with the determined cutoff frequency was implemented as well, enabling efficient handling of large measurement datasets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 120959"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency-Resolved Measurement of Power losses in Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) under harmonic current","authors":"Łukasz Drużyński ,&nbsp;Grzegorz Dombek ,&nbsp;Andrzej Książkiewicz","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the impact of current waveform distortion on apparent power losses in miniature circuit breakers (MCBs). The increasing penetration of nonlinear loads in low-voltage installations results in current waveforms with significant harmonic content, which may substantially affect the electrical and thermal behaviour of protective devices. An experimental methodology for frequency-resolved assessment of power losses in MCB current paths is presented, based on synchronized measurements of RMS voltage drop and RMS current under controlled harmonic excitation. Measurements were performed on MCBs with different rated currents, subjected to individual current harmonics up to the 25th order (1250 Hz) and to composite distorted waveforms representative of industrial and office installations. The results show a clear frequency-dependent increase in apparent power losses. Depending on the breaker rating, the measured losses increase by approximately 58–64% when comparing operation at the fundamental frequency (50 Hz) with higher-order harmonics within the investigated range. Devices with higher rated currents exhibit a steeper growth of losses with increasing harmonic order. The obtained results indicate that harmonic-rich currents significantly increase the thermal loading of MCB current paths, even when the RMS current value is maintained at a constant level. The study emphasizes the importance of accounting for frequency-dependent impedance effects and waveform distortion when evaluating power losses and thermal performance of miniature circuit breakers in modern low-voltage power systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 120994"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An image-guide–PCD modal fusion method for concrete defects spatial feature understanding","authors":"Yanjie Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiangteng Ma ,&nbsp;Wen Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cracks inevitably develop in concrete structures during service, facilitating the ingress of water and chlorides, which accelerates steel corrosion and deterioration. Compared with 2D metrics, 3D indicators including crack depth and volume are crucial for determining whether cracks penetrate the protective cover, assessing material loss, and defining repair scope and risk levels. However, commonly used image based inspection methods struggle to provide 3D information of defects. To address this issue, this paper leverages the complementary strengths of 3D point cloud data (PCD) and 2D images and proposes an image-guide–PCD modal fusion method to enable precise defect detection and spatial feature quantitative characterization. First, an image-guided cross modal registration algorithm is developed to align 2D image with 3D PCD of the monitored concrete target. Then, BrC-UNet is proposed to segment defects from image with high-accuracy defect masks, which is further guided defects segmented from PCD data. Furthermore, a 3D defect quantification framework is developed to characterize crack depth, length, width, and volume. Experiments show cross modal registration errors around 2% and image-guided PCD segmentation mIoU of 0.833. The mean quantification errors for defects’ depth, length, and maximum width are 4.87%, 4.29%, and 6.04%, and volume estimation outperforms conventional methods. The proposed extraction and quantification framework transcends 2D limitations, enabling multidimensional analysis for structural evaluation and durability prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 121105"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DA-ViReS: Direction-aware vibration enhancement with reference-free suppression for phase-based cable vibration measurement under gust disturbances","authors":"Gang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zongdi Zang ,&nbsp;Qin Xu ,&nbsp;Sanqi Liu ,&nbsp;Xuezhi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cable tension monitoring on cable-stayed bridges is essential for ensuring structural safety. Among existing approaches, vibration-based methods have proven to be effective and practical, with video phase-based vibration extraction (PVE) offering the advantages of non-contact measurement, high efficiency, and accuracy. However, the accuracy of PVE in real-world applications is subject to the detrimental effects of gust-induced disturbances. To address these challenges, this study proposes the DA-ViReS method to counteract gust interference. DA-ViReS enhances microvibration sensing with a direction-aware strategy and employs a background-reference-free, statistical feature-based detection and repair scheme to handle gust-induced camera motion disturbances. In addition, we developed a dedicated VTIS software system and supporting hardware for bridge cable vibration measurement. Finally, the proposed method and device were applied to an actual cable-stayed bridge. Experimental results demonstrate that DA-ViReS significantly improves measurement reliability under gust disturbances, achieving average mean absolute percentage Error (MAPE) of 0.50% (maximum 1.31%) across ten cables. Compared to traditional PVE (MAPE 4.73%) and state-of-the-art CableVision (MAPE 3.26%).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 121070"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ARES: An anonymous region expanding system for location privacy preservation","authors":"Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yutao Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Wang ,&nbsp;Liang Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generalization is a common strategy for privacy preservation, but in the process of generalization, anonymous users are usually selected by the initiator from nearby candidates, which makes the initiator often located at the center and easily predictable by the adversary. Moreover, a higher density of anonymous users in the anonymous region usually leads to excessive concentration, which can also be used to jeopardize the initiator’s location privacy. To address the above issues, based on the discretized distances among anonymous users, a new location privacy preservation system is proposed. In this system, the region where the initiator is located is divided into discrete areas according to the density of anonymous users, and then these areas are linked by the Hilbert curve in the order of increasing user distance. After that, the density of each area is stored in different nodes and establishes a <em>n</em>-level location quadtree. With this tree, the initiator can choose a suitable number of anonymous users in different areas according to discrete degree, and then generalize the initiator’s true location. In addition, as the initiator is no longer located at the center of the region, the proposed system can also effectively resist the attack of center selecting, identical PoI attack and density difference attack as well as some other types of attacks. Finally, an engineering application and theoretical analysis of the proposed system is given, and the proposed system is also compared with several similar systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 121056"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fiber optic Fabry-Pérot accelerometer for low-frequency and weak vibration detection","authors":"Minghui Zhao ,&nbsp;Zongxiang Xie ,&nbsp;Yonghong Qi ,&nbsp;Yatong Ou ,&nbsp;Shiqiu Wang ,&nbsp;Yunfei Zhu ,&nbsp;Chuang Liu ,&nbsp;Shichao Niu ,&nbsp;Hongcai Li ,&nbsp;Xueyong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The detection of low‑frequency weak vibrations remains challenging due to the inadequate sensitivity of conventional accelerometers. To address this issue, this paper presents a fiber‑optic Fabry-Pérot (F‑P) MEMS accelerometer with ultra‑high sensitivity, designed for effective low‑frequency vibration measurement. The accelerometer features a novel double‑layer symmetric L‑shaped spring-mass structure integrated with a reflector‑enhanced film, which significantly improves sensitivity while suppressing cross‑axis interference. Experimental results show that the proposed accelerometer can detect vibrations down to 0.5  Hz, achieving a sensitivity of 1149.31  V/g and a noise floor of 20  ng/√Hz@100  Hz. These performance advances highlight its strong potential for short‑period seismic monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 121013"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of total hemispherical emissivity utilizing an in-situ calibrated, coupled experimental–simulative electron beam calorimetric approach","authors":"Konrad Kerber ,&nbsp;Alexander Kreisch ,&nbsp;Philipp Hengst ,&nbsp;Niclas Reuter ,&nbsp;Markus Radajewski ,&nbsp;Lars Halbauer ,&nbsp;Anja Buchwalder ,&nbsp;Horst Biermann","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120958","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The accurate determination of the total hemispherical emission coefficient (THEC) of materials is essential for modelling radiative heat transfer in high-temperature vacuum environments. This study presents a rapid steady-state calorimetric method to determine the THEC using a vacuum electron beam (EB) facility. A graphite-coated Inconel 718 foil with a thickness comparable to the electron penetration depth was used as the emission target, allowing temperature equalization within seconds. Surface temperatures were recorded via a calibrated two-colour thermal imaging system. An in-situ calibration was conducted, using the melting point of pure copper as a fixed reference. Numerical simulations were employed to validate both the emissivity determination and the temperature calibration methodology. EB heating efficiency was determined at &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;150&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; in a combined experimental–simulative approach using Monte Carlo simulations and backscattered electron intensity capture. Temperature calibration showed high reproducibility with a median absolute deviation of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mi&gt;%&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and a half range of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mi&gt;%&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1085&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and was shown to be transferable to other materials. EB heating efficiency slightly decreased from &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;832&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;003&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at room temperature to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;825&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;002&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; between &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;800&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1140&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. THEC values between &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;88&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;92&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; with a maximum half range of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;06&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; were obtained in the range of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;840&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1110&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; for graphite-coated Inconel 718 with a median roughness of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mi&gt;µ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Reflected radiation from the emission target and thermal losses from conduction and sub","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 120958"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}