Measurement最新文献_第5页

Sensor location method for surface inspection and defect measurement 用于表面检测和缺陷测量的传感器定位方法

IF 5.6 2区工程技术

Measurement Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119183

F.J. delaCalle, D.G. Lema, R. Usamentiaga

{"title":"Sensor location method for surface inspection and defect measurement","authors":"F.J. delaCalle, D.G. Lema, R. Usamentiaga","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a geometric method to analyze the influence of laser triangulation sensor positioning on the accuracy of surface defect measurements. The novelty of the approach lies in a parametric analytical model that quantifies measurement error as a function of defect geometry (width and depth), the working distance, and the acquisition angle. The method predicts an analytical error, enabling the estimation of measurement deviations before experimentation. Validation was performed using 3D-printed and aluminum samples with controlled defects. The analytical predictions agree with experimental measurements from a Gocator 2350 sensor, with average discrepancies of less than 0.1 mm in depth and width. A second validation on a real rail, representative of long products with strict surface quality standards, confirmed the robustness of the approach in industrial conditions. Across multiple acquisition angles and defect orientations, the analytical model consistently reproduced the empirical trends within the sensor’s precision. These results demonstrate the method’s reliability and practical relevance for optimizing sensor placement in industrial surface inspection systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 119183"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Advances in PCF-SPR sensors: a comprehensive review of biosensing and environmental applications PCF-SPR传感器的研究进展：生物传感和环境应用综述

IF 5.6 2区工程技术

Measurement Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119226

Mst. Rokeya Khatun, Md. Saiful Islam

{"title":"Advances in PCF-SPR sensors: a comprehensive review of biosensing and environmental applications","authors":"Mst. Rokeya Khatun, Md. Saiful Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) sensors based on photonic crystal fibers have become powerful instruments for label-free, real-time biomolecular detection. Their high sensitivity and specificity makes them useful for bioanalytical research, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics. Recent developments in PCF-SPR technology have concentrated on enhancing plasmonic materials, optimizing sensor architectures, and integrating machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to improve detection efficiency, accuracy, and adaptability. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of key developments in PCF-SPR sensor design, including the use of numerical simulations, hybrid plasmonic coating materials, and novel sensor configurations for improved resonance conditions. Unlike earlier reviews that mainly focus on structural designs or sensing mechanisms of PCF-SPR sensors, this work uniquely integrates recent advances in AI/ML-assisted optimization and presents comparative analyses of hybrid sensor models. Additionally, it integrates a variety of application areas, such as cancer detection, transformer oil monitoring, household oil sensing, and other cutting-edge domains. Although significant progress has been made in SPR-PCF sensors, challenges such as fabrication complexity, limited detection range, and high material costs persist. Addressing these issues requires further research into cost-effective manufacturing and wider adoption of AI for automated optimization. Future work should prioritize enhancing predictive modeling, broadening detectable analyte ranges, and improving environmental stability. This review highlights the current trends, challenges, and potential future directions in PCF-SPR sensor technology, providing insights into strategies for achieving higher sensitivity, robustness, and practical implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 119226"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Temperature-insensitive shape sensor for realtime deformation monitoring of discontinuous spaceborne antenna truss 用于非连续星载天线桁架实时变形监测的温度不敏感形状传感器

IF 5.6 2区工程技术

Measurement Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119230

Yongxi He, Songsheng Wang, Ye Liang, Xuechao Duan, Yiqun Zhang

{"title":"Temperature-insensitive shape sensor for realtime deformation monitoring of discontinuous spaceborne antenna truss","authors":"Yongxi He, Songsheng Wang, Ye Liang, Xuechao Duan, Yiqun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space-borne deployable antennas are evolving towards larger aperture and higher precision, aiming to achieve high-resolution detection of weak electromagnetic targets. Random and uncertain structural deformations often occur in such discontinuous structure containing kinematic pairs due to the unstable motion of mechanism caused by kinematic pair clearances and on-orbit environment, which are hard to be theoretically predicted. In this study, Brillouin optical time domain analysis-fiber Bragg gratings optically fused high-resolution shape sensor assisted with a transfer learning-assisted error online prediction model was proposed and demonstrated for space-borne antenna truss monitoring. The shape sensor exhibited highly flexible, temperature/ axial stretching/ axial compression insensitive, and calibration-free characteristics. The shape reconstruction error from discrete curvatures was online predicted from the perspective of transfer learning, which addressed the challenge of reconstruction error varying from geometric shape and reconstruction distance. The overall shape deviation was decreased by 53.4 %. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed deformation monitoring method was demonstrated by a dodecagonal circular antenna truss under non-uniform temperature environment, and achieved a measurement accuracy of 94.8 % and 96.0 % for 9.2 m distance under two conditions compared to the applied maximum deformations. The unique displacement transfer characteristics in clearances-containing discontinuous structures were detected for the first time, which will provide a novel means and new sight into kinematic mechanism understanding and closed-loop control of deployable antennas, soft robots and artificial muscles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 119230"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of pressure and supply frequency on the mean free path and mean energy of corona-generated electrons in air 压力和供电频率对空气中电晕电子平均自由程和平均能量的影响

IF 5.6 2区工程技术

Measurement Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119184

Jordi-Roger Riba

{"title":"Effect of pressure and supply frequency on the mean free path and mean energy of corona-generated electrons in air","authors":"Jordi-Roger Riba","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corona discharges have many industrial applications, but in high-voltage systems, they often create unwanted effects that need to be addressed. Therefore, design engineers need simple tools to control their effects and, when they do occur, to determine the potential impact. Since the mean free path and mean energy of corona-generated electrons are key indicators of plasma characteristics and the efficiency of various processes occurring within the discharge, these parameters provide important information about the intensity and performance of the discharge. In this work, an easy-to-apply method is developed to determine the mean free path and mean energy of corona-generated electrons once the local electric field is known, which can be determined from finite element method simulations. The mean electron free path and mean electron energy can then be determined from published experimental data relating the total electron collision cross sections with air molecules to the mean electron energy and the mean electron energy to the reduced electric field. The method presented here is applied to experimental data obtained at different supply frequencies and different pressures typical of aircraft systems, which, due to the imperative need for electrification, are exposed to a higher risk of discharges due to the higher operating voltages, higher supply frequencies, and low pressure environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 119184"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Low-frequency calibration of hydrophones based on laser interferometry using a zoom-averaging method 基于变焦平均法的激光干涉水听器低频定标

IF 5.6 2区工程技术

Measurement Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119216

Wenxia Wang , Min Wang , Guangzhen Xing , Yuebing Wang , Ke Wang , Longbiao He , Ping Yang

{"title":"Low-frequency calibration of hydrophones based on laser interferometry using a zoom-averaging method","authors":"Wenxia Wang , Min Wang , Guangzhen Xing , Yuebing Wang , Ke Wang , Longbiao He , Ping Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acoustic reflection superposition in confined underwater environments results in waveform distortion, thereby limiting laser interferometry use in hydrophone calibrations at low frequencies (below 10 kHz). To address this challenge, we propose a low-frequency extension method named zoom-averaging. Instead of conventional single-frequency measurements, this approach employs multi-frequency measurements and waveform alignment, enabling coherent superposition of direct-path signals through precise acoustic time-of-flight estimation and non-coherent superposition of reflections via resampling-based waveform zooming. Theoretical analyses confirm considerable improvement in the signal-to-reverberation ratio. Calibration experiments using a laser heterodyne interferometry system were conducted in a 3 × 2 × 2 m water tank over a 2 to 10 kHz range, confirming effective recovery of direct-path waveforms. Results of the proposed method demonstrate metrological equivalence with reference values obtained using the reciprocity method, with a measurement uncertainty of 0.7 dB (<em>k</em> = 2). This study extends the lower frequency applicability of free-field calibration systems using laser interferometry and bridges the gap of frequency ranges with pressure-field calibration methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 119216"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-resolution visual-tactile integrated measurement device for local adhesion strength of hydrogel surfaces 水凝胶表面局部粘附强度的高分辨率视触觉集成测量装置

IF 5.6 2区工程技术

Measurement Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119146

Dexin Yu , Siying Lu , Le Song , Honglei Guo , Yuan Qin , Shibang Li , Peng Zhang , Fengzhou Fang

{"title":"High-resolution visual-tactile integrated measurement device for local adhesion strength of hydrogel surfaces","authors":"Dexin Yu , Siying Lu , Le Song , Honglei Guo , Yuan Qin , Shibang Li , Peng Zhang , Fengzhou Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogels find extensive applications across various fields, making the quantitative characterization of their mechanical properties a critical area of research. However, due to their complex surface morphology and the coexistence of solid and liquid phases, accurately measuring their adhesion strength presents substantial challenges. This study proposes a visual-tactile adhesion measurement (VTAM) device that utilizes the principle of contact light leakage to capture morphological information of adhesive regions. Multi-angle asynchronous illumination techniques are employed to enhance the image contrast of the fiber-optic endoscope, achieving pixel-level resolution (50 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m) in the extraction of adhesive regions. Combined with a 0.1 mN high-resolution push–pull force gauge, the VTAM device enables precise measurement of adhesion strength, with a measurement resolution better than 0.3 kPa and a relative error of less than 3%. A comparative analysis between the VTAM device and texture analyzers on hydrogels with varying surface wrinkles reveals the importance of accurate contact area assessment in adhesion strength measurement and demonstrates how surface morphology enhances wet adhesion performance. Furthermore, dry adhesion experiments at varying probe unloading speeds explore the relationship between adhesion strength and peeling rates, revealing a peak adhesion strength as peeling rates increase. This study provides an effective method for measuring adhesion strength in soft materials with complex morphologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 119146"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Theoretical research and model study of rotating magnetic field stress measurement under uniaxial stress 单轴应力下旋转磁场应力测量的理论研究与模型研究

IF 5.6 2区工程技术

Measurement Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119217

Jiuhao Ge , Hao Zhou , Changchun Qiu , Xuanang Chen

{"title":"Theoretical research and model study of rotating magnetic field stress measurement under uniaxial stress","authors":"Jiuhao Ge , Hao Zhou , Changchun Qiu , Xuanang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To overcome the limitation of probe rotation inherent in existing magnetoelastic-based stress evaluation methods, this study proposes a novel rotating magnetic field stress measurement (RFSM) technique wherein a rotating excitation magnetic field is combined with orthogonally measured magnetic signals. The operational principle of the proposed approach is systematically explained in the time and frequency domains, and an empirical model is developed to describe the quantitative relationship between stress magnitude, orientation, and orthogonal magnetic signals. Experimental validation is conducted to assess the feasibility of the proposed technique and confirm the accuracy of the theoretical principles and the empirical model. The experimental results indicate that RFSM is insensitive to the orientation of uniaxial stress. Specifically, the amplitude <em>B</em><sub>R</sub> linearly increases with stress magnitude, independent of stress orientation, while the phase <span><math><mrow><mi>φ</mi></mrow></math></span> decreases linearly with stress and is influenced by both stress magnitude and orientation. The RFSM signals can be effectively represented as the superposition of alternating current stress measurements or magnetic anisotropy stress signals measured orthogonally. The validation results demonstrate that the empirical model accurately predicts variations in <em>B</em><sub>x</sub> and <em>B</em><sub>y</sub> signals under different stress conditions. This study further highlights the necessity and advantages of orthogonal or multisensor configurations for evaluating complex stress states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 119217"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Indirect determination of yield strength gradient from shot peening residual stress response and its application to predicting high-cycle fatigue relaxation 喷丸残余应力响应间接确定屈服强度梯度及其在高周疲劳松弛预测中的应用

IF 5.6 2区工程技术

Measurement Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119200

Zi’ang Gao , Huabing Liu , Jin Gan , Zheng Zhang , Xusheng Gong , Weiguo Wu , Chuanhai Jiang

{"title":"Indirect determination of yield strength gradient from shot peening residual stress response and its application to predicting high-cycle fatigue relaxation","authors":"Zi’ang Gao , Huabing Liu , Jin Gan , Zheng Zhang , Xusheng Gong , Weiguo Wu , Chuanhai Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shot peening significantly enhances the fatigue resistance of engineering components by introducing compressive residual stress (CRS) fields into the material surface layers. However, the relaxation of residual stresses under cyclic loading critically undermines the accuracy of fatigue life predictions. Existing predictive models predominantly rely on empirical formulas and extensive experimental data fitting, which neither elucidate the mechanical essence of stress relaxation nor provide practical engineering applicability. In this study, a residual stress relaxation prediction method is proposed based on the Equivalent Yield Strength Gradient (EYSG). To this end, systematic experiments were conducted, including shot peening treatment, microhardness testing, residual stress measurements, cyclic loading tests, and residual stress relaxation assessments. The stabilized residual stress field formed after mechanical loading was used as the benchmark, and the loading spectrum characteristics were incorporated into a mechanics-driven framework to inversely solve for the EYSG, thereby enabling the prediction of residual stress field distributions under high-cycle fatigue (HCF) conditions. Results demonstrate that the EYSG effectively characterizes gradient mechanical responses. The developed method achieves a prediction accuracy of 91.7% for the tested material under cyclic loading, and 90.0% accuracy for a reference material reported in the literature. Experimental validation confirms the method’s capability for engineering-level residual stress relaxation prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 119200"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Robust parameter design of eddy current meters for the electrical conductivity of materials and products of considerable thickness 厚度较大的材料和产品电导率涡流仪的鲁棒参数设计

IF 5.6 2区工程技术

Measurement Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119218

Volodymyr Ya. Halchenko , Ruslana Trembovetska , Volodymyr Tychkov , Viacheslav Kovtun

{"title":"Robust parameter design of eddy current meters for the electrical conductivity of materials and products of considerable thickness","authors":"Volodymyr Ya. Halchenko , Ruslana Trembovetska , Volodymyr Tychkov , Viacheslav Kovtun","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A method for increasing the signal-to-noise ratio SNR of surface eddy current conductivity meters for moving planar metal nonmagnetic (dia-, paramagnetic) and weakly magnetic test objects is proposed. This was achieved because of Taguchi’s robust parameter design of probes with rectangular orthogonal coils, which helped determine their optimal modifications using the design of experiments theory. The given specific examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, which, in addition to increasing the SNR, also simultaneously reduces the variance of the output signal. To create a Taguchi design of experiments, a magnetodynamic model of the probe over a moving test object was used, along with the use of orthogonal arrays. The reliability of the found optimal modifications of eddy-current probes is proved by confirming computer numerical calculations. The hierarchy of the degree of influence of the design and operating parameters of probes on their signal characteristics was established by means of variance ANOVA analysis. On this basis, the technical requirements for the accuracy of manufacturing their structures and the conditions for maintaining the stability of the probe‘s operating modes are formulated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 119218"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sensor systems for autonomous vehicles: functionality and reliability challenges in adverse environmental conditions 自动驾驶汽车传感器系统：在恶劣环境条件下的功能和可靠性挑战

IF 5.6 2区工程技术

Measurement Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119215

Manav Kumar , Nav Rattan , Sharifuddin Mondal

{"title":"Sensor systems for autonomous vehicles: functionality and reliability challenges in adverse environmental conditions","authors":"Manav Kumar , Nav Rattan , Sharifuddin Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have gained significant attention in recent years. AVs rely on a combination of advanced sensing technologies to accurately perceive their environments and make decisions to navigate safely. The integration of sensors into AVs applications across ground, aerial, and underwater environments is a challenging task. This review explores the need and role of the sensors, highlighting their importance in achieving safe, reliable, and full autonomy. It classifies AVs based on working medium (ground/surface, air, and underwater), control strategy and autonomy levels, offering insights into their functional hierarchy. A detailed discussion on different sensors employed in AVs, including cameras, Lidar, radar, ultrasonic sensors, GPS/GNSS, IMU/INS, odometry sensors, and acoustic systems, is presented along with their working principles, advantages, and limitations. Due to the limitations of individual sensors, the concept of fusion techniques is explored, emphasising its advantages in advancing the perception accuracy, redundancy, and robustness. Integrating multiple sensors is associated with several challenges in adverse climatic circumstances, impacting the performance in perception and navigation. With a comprehensive overview of sensing technologies, sensor fusion strategy, integration challenges, potential challenges in cybersecurity and safety, vulnerability in adverse climate conditions, this review aims to serve as a valuable reference for researchers, industry professionals, and engineers involved in the development of AVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 119215"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0