Marine Drugs最新文献

{"title":"Transgenic <i>Schizochytrium</i> as a Promising Oral Vaccine Carrier: Potential Application in the Aquaculture Industry.","authors":"Ke Ma, Lei Deng, Yuanjie Wu, Yuan Gao, Jianhua Fan, Haizhen Wu","doi":"10.3390/md22120555","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22120555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Schizochytrium limacinum</i> SR21, a kind of eukaryotic heterotrophic organism rich in unsaturated fatty acids, is an emerging microbial alternative to fish oil. The dietary inclusion of 15% SR21 was optimal for the growth performance of zebrafish. Previous studies demonstrated that fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) of <i>Edwardsiella tarda</i> is a valuable broad-spectrum antigen against various pathogens in aquaculture (e.g., <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>, <i>Vibro anguillarum</i>, <i>Vibro harveyi</i>, <i>Vibro alginolyticus</i>). We pioneered the development of stable <i>S. limacinum</i> SR21 transformants expressing the antigen protein FBA, exploring their potential as a novel oral vaccine for the aquaculture industry. The model animal zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and ornamental fish koi carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i> koi) were harnessed to assess the immunoprotective effect, respectively. According to the quantitative expression analysis, zebrafish fed with recombinant <i>Schizochytrium</i> expressing FBA exhibited specific immune responses in the intestine. The expression levels of <i>MHC-I</i> and <i>MHC-II</i>, involved in cell-mediated adaptive immune responses, were significantly upregulated on the 14th and 28th days post-immunization. Additionally, the expression of highly specialized antibody genes <i>IgZ1</i> and <i>IgZ2</i> in mucosal immunity were significantly triggered on the 14th day post-immunization. Feeding koi carp with recombinant <i>S. limacinum</i> SR21-FBA increased the production of myeloperoxidase and FBA-specific antibodies in the sera. Furthermore, the sera of koi fed with recombinant <i>S. limacinum</i> SR21-FBA exhibited significant bactericidal activities against pathogen <i>E. tarda</i>. Thus, <i>S. limacinum</i> SR21 is a natural and highly promising oral vaccine carrier that not only provides essential nutrients as a functional feed ingredient but also offers specific immune protection to aquatic animals. This dual application is vital for promoting the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11678113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of the Cyclic Imines Pinnatoxin G, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C and 20-Methyl Spirolide G in Bivalve Molluscs from Great Britain.","authors":"Ryan P Alexander, Alison O'Neill, Karl J Dean, Andrew D Turner, Benjamin H Maskrey","doi":"10.3390/md22120556","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22120556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Harmful algal biotoxins in the marine environment are a threat to human food safety due to their bioaccumulation in bivalve shellfish. Whilst official control monitoring provides ongoing risk management for regulated toxins in live bivalve molluscs, no routine monitoring system is currently in operation in the UK for other non-regulated toxins. To assess the potential presence of such compounds, a systematic screen of bivalve shellfish was conducted throughout Great Britain. A rapid dispersive methanolic extraction was used with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis to test for fifteen cyclic imines and seven brevetoxins in 2671 shellfish samples taken from designated shellfish harvesting areas around Great Britain during 2018. Out of the 22 toxins incorporated into the method, only pinnatoxin G, 13-desmethyl spirolide C and 20-methyl spirolide G were detected, with maximum concentrations of 85.4 µg/kg, 13.4 µg/kg and 51.4 µg/kg, respectively. A follow up study of pinnatoxin G-positive samples examined its potential esterification to fatty acids and concluded that following hydrolysis, pinnatoxin G concentration increased by an average of 8.6%, with the tentative identification of these esters determined by LC-HRMS. This study highlights the requirement for ongoing monitoring of emerging threats and the requirement for toxicological and risk assessment studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11677300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fucosterol, a Phytosterol of Marine Algae, Attenuates Immobilization-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in C57BL/6J Mice.","authors":"Jieun Hwang, Mi-Bo Kim, Sanggil Lee, Jae-Kwan Hwang","doi":"10.3390/md22120557","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22120557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to examine whether fucosterol, a phytosterol of marine algae, could ameliorate skeletal muscle atrophy in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-treated C2C12 myotubes and in immobilization-induced C57BL/6J mice. Male C57BL6J mice were immobilized for 1 week to induce skeletal muscle atrophy. Following immobilization, the mice were administrated orally with saline or fucosterol (10 or 30 mg/kg/day) for 1 week. Fucosterol significantly attenuated immobilization-induced muscle atrophy by enhancing muscle strength, with a concomitant increase in muscle volume, mass, and myofiber cross-sectional area in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in mice. In both the TNF-α-treated C2C12 myotubes and the TA muscle of immobilized mice, fucosterol significantly prevented muscle protein degradation, which was attributed to a reduction in atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger 1 gene expression through an increase in forkhead box O3α (FoxO3α) phosphorylation. Continuously, fucosterol stimulated muscle protein synthesis by increasing the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR), 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase, and 4E binding protein 1, which was mediated through the stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Thus, fucosterol alleviated skeletal muscle atrophy in TNF-α-treated C2C12 myotubes and immobilized C57BL/6J mice through the regulation of the Akt/mTOR/FoxO3α signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11678761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shrimp Lipid Bioactives with Anti-Inflammatory, Antithrombotic, and Antioxidant Health-Promoting Properties for Cardio-Protection.","authors":"Paschalis Cholidis, Dimitrios Kranas, Aggeliki Chira, Evangelia Aikaterini Galouni, Theodora Adamantidi, Chryssa Anastasiadou, Alexandros Tsoupras","doi":"10.3390/md22120554","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22120554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marine animals, especially shrimp species, have gained interest in research, due to the fact that they contain a plethora of biomolecules, specifically lipids, which have been proven to possess many health benefits in various diseases linked to chronic inflammation or other exogenous factors. This review refers to the lipid composition of a large number of shrimp species, as well as the effects that can alternate the lipid content of these crustaceans. Emphasis is given to the potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic properties of shrimp bioactives, as well as the effects that these bioactives hold in other diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and more. The various health-promoting effects deriving from the consumption of shrimp lipid bioactives and the usage of products containing shrimp lipid extracts are also addressed in this study, through the exploration of several mechanisms of action and the interference of shrimp lipids in these biochemical pathways. Nevertheless, further research on this cultivatable edible species is needed, due to their existing limitations and future prospects which are discussed in this paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11679378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two New Diterpenoids Formed by Transannular Diels-Alder Cycloaddition from the Soft Coral <i>Sarcophyton tortuosum</i>, and Their Antibacterial and PPAR-β Agonist Activities.","authors":"Min Sun, Songwei Li, Jianang Zeng, Yuewei Guo, Changyun Wang, Mingzhi Su","doi":"10.3390/md22120553","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22120553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two new cembrane-derived tricyclic diterpenes belonging to the sarcophytin family, namely 4<i>a</i>-hydroxy-chatancin (<b>1</b>) and sarcotoroid (<b>2</b>), together with two known related ones (<b>3</b> and <b>4</b>), were isolated from the soft coral <i>Sarcophyton tortuosum</i> collected off Ximao Island in the South China Sea. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, a quantum mechanical nuclear magnetic resonance (QM-NMR) method, a time-dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT-ECD) calculation, X-ray diffraction analysis, and comparison with the reported data in the literature. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of compounds <b>1</b>-<b>4</b> was proposed, involving undergoing a transannular Diels-Alder cycloaddition. In the bioassay, the new compound <b>1</b> displayed significant inhibitory activities against the fish pathogens <i>Streptococcus parauberis</i> KSP28, oxytetracycline-resistant <i>Streptococcus parauberis</i> SPOF3K, and <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> FP2244, with MIC values of 9.1, 9.1, and 18.2 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, by conducting a luciferase reporter assay on rat liver Ac2F cells, compounds <b>1</b>, <b>3</b>, and <b>4</b> were evaluated for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) transcriptional activity, and compound <b>3</b> showed selective PPAR-β agonist activity at a concentration of 10 μΜ.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11678790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asteroid Saponins: A Review of Their Bioactivity and Selective Cytotoxicity.","authors":"Stuart J Smith, Tianfang Wang, Scott F Cummins","doi":"10.3390/md22120552","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22120552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Saponins are a diverse class of secondary metabolites that are often reported to exhibit a variety of pharmacological applications. While research into the elucidation and application of plant and class Holothuroidea-derived saponins (i.e., sea cucumbers) is extensive, the class Asteroidea-derived saponins (i.e., seastars) have been largely overlooked and primarily limited to elucidation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cytotoxic activities of asteroid-derived saponins against various cell cultures, for instance, mammalian erythrocytes, multiple microbial strains and cancer cell lines, including melanoma, breast, colon, and lung cancers. Highlighting the distinct structural variations in these saponins, this review examines their selective cytotoxicity and potency, with many demonstrating IC₅₀ values in the low micromolar range. Specific compounds, such as asterosaponins and polyhydroxylated saponins, exhibit noteworthy effects, particularly against melanoma and lung carcinoma cells, while triterpenoid saponins were found to be highly cytotoxic to both erythrocytes and fungal cells. This review also addresses gaps in the research area, including the need for additional in vitro antimicrobial studies, in vivo studies, and further exploration of their mechanisms of action. By consolidating recent findings, we have shed light on the therapeutic potential of asteroid-derived steroidal saponins in developing novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11679803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Sesterterpenes from the Antarctic Sponge <i>Suberites</i> sp.","authors":"Stine S H Olsen, Sydney K Morrow, Julia L Szabo, Michael N Teng, Kim C Tran, Charles D Amsler, James B McClintock, Bill J Baker","doi":"10.3390/md22120551","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22120551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemical investigation of the Antarctic sponge <i>Suberites</i> sp. has previously led to the identification of new suberitane derivatives, some of which show bioactivity toward respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Our ongoing NMR-guided investigation of new specimens of the sponge resulted in the isolation of five new analogs (<b>1</b>-<b>5</b>), previously reported suberitenones A-D (<b>6</b>-<b>9</b>), and oxaspirosuberitenone (<b>10</b>). Suberitenone K (<b>1</b>) was characterized as the 8-keto derivative of <b>6</b>, while three new phenols, suberitandiol (<b>2</b>), abeosuberitandiol (<b>3</b>), and furanosuberitandiol (<b>4</b>), and the degraded sesterterpene norsuberitenone B (<b>5</b>) were also found. Compound <b>3</b> displays a ring contraction while <b>4</b> has a new dihydrofuran ring. Structural characterization was achieved by a combination of NMR, HR-MS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Moderate activity towards RSV was reported for <b>9</b> and the new metabolite <b>1</b>, with IC₅₀ values of 15.0 μM and 39.8 μM, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676953/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing the Potential of <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i> Linnaeus for Cosmetic Purposes: Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Commercial and Wild Samples.","authors":"Marina Muñoz-Quintana, Carolina Padrón-Sanz, Marina Dolbeth, Francisco Arenas, Vitor Vasconcelos, Graciliana Lopes","doi":"10.3390/md22120548","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22120548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The natural products industry is gaining increasing interest, not only due to modern lifestyles becoming more aware of environmental and sustainability issues but also because of the loss of efficacy and undesirable side effects of synthetic ingredients. This pioneering study provides a comprehensive comparison between extracts obtained from wild and commercial samples of <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i> Linnaeus, highlighting their multifaceted benefits in cosmetic applications. The antiaging potential of acetone (70 and 90%) and ethanol 60% extracts from wild and commercial samples of <i>F. vesiculosus</i>, focusing on their application in cosmetics, was explored. The extracts were chemically characterized, their carotenoid profiles being established by HPLC, and the total phenolic content and phlorotannins by spectrophotometry. The extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant potential against the physiologic free radicals superoxide anion radical (O₂^•-) and nitric oxide (^•NO), for their ability to inhibit the enzymes hyaluronidase and tyrosinase, and for their anti-inflammatory potential in the macrophage cell model RAW 264.7. The acetone 70% extract of wild <i>F. vesiculosus</i> was the richest in fucoxanthin, which accounted for more than 67% of the total pigments identified, followed by the acetone 90% extract of the same sample, where both fucoxanthin and pheophytin-<i>a</i> represented 40% of the total pigments. The same behavior was observed for phenolic compounds, with the ethanol 60% presenting the lowest values. A chemical correlation could be established between the chemical composition and the biological activities, with acetone extracts from the wild <i>F. vesiculosus</i>, richer in fucoxanthin and phlorotannins, standing out as natural ingredients with anti-aging potential. Acetone 90% can be highlighted as the most effective extraction solvent, their extracts presenting the highest radicals scavenging capacity, ability to inhibit tyrosinase to a greater extent than the commercial ingredient kojic acid, and potential to slow down the inflammatory process.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11677001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarkers and Seaweed-Based Nutritional Interventions in Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Ana Valado, Margarida Cunha, Leonel Pereira","doi":"10.3390/md22120550","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22120550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a complex, multifactorial condition characterized by risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which significantly contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide. Early identification and effective monitoring of MetS is crucial for preventing serious cardiovascular complications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of various biomarkers associated with MetS, including lipid profile markers (triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 (ApoB/ApoA1) ratio), inflammatory markers (interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin/adiponectin ratio, omentin and fetuin-A/adiponectin ratio), oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxides, protein and nucleic acid oxidation, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), uric acid) and microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-15a-5p, miR5-17-5p and miR-24-3p. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of biomarkers in MetS and the need for advancements in their identification and use for improving prevention and treatment. Seaweed therapy is also discussed as a significant intervention for MetS due to its rich content of fiber, antioxidants, minerals and bioactive compounds, which help improve cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, increase insulin sensitivity and promote weight loss, making it a promising nutritional strategy for managing metabolic and cardiovascular health.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11677938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzymatic Interesterification of Cold-Pressed Maqui (<i>Aristotelia chilensis</i> (Mol.) Stuntz) Seed Oil and Belly Oil from Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) Through Supercritical CO₂.","authors":"Francisca Reinoso, Alicia Rodríguez, Camila Sánchez, Benjamín Claria, Nalda Romero, Alejandra Espinosa, María Elsa Pando, Rodrigo Valenzuela, Dayana Apaza, Gretel Dovale-Rosabal, Santiago P Aubourg","doi":"10.3390/md22120547","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22120547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new antioxidant lipid (AL) was synthesized from rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) belly oil and cold-pressed maqui (CPM) (<i>Aristotelia chilensis</i> (Mol.) Stuntz) seed oil via enzymatic interesterification using <i>Thermomyces lanuginosus</i> in supercritical CO₂ medium. A Box-Behnken design with 15 experiments was employed, with the independent variables being the following: belly oil/CPM oil ratio (10/90, 50/50, and 90/10, <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>), supercritical CO₂ temperature (40.0, 50.0, and 60.0 °C), and supercritical CO₂ pressure (100.0, 200.0, and 300.0 bar) for enzymatic interesterification. A multiple optimization was conducted based on the response variables yield and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and tocopherol contents. The optimized conditions for the AL synthesis were: 81.4/18.6 (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>), 40.0 °C and 299.99 bar, respectively. The corresponding responses variables were: 77.10% for yield, 5.12 and 4.95 g·100 g^-1 total fatty acids for EPA and DHA, respectively, and 217.96, 4.28, 3.48, 64.48, and 6.39 mg·kg^-1 oil for α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol, respectively. A novel AL was successfully synthesized starting from two abundant natural resources commonly considered as by-products during industrial processing. In agreement with the high EPA, DHA, and tocopherol presence, this AL can be recommended to be employed in nutritional and therapeutic supplements, according to its health benefits, particularly concerning antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11678877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}