Marine Drugs最新文献

{"title":"Identification of Novel AChE-Targeting Neuroprotective Peptides from Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas): An Integrated Pipeline of Peptidomics, Molecular Dynamics, and Cellular Validation","authors":"Shikun Suo, Kuo Dang, Yingying Zhang, Yao-Yao Zhang, Yu-Xin Luo, Jun-Wei Yan, Pan Dao-dong, Yanli Wang, Long Li, Chao-Ying Zhang, Xin-chang Gao, Yali Dang","doi":"10.3390/md24090298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/md24090298","url":null,"abstract":"Although the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is a premium marine protein source, its neuroprotective peptidome remains largely uncharacterized. This study established an integrated in silico and in vitro pipeline to discover acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-targeting peptides with cellular AChE-regulating and neuroprotective peptides from simulated gastrointestinal digests of oyster. Peptidomic profiling identified 18,292 sequences, which were filtered down to seven candidates predicted to have favorable blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and to be non-toxic and non-allergenic (VPYPR, VPVHF, HHTF, PVHF, GPKPW, HWF, and KYW) via multi-step virtual screening. In cellular assays, simulated H2O2 injury (500 μM) reduced PC12 cell viability to 47.53 ± 4.53%. Compared with the model group, pretreatment with the three most potent candidates—HHTF, VPYPR, and VPVHF (200 μM)—significantly rescued injured cells, restoring cell viability to 88.31 ± 7.83%, 85.12 ± 3.35%, and 82.00 ± 3.47%, respectively (p < 0.05). These peptides effectively fortified cellular antioxidant defenses by increasing glutathione (GSH) levels to 24.24, 30.11, and 26.83 nmol/mg protein (from 20.22 nmol/mg protein in the model group) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity to 151.41, 153.97, and 151.96 U/mg protein (from 119.33 U/mg protein), while suppressing malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation to 0.088, 0.064, and 0.086 nmol/mg protein (from 0.193 nmol/mg protein). Crucially, the peptides alleviated cholinergic dysfunction by normalizing the H2O2-induced elevation of intracellular AChE activity (11.39 nmol/min/mg protein) down to 7.02, 6.22, and 7.14 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Specifically, VPYPR (200 μM) restored AChE activity to a level (6.22 nmol/min/mg protein) that was not significantly different from that in the normal control group (p > 0.05). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (100 ns) and molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) calculations identified VPYPR as the leading candidate with a remarkably low binding free energy of −49.74 ± 3.58 kcal/mol. This study demonstrates that oyster gastrointestinal digests are valuable reservoirs of multi-target neuroprotective ingredients and provides an efficient strategy for marine bioactive peptide discovery.","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 9","pages":"298-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148861326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxic Potential of Marine-Derived Fungi Isolated from Sponges and Brown Algae of Mauritius.","authors":"Jessica Mélanie Wong Chin, Annaelle Hip Kam, Rajesh Jeewon, Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, Teeshan Bahorun, Daneshwar Puchooa, Neil O Carragher, Vidushi S Neergheen","doi":"10.3390/md24080289","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24080289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marine fungi associated with sponges and brown algae are promising sources of pharmacologically active compounds. This study investigated the cytotoxic potential and metabolomic profiles of fungal strains isolated from the marine environment of Mauritius. Among the twenty extracts screened, the mycelium extracts were more cytotoxic than the broth extracts. Four extracts demonstrated the most potent activity: <i>Aspergillus chevalieri</i> (F2M), <i>Aspergillus ochraceus</i> (F25M) and <i>Biatriospora</i> sp. (F34M, F34B). The algal endophyte <i>Aspergillus chevalieri</i> (F2M) mycelium extract displayed an IC₅₀ of 14.27 ± 1.22 µg/mL after 24 h against HepG2 cells. The sponge-associated fungi <i>Aspergillus ochraceus</i> (F25M) showed promising cytotoxic activities against HepG2 cells (IC₅₀ of 8.775 ± 0.78 µg/mL) after 24 h of treatment, with a selectivity index of 2.27, and had the lowest IC₅₀ (2.49 ± 0.60 µg/mL after 24 h; 7.14 ± 3.14 µg/mL after 48 h) against FLO-1 cells, also reducing tumor spheroid growth and integrity during the first four hours. All four extracts increased the intracellular ROS production, but only the mycelium extract of <i>A. chevalieri</i> (F2M) significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity. Metabolomic profiling identified diverse compound classes, including alkaloids, terpenoids, amino acids, anthraquinones and coumarins. The findings revealed that the marine fungi from Mauritius are promising sources of cytotoxic metabolites that require purification and subsequent confirmation and mechanistic studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Carrageenases: Molecular Engineering, Immobilization Techniques, and Biomedical Potential of Carrageenan Oligosaccharides.","authors":"Qiangzhuang Xie, Jiahong Lan, Yanhong Chen, Zhipeng Li, Lijun Li, Zedong Jiang, Hui Ni, Yanbing Zhu","doi":"10.3390/md24080287","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24080287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carrageenan is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from red algae, widely utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its unique gelling properties and biological activities. However, its high molecular weight and low solubility limit certain high-value applications. Carrageenases specifically degrade carrageenan to produce low-molecular-weight oligosaccharides with excellent bioactivities, thereby overcoming this bottleneck. This review systematically summarizes the microbial sources of carrageenases and the classification characteristics of their three types (κ, ι, and λ) within the GH16, GH82, and GH150 families. Furthermore, it highlights recent advances in molecular engineering strategies, including site-directed mutagenesis and non-catalytic domain fusion, as well as enzyme immobilization techniques utilizing carriers such as magnetic nanoparticles and metal-organic frameworks, which significantly enhance thermostability, catalytic efficiency, and reusability. Additionally, the potential applications of carrageenan oligosaccharides in biomedical fields, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities, are thoroughly discussed. This review provides a theoretical reference for the rational design and industrial application of carrageenases, while also offering new insights for the high-value development of algal resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant Compounds in Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: A Sustainable Source of Bioactive Molecules.","authors":"Patricia Gómez-Villegas, Encarnación Díaz-Santos, Rocío Rengel, Ana Molina-Márquez, José María Rodríguez-González, Javier Vigara, Rosa León, Antonio Leon-Vaz","doi":"10.3390/md24080288","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24080288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The search for antioxidant compounds from aquatic or marine environments to cope with the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the major challenges in contemporary blue biotechnology. Among marine microorganisms, microalgae have emerged as promising candidates for the discovery and production of natural bioactive molecules with antioxidant properties. This review highlights the potential of microalgae and cyanobacteria as a sustainable source of antioxidant compounds and examines their growing relevance in biotechnology and pharmaceutical applications. A broad range of antioxidant metabolites produced by microalgae, including carotenoids, fatty acids, vitamins, polyphenols, and flavonoids, has also been discussed, with particular emphasis on their antioxidant mechanisms and bioactive properties. This review also integrates antioxidant mechanisms with the physiological and metabolic responses, underlying antioxidant production and sustainable strategies used to enhance their accumulation. Furthermore, microalgae offer the advantage of sustainable production systems, with the potential to enhance the biosynthesis and accumulation of valuable compounds through optimized cultivation strategies. Thus, different sustainable approaches aimed at increasing antioxidant compound production or reducing operational costs in microalgae cultivation are discussed to identify efficient and economically viable processes that maximize the biotechnological potential of these microorganisms for future industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13515013/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential Production of Sodium Alginate and Biomethane from Holopelagic <i>Sargassum</i> spp. to Promote a Circular Economy in the Mexican Caribbean.","authors":"Karla J Azcorra-May, Elda I España-Gamboa, Liliana Alzate-Gaviria, Jorge A Domínguez-Maldonado, Tanit Toledano-Thompson, Rosa M Leal-Bautista, José M Cervantes-Uc, Raúl Tapia-Tussell","doi":"10.3390/md24080292","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24080292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research proposes an approach based on a circular economy principle for the integral valorization of <i>Sargassum</i> from the Mexican Caribbean. The biomass was characterized through proximal and elemental analyses, and then an oxidative pretreatment was carried out to enhance a sequential processing scheme to extract sodium alginate and use the solid waste as a substrate for biogas production via anaerobic digestion. The oxidative pretreatment successfully reduces the recalcitrant content and the concentration of heavy metals. The sodium alginate extracted from treated biomass achieves a yield higher than 20%; the characterization of the polymer via nuclear magnetic resonance showed that the mannuronic-to-guluronic ratio was between 0.34 and 0.62, indicating the potential for its use for environmental and biomedical applications. The highest yield in methane production was 328 mL CH₄/g of volatile solids, with a purity of 90%, and was achieved using the waste from alginate extraction with an inoculum-to-substrate ratio of 1:1. The experimental data presented an excellent fit to a Gompertz model (R² > 0.99). The proposed valorization pathway improves the sustainability of <i>Sargassum</i> management, prioritizing the recovery of high-value compounds before energy production. This circular approach provides a framework for converting environmental challenges into opportunities in the Caribbean.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514276/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Characterization and Biological Evaluation of a Novel GlcNAc-Bearing Exopolysaccharide from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus <i>Penicillium janthinellum</i> N29.","authors":"Zhuling Shao, Luya Wang, Xin Wang","doi":"10.3390/md24080290","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24080290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel, uniform acid heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 13.14 kDa was isolated from the fermented broth of the mangrove endophytic fungus <i>Penicillium janthinellum</i> N29, designated as PJ3-1. A structural analysis showed that PJ3-1 is a straight-chain heteropolysaccharide containing GlcN, GlcNAc, Glc and GlcA in the ratio of 12.23:1.79:10.93:1.00. PJ3-1 markedly inhibits α-glucosidase activity and relieves insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. It alleviates lipid peroxidation and upregulates the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. In addition, it also significantly scavenges hydroxyl radicals, ferrous ions, superoxide anions, DPPH radicals and ABTS radicals and enhances reducing power in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these findings suggest that PJ3-1 has the potential to serve as a natural antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent for functional food or pharmaceutical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine-Derived Natural Products Against Flaviviruses: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions.","authors":"Hyeon Seung Park, Min Seo Heo, Hyuk Nam Kwon, Yo Han Jang, Munhyung Bae, Yun Kwon","doi":"10.3390/md24080291","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24080291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although flaviviruses, including DENV, ZIKV and JEV, remain important causes of febrile, congenital, and neurological diseases, treatment options remain largely supportive, with limited availability of virus-specific antiviral therapies. Marine organisms and marine-derived microorganisms produce chemically distinct antiviral materials, including sulfated polysaccharides, terpenoids, alkaloids, peptides, cyclodepsipeptides, and polyketides. However, their activities range from preliminary extract-level inhibition to direct biochemical target validation, making mechanistic comparison difficult. This review critically evaluates marine-derived anti-flaviviral agents using two complementary dimensions, the infection stage implicated by experimental assays and the strength of evidence supporting that assignment. DENV evidence is dominated by sulfated algal macromolecules that interfere with adsorption or internalization, whereas ZIKV studies encompass lipophilic algal metabolites, fungal alkaloids, cyclodepsipeptides, and a few target-oriented candidates. Across the field, most reports remain stage-associated rather than target-validated. Cross-study potency comparisons are constrained by differences in virus strains, cell models, assay formats, and treatment schedules. JEV-specific evidence is particularly sparse. Based on the DENV and ZIKV evidence map, we propose concise priorities for JEV-oriented discovery: early compound-level dereplication, parallel cytotoxicity testing, orthogonal confirmation of productive infection, stage-resolved assays, and biochemical or genetic validation of conserved flaviviral targets. This evidence-based framework can help distinguish promising chemical candidate scaffolds from preliminary antiviral signals and guide mechanism-informed development of marine-derived natural products against flaviviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stigmasterol-Stabilized Nanoliposomes Enhance Oral Delivery of Collagen Peptides Through Improved Systemic Exposure of Hydroxyproline-Containing Peptides.","authors":"Zifang Zhao, Wenshuo Xing, Meichao Zhang, Chengsuo Liu, Weijie Zhang, Haohao Wu, Changhu Xue","doi":"10.3390/md24080293","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24080293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Collagen peptides (CPs) possess diverse biological activities, yet their oral efficacy is limited by gastrointestinal degradation and restricted systemic exposure of intact bioactive peptide species. Herein, a stable cholesterol-free nanoliposome system was developed using soybean phospholipids and stigmasterol through high-pressure microfluidization, followed by tangential flow filtration and spray drying to obtain a stable dry formulation. The optimized nanoliposomes exhibited a particle size below 100 nm, high peptide loading, excellent redispersibility, and remarkable physicochemical stability during refrigerated storage and under different pH and thermal conditions. During simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the stigmasterol-stabilized phospholipid bilayer effectively preserved encapsulated CPs throughout the gastric phase while facilitating peptide release under intestinal conditions. Oral administration in rats significantly enhanced collagen peptide bioavailability, increasing the plasma exposure (iAUC_{0-8 h}) of total hydroxyproline by 3.84-fold compared with free CPs. Peptide-bound hydroxyproline exposure increased 9.3-fold and accounted for approximately 94% of total absorbed hydroxyproline. UHPLC-HRMS analysis confirmed substantially enhanced systemic exposure of multiple characteristic hydroxyproline-containing dipeptides and tripeptides following nanoliposomal delivery. These findings indicate that stigmasterol-containing nanoliposomes improve the gastrointestinal stability and systemic delivery performance of collagen peptides, providing a promising strategy for enhancing the oral delivery potential of food-derived bioactive peptides.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine Food Polysaccharides: Representative Structural Features, Immunomodulatory Effects, and Food Applications.","authors":"Yunhan Li, Xinhong Wang, Xiang Li, Nan Wei, Dawei Jiang, Ming Li, Chong Yu, Juan Guo, Keqiang Li, Haifeng Wang, Ning Li","doi":"10.3390/md24080286","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24080286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marine food polysaccharides (MFPs) are structurally diverse biopolymers shaped by the marine environment, with emerging roles in immune regulation and food design. This review summarizes the representative structural features of MFPs, and evaluates their effects on innate and adaptive immune responses and associated signaling pathways. The influences of molecular weight, sulfation, branching, and monosaccharide composition on biological activity are also discussed. In addition, this review discusses the applications of MFPs in food additives, packaging, delivery systems, and functional foods. Despite growing evidence, challenges remain in resolving higher-order structures, understanding bidirectional immune effects and maintaining stability in complex matrices. Advancing integrated structural and food design approaches could enable the rational use of MFPs as next-generation functional ingredients.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Application of Cytidine Monophosphate and Sodium Chloride for Enhanced Co-Production of Astaxanthin and Fatty Acids in <i>Haematococcus lacustris</i> Motile Cells Under High-Light Stress.","authors":"Xiaoyuan Su, Hailiang Xing, Kai Liu, Ya Zhao, Lijin Dong, Ziyan Zhou, Na Zhou, Xue Sun, Liuquan Zhang, Nianjun Xu, Chaoyang Hu","doi":"10.3390/md24080285","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24080285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the synergistic effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) on enhancing the co-production of astaxanthin and fatty acids while suppressing secondary cell wall (SCW) formation in <i>Haematococcus lacustris</i> (synonym: <i>H. pluvialis</i>) under high-light stress. An orthogonal design identified the optimal combination (0.5 g/L NaCl and 0.5 mM CMP), which significantly increased astaxanthin yield by over 35.6% and total fatty acid yield by 28%, while maintaining 96.8% of cells in motile state (SCW-deficient). Physiological analyses revealed elevated reactive oxygen species levels, concomitant with higher actual photochemical efficiency (Fv'/Fm') and relative electron transport rates II (rETR(II)) along with enhanced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) capacity, and metabolic reprogramming characterized by the accumulation of lipids, sugars, and starch alongside decreased protein yield. Metabolomics indicated reduced carbon supply for SCW polysaccharide biosynthesis, coupled with decreased protein yield and altered amino acid profiles characteristic of nitrogen-limited metabolism, which collectively favored the reallocation of carbon resources toward nitrogen-free high-value products. Transcriptomics confirmed the downregulation of SCW component biosynthetic genes and the upregulation of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway. Scale-up experiments validated this strategy for producing astaxanthin-rich motile cells, offering a promising approach for microalgal biorefinery.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}