Marine Drugs最新文献

{"title":"Amelioration of Particulate Matter-Induced Oxidative Stress by a Bioactive <i>Hizikia fusiformis</i> Extract: A Functional Biomaterial for Cosmeceutical Applications.","authors":"Jeong Won Ahn, Hyun Soo Kim, So Hui Kim, Hye Soo Yang, Kongara Damodar, Yeong-Min Yoo, Jin Tae Hong, Seong Soo Joo","doi":"10.3390/md23030135","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Air pollution-related skin damage has heightened the demand for natural protective agents. <i>Hizikia fusiformis</i>, a brown seaweed rich in fucoidan and bioactive fatty acids (α-linolenic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, and palmitic acid), possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the protective effects of <i>H. fusiformis</i> ethanol extract (HFE) against particulate matter (PM)-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in human keratinocytes. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, while PM-induced cytotoxicity, ROS generation, inflammatory markers, and apoptotic pathways were evaluated using the WST-8 assay, DCFH2-DA, qPCR, western blotting, and Hoechst staining. HFE significantly reduced ROS levels, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, and mitigated PM-induced cytotoxicity. These effects were mediated by fucoidan and fatty acids, which modulated inflammatory pathways (NF-κB and MAPK), stabilized membranes, and inhibited apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3). Collectively, these findings highlight HFE's potential as a natural anti-pollution skincare ingredient, supporting further in vivo studies and formulation development.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Thraustochytrium</i> sp. and <i>Aurantiochytrium</i> sp.: Sustainable Alternatives for Squalene Production.","authors":"Júnior Mendes Furlan, Graciela Salete Centenaro, Mariane Bittencourt Fagundes, Carlos Borges Filho, Irineu Batista, Narcisa Bandarra","doi":"10.3390/md23030132","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated a sustainable alternative to squalene production utilizing <i>Thraustochytrium</i> sp. and <i>Aurantiochytrium</i> sp., thereby reducing dependence on critically endangered sharks exploited for this compound. By optimizing fed-batch cultivation, a technique prevalent in industrial biotechnology, we have enhanced squalene yields and have demonstrated, through sensitivity analysis, the significance of this shift in preserving species at risk of extinction. Optimization of culture conditions led to the highest biomass concentrations for <i>Thraustochytrium</i> sp. being achieved at lower C-N ratios (<5.0), while the optimal biomass production for <i>Aurantiochytrium</i> sp. occurred in culture media with a high C-N ratio of 54:50. Regarding squalene production, <i>Thraustochytrium</i> sp. produced 26.13 mg/L in the fed-batch system after 72 h, and <i>Aurantiochytrium</i> sp. produced 54.97 mg/L in a batch system with 30 g/L glucose and 0.22 g/L nitrogen after 96 h, showcasing their potential for industrial applications. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis revealed that, on an industrial scale, both strains could produce up to 59.50 t of squalene annually in large-scale facilities, presenting a valuable and sustainable alternative for the biotechnological industry and significantly reducing the reliance on non-renewable and endangered sources such as shark liver oil and preventing the annual capture of over 156,661 sharks.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine-Derived Alternariol Suppresses Inflammation by Regulating T Cell Activation and Migration.","authors":"Chenfeng Liu, Fudie Gu, Zhengbiao Zou, Fengli Wang, Dashuai Li, Jing Song, Yazhen Hong, Xuhui Wu, Xianwen Yang, Wen-Hsien Liu, Guangming Liu, Yu Zhou, Qingmei Liu","doi":"10.3390/md23030133","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>T cells play pivotal roles in inflammation's initiation and progression. Exploring natural compounds that regulate T cell function is crucial for preventing and treating inflammation. Herein, we report that Alternariol (AOH), a marine-derived secondary metabolite, exerts an anti-inflammatory activity by targeting T cell function. Using an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced OT-II CD4⁺ T cell activation model, we demonstrated that AOH potently suppresses T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion, mildly promotes T cell apoptosis, and spares antigen presentation processes. Mechanistically, AOH controlled early T cell activation by inhibiting the expression of activation markers (CD69, CD25, CD44) and transcription factors (T-bet, Eomes), leading to impaired Th1 cytokine production. In vivo experiments revealed that AOH attenuated OVA-induced lung injury in mice by reducing immune cell infiltration in pulmonary tissues and draining lymph nodes. Notably, AOH dramatically suppressed OVA-specific T cells migrating to the inflammatory lung while impairing T-cell-mediated other immune cell infiltration. Collectively, AOH exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects by modulating T cell proliferation, function, and migration, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for T-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan Oligosaccharides Prevent Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease by Attenuating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.","authors":"Yanglong Liu, Jiawei Sun, Qihao Yan, Bingjian Wen, Yan Bai, Qishi Che, Hua Cao, Jiao Guo, Zhengquan Su","doi":"10.3390/md23030134","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a liver disorder resulting from excessive alcohol intake, and currently, there are no therapeutics approved by the FDA for its treatment. This study investigates the protective effects and underlying pharmacological mechanisms of two chitosan oligosaccharides, COST (MW ≤ 1000 Da) and COSM (MW ≤ 3000 Da), in mitigating alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD). In animal models, we evaluated the changes in ALD following treatment with COST and COSM. Histopathological analysis revealed that both COST and COSM interventions mitigated hepatic steatosis and inflammatory infiltration. Additionally, these compounds reduced various markers of liver injury, enhanced antioxidant enzyme levels, and significantly improved liver function. Western blot analysis demonstrated that COSM markedly decreased the expression of the hepatic metabolic enzyme CYP2E1, activated the Keap-1/Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, and restrained the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. In an in vitro model of alcohol-induced hepatocyte L02 injury, both COST and COSM exhibited protective effects on hepatocytes, corroborating the findings from the animal studies. Collectively, in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that COST and COSM can reduce oxidative damage, enhance antioxidant capacity, and ameliorate steatosis and inflammatory damage in the liver, thereby significantly attenuating alcohol-induced injury. Notably, COSM exhibited slightly superior efficacy compared to COST.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome Mining-Guided Discovery of Two New Depsides from <i>Talaromyces</i> sp. HDN1820200.","authors":"Xiao Zhang, Luyang Liu, Jiani Huang, Xingtao Ren, Guojian Zhang, Qian Che, Dehai Li, Tianjiao Zhu","doi":"10.3390/md23030130","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Depsides and their derivatives are a class of polyketides predominantly found in fungal extracts. Herein, a silent nonreducing polyketide synthase (TalsA)-containing gene cluster, which was identified from the Antarctic sponge-derived fungus <i>Talaromyces</i> sp. HDN1820200, was successfully activated through heterologous expression in <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i>. This activation led to the production of two novel depsides, talaronic acid A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), alongside three known compounds (<b>3</b>-<b>5</b>). The further co-expression of TalsA with the decarboxylase (TalsF) demonstrated that it could convert <b>2</b> into its decarboxylated derivative <b>1</b>. The structural elucidation of these compounds was achieved using comprehensive 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, which was complemented by HR-MS analysis. Talaronic acids A and B were firstly reported heterodimers of 3-methylorsellinic acid (3-MOA) and 5-methylorsellinic acid (5-MOA). All isolated compounds (<b>1</b>-<b>5</b>) were tested for their anti-inflammatory potential. Notably, compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of the positive control. These results further enrich the structural class of depside natural products.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diterpenoids of Marine Organisms: Isolation, Structures, and Bioactivities.","authors":"Qi Shi, Shujie Yu, Manjia Zhou, Peilu Wang, Wenlong Li, Xin Jin, Yiting Pan, Yunjie Sheng, Huaqiang Li, Luping Qin, Xiongyu Meng","doi":"10.3390/md23030131","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diterpenoids from marine-derived organisms represent a prolific source of secondary metabolites, characterized by their exceptionally promising chemical structures and pronounced pharmacological properties. In recent years, marine diterpenoids have garnered considerable attention and are regarded as a prominent area of scientific research. As a vital class of metabolites, diterpenoids show diverse biological activities, encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, inhibitory, and cytotoxic activities, among others. With the rapid advancement of equipment and identified technology, there has been a tremendous surge in the discovery rate of novel diterpenoid skeletons and bioactivities derived from marine fungi over the past decade. The present review compiles the reported diterpenoids from marine fungal sources mainly generated from January 2000 to December 2024. In this paper, 515 diterpenoids from marine organisms are summarized. Among them, a total of 281 structures from various fungal species are included, comprising 55 from sediment, 39 from marine animals (predominantly invertebrates, including 17 from coral and 22 from sponges), and 53 from marine plants (including 34 from algae and 19 from mangrove). Diverse biological activities are exhibited in 244 compounds, and among these, 112 compounds showed great anti-tumor activity (45.90%) and 110 metabolites showed remarkable cytotoxicity (45.08%). Furthermore, these compounds displayed a range of diverse bioactivities, including potent anti-oxidant activity (2.87%), promising anti-inflammatory activity (1.64%), great anti-bacterial activity (1.64%), notable anti-thrombotic activity (1.23%), etc. Moreover, the diterpenoids' structural characterization and biological activities are additionally elaborated upon. The present critical summary provides a comprehensive overview of the reported knowledge regarding diterpenoids derived from marine fungi, invertebrates, and aquatic plants. The systematic review presented herein offers medical researchers an extensive range of promising lead compounds for the development of marine drugs, thereby furnishing novel and valuable pharmaceutical agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Can Aggravate the Damage of the Intestinal Microenvironment Caused by Okadaic Acid: A Prevalent Algal Toxin.","authors":"Hong-Jia Huang, Yang Liu, Da-Wei Li, Xiang Wang, Nai-Xian Feng, Hong-Ye Li, Ce-Hui Mo, Wei-Dong Yang","doi":"10.3390/md23030129","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As emerging contaminants, microplastics (MPs) may pose a threat to human health. Their co-exposure with the widespread phycotoxin okadaic acid (OA), a marine toxin known to cause gastrointestinal toxicity, may exacerbate health risk and raise public safety concern. In this study, the toxicity mechanisms of MPs and OA on intestinal microenvironment was explored using human Caco-2 cells as the model, which was combined with an in vitro fecal fermentation experiment. Our results showed that co-exposure to MPs (80 μg/mL) and OA (20 ng/mL) significantly decreased cell viability, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, elevated lactate dehydrogenase release, impaired ABC transporter activity, promoted OA accumulation, and triggered inflammatory response compared to the control, MPs, and OA groups, indicating that co-exposure directly compromises intestinal epithelial integrity. In vitro fermentation experiments revealed that co-exposure disrupted gut microbial composition, decreasing the relative abundance of some bacteria, such as <i>Parasutterella</i> and <i>Adlercreutzia</i>, while increasing opportunistic pathogens, such as <i>Escherichia-Shigella</i>, increased. These findings provide new insights into the impact and underlying mechanisms of MPs and OA co-exposure on intestinal homeostasis, highlighting the potential health risks associated with MPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943709/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Nannochloropsis</i> Lipids and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Potential Applications and Strain Improvement.","authors":"Sofia Navalho, Narcis Ferrer-Ledo, Maria J Barbosa, João Varela","doi":"10.3390/md23030128","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus <i>Nannochloropsis</i> comprises a group of oleaginous microalgae that accumulate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). These molecules are essential for the correct development and health of humans and animals. Thanks to their attractive lipid profile, <i>Nannochloropsis</i> is mainly marketed as a feed ingredient in aquaculture. In microalgae of this genus, contents and cellular location of PUFAs are affected by the growth conditions and gene expression. Strain improvement through non-recombinant approaches can generate more productive strains and efficient bioprocesses for PUFA production. Nevertheless, the lack of specific markers, detection methods, and selective pressure for isolating such mutants remains a bottleneck in classical mutagenesis approaches or lipid quality assessment during cultivation. This review encompasses the importance of PUFAs and lipid classes from <i>Nannochloropsis</i> species and their potential applications. Additionally, a revision of the different ways to increase PUFA content in <i>Nannochloropsis</i> sp. by using classical mutagenesis and adaptive laboratory evolution is also presented, as well as various methods to label and quantify lipids and PUFAs from <i>Nannochloropsis</i> microalgae.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943726/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure Elucidation, Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Distribution, and Biological Activities of Ketomemicin Analogs in <i>Salinispora</i>.","authors":"Gabriel Castro-Falcón, Dulce G Guillén-Matus, Elany Barbosa Da Silva, Wentao Guo, Alicia Ross, Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim, Thaís Helena Maciel Fernandes, Dean J Tantillo, Anthony J O'Donoghue, Paul R Jensen","doi":"10.3390/md23030126","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pseudopeptides are attractive agents for protease inhibition due to their structural similarities to the natural substrates of these enzymes, as well as their enhanced stability and resistance to enzymatic degradation. We report three new ketomemicin pseudopeptides (<b>1</b>-<b>3</b>) from extracts of the marine actinomycete <i>Salinispora pacifica</i> strain CNY-498. Their constitution and relative configuration were elucidated using NMR, mass spectrometry, and quantum chemical calculations. Using GNPS molecular networking and publicly available <i>Salinispora</i> LCMS datasets, five additional ketomemicin analogs (<b>4</b>-<b>8</b>) were identified with ketomemicin production detected broadly across <i>Salinispora</i> species. The ketomemicin biosynthetic gene cluster (<i>ktm</i>) is highly conserved in <i>Salinispora</i>, occurring in 79 of 118 public genome sequences, including eight of the nine named species. Outside <i>Salinispora</i>, <i>ktm</i> homologs were detected in various genera of the phylum Actinomycetota that might encode novel ketomemicin analogs. Ketomemicins <b>1</b>-<b>3</b> were tested against a panel of eleven proteases, with <b>2</b> displaying moderate inhibitory activity. This study describes the first report of ketomemicin production by <i>Salinispora</i> cultures, the distribution of the corresponding biosynthetic gene cluster, and the protease inhibitory activity of new ketomemicin derivatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Benthic Dinoflagellate <i>Coolia malayensis</i> (Dinophyceae) Produces an Array of Compounds with Antineoplastic Activity in Cells of Tumor Origin.","authors":"Itzel B Morales-Montesinos, Maria Yolanda Rios, Yordin D Ocampo-Acuña, Baldomero Esquivel-Rodríguez, Celia Bustos-Brito, María Del Carmen Osorio-Ramírez, Lorena M Durán-Riveroll, Leticia González-Maya","doi":"10.3390/md23030127","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Among aquatic organisms, marine dinoflagellates are essential sources of bioactive metabolites. The benthic dinoflagellate <i>Coolia malayensis</i> produces metabolites that have exhibited substantial and specific cytotoxicity on cancer cells; however, isolation and identification of the purified compounds remain a challenge. This study reports <i>C. malayensis</i> biomass multi-step extraction plus chemical analyses for identifying compounds with antineoplastic activity. Through bio-directed fractionation, the cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions was tested on H1299 (lung), PC-3 (prostate), HeLa (cervical), and MCF-7 (breast) cancer cell lines. Dichloromethane (DCM) phase, hydroalcoholic (HYD) secondary extract, and methanolic (MET) extract showed cytotoxic effects on all cell lines. Active extracts and fractions were analyzed by HPLC-QTOF-MS, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR. Cell lines H1299 and PC-3 treated with fractions F4, F7, and DCM2-AQ-Ch sub-extract showed morphological changes resembling those observed in the apoptosis control, and no signs of necrosis were observed. The selectivity of fraction F7 was above 100 μg mL^-1 for healthy cells, while cytotoxic activity was observed in cancer cells. This fraction was identified as mostly fatty acids (FA) by NMR. Seventeen compounds with reported biological activities, such as antioxidant, analgesic, antiviral, and anticancer, were identified from <i>C. malayensis</i> extracts and fractions. Among them, the phycotoxins gambieric acid A and B, okadaic acid, and dinophysistoxin-1 were detected. Further studies are needed to reveal more significant anti-cancer potential from <i>C. malayensis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}