Lex Publica最新文献

{"title":"Micro Plastic Pollution in Southasia: The Impact of Plastic Pollution over the Unsustainable Development Goals","authors":"Tasfiea Rifa, Mohammad Belayet Hossain","doi":"10.58829/lp.9.2.2022.01-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.9.2.2022.01-28","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. \u0000One of the most pressing environmental issues facing the world right now is plastic waste. Once in the environment, plastics continuously degrade into microplastics, which are fragments of plastic. There are more national and international promises to reduce microplastic pollution as the world's plastic production rises. National governments are increasingly banning single-use plastic products or imposing taxes on them. Consider the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the UN Environment Assembly Resolutions on Marine Litter and Microplastics, and Addressing Single-Use Plastic Products Pollution as examples of these commitments. In 2015, the UN announced the adoption of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In an effort to increase their sustainability, the SDGs have been extensively adopted by governments and businesses. There are 17 SDGs, comprising 169 targets, which are measurable against 247 unique indicators but there is only one indicator under Goal 14, specifically related to reducing impacts from microplastics. There are various international and regional legal policies which have provisions that indicate plastic pollution but none of them have mentioned microplastic pollution. There are some recent national legislations regarding microplastic pollution. This paper briefly discusses the concept of microplastics and the situation of microplastics pollution in selected South Asian countries including India, Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. There is a brief overview of international and regional legal policies along with litigations are cultivated in this paper. The paper also analyzes the impact of plastic pollution over The Un Sustainable Development Goals. \u0000  \u0000Abstrak. \u0000Salah satu masalah lingkungan paling mendesak yang dihadapi dunia saat ini adalah sampah plastik. Begitu berada di lingkungan, plastik terus terdegradasi menjadi mikroplastik, yang merupakan pecahan plastik. Ada lebih banyak janji nasional dan internasional untuk mengurangi polusi mikroplastik saat produksi plastik dunia meningkat. Pemerintah nasional semakin melarang produk plastik sekali pakai atau mengenakan pajak pada mereka. Pertimbangkan Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan PBB, Resolusi Majelis Lingkungan PBB tentang Sampah Laut dan Mikroplastik, dan Mengatasi Polusi Produk Plastik Sekali Pakai sebagai contoh dari komitmen ini. Pada 2015, PBB mengumumkan adopsi 17 Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDGs). Dalam upaya meningkatkan keberlanjutannya, SDGs telah diadopsi secara luas oleh pemerintah dan bisnis. Ada 17 SDGs, yang terdiri dari 169 target, yang dapat diukur dengan 247 indikator unik, tetapi hanya ada satu indikator di bawah Tujuan 14, khususnya terkait pengurangan dampak mikroplastik. Terdapat berbagai kebijakan hukum internasional dan regional yang memiliki ketentuan yang mengindikasikan pencemaran plastik namun belum ada satupun yang menyebutkan pencemaran mikroplastik. Ada beberapa undang-undang nasional baru-baru ini.","PeriodicalId":181611,"journal":{"name":"Lex Publica","volume":"427 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132977901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Laws Related to Medical Negligence in Bangladesh","authors":"M. Hossain","doi":"10.58829/lp.9.2.2022.29-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.9.2.2022.29-48","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000Medical negligence is a violation of the rights to health and life perpetrated by members of the medical professional group entrusted with preserving those rights. Because of increased issues related to medical negligence, numerous countries have introduced new legislation and established independent courts to enhance their healthcare laws. Sadly, medical negligence and malpractice are an issue in Bangladesh in the lack of elaborate or specific rules. In Bangladesh, many laws include numerous legal obligations for health professionals but are not adequately established. As a result, medical negligence and malpractice are causing substantial social consequences that neither the government nor the society expected or condoned. Given the problems and consequences, the goal of this study is to provide a depth elaboration of medical negligence, analyse the laws that currently exist in Bangladesh regarding medical negligence and identify the significant weaknesses in those laws, and, finally, make some recommendations for how Bangladesh can take practical steps toward preventing violations of patients’ rights to health care. \u0000Abstrak \u0000Kelalaian medis adalah pelanggaran terhadap hak atas kesehatan dan kehidupan yang dilakukan oleh anggota kelompok profesi medis yang dipercayakan untuk menjaga hak-hak tersebut. Karena meningkatnya masalah terkait kelalaian medis, banyak negara telah memperkenalkan undang-undang baru dan membentuk pengadilan independen untuk meningkatkan undang-undang perawatan kesehatan mereka. Sayangnya, kelalaian medis dan malpraktik menjadi masalah di Bangladesh karena kurangnya aturan yang rumit atau spesifik. Di Bangladesh, banyak undang-undang memasukkan banyak kewajiban hukum bagi profesional kesehatan tetapi tidak ditetapkan secara memadai. Akibatnya, kelalaian medis dan malpraktik menyebabkan konsekuensi sosial yang substansial yang tidak diharapkan atau dimaafkan oleh pemerintah maupun masyarakat. Mengingat masalah dan konsekuensinya, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan penjelasan mendalam tentang kelalaian medis, menganalisis undang-undang yang saat ini ada di Bangladesh mengenai kelalaian medis dan mengidentifikasi kelemahan signifikan dalam undang-undang tersebut, dan, akhirnya, membuat beberapa rekomendasi untuk bagaimana Bangladesh dapat mengambil langkah praktis untuk mencegah pelanggaran hak pasien atas perawatan kesehatan.","PeriodicalId":181611,"journal":{"name":"Lex Publica","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114298418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compliance of the Subjective Terms of Detention in Criminal Procedure with International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights","authors":"Awalia Safinatunnajah, Mahrus Ali, Papontee Teeraphan","doi":"10.58829/lp.9.2.2022.67-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.9.2.2022.67-80","url":null,"abstract":"Detention is one of the coercive measures carried out in the investigation stage. Detention is regulated in Article 21 of the Criminal Procedure Code, in that article there are subjective conditions for detention. Conditions that must be met after the objective conditions. The subjective terms contained in Article 21 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code contain an element of concern. This concern has an abstraction in the determination of detention. This can be dependent on the point of view of law enforcement. The International Civil and Political Rights Covenant (ICCPR) has been ratified by Indonesia. The agreement also regulates detention in Article 9 and Article 14 of the ICCPR. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of the provisions regarding the subjective conditions of detention in the Criminal Procedure in accordance with the principles of detention in ICCPR. This study uses a normative juridical research method with legal materials and uses a conceptual approach which then draws a conclusion. The result is that the detention regulations in Article 21 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code are not in accordance with the principles contained in Article 9 and Article 14 of the ICCPR. To be precise, the principle of legality, the principle of necessity, the principle of proportionality, the principle of equality before the law and the principle of presumption of innocence. Subjective terms in Indonesia rely on the views of law enforcement without any clear boundaries that creates legal uncertainty. \u0000Abstrak. Penahanan merupakan salah satu upaya paksa yang dilakukan dalam tahap penyidikan. Penahanan diatur dalam Pasal 21 KUHAP, dalam pasal tersebut adanya syarat subjektif penahanan. Syarat yang harus dipenuhi setelah syarat objektif. Syarat subjektif yang terdapat dalam Pasal 21 ayat (1) KUHAP mengandung unsur kekhawatiran. Kekhawatiran ini terdapat keabstrakan dalam penentuan penahanan. Hal ini dapat menjadi ketergantungan sudut pandang pada penegak hukum. Internasional Covenant Cipil and Political Rights (ICCPR) telah diratifikasi oleh Indonesia, perjanjian tersebut mengatur juga tentang penahanan pada Pasal 9 dan Pasal 14 ICCPR. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kesesuaian ketentuan tentang syarat subjektif penahanan dalam KUHAP sesuai dengan prinsip penahanan dalam Internasional Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan bahan hukum dan menggunakan pendekatan konseptual yang kemudian diambil suatu kesimpulan. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu peraturan penahanan pada Pasal 21 ayat (1) KUHAP belum sesuai dengan asas-asas yang terkandung dalam Pasal 9 dan Pasal 14 ICCPR. Tepatnya asas legalitas, asas nesesitas, asas proporsionalitas, asas persamaan dihadapan hukum dan asas praduga tidak bersalah. Karena dalam syarat subjektif mengandalkan pada pandangan penegak hukum tanpa ada batasan yang jelas sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpastian","PeriodicalId":181611,"journal":{"name":"Lex Publica","volume":"296 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116599083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Money Laundering through Cryptocurrency and Its Arrangements in Indonesian Money Laundering Act","authors":"Andhira Wardani, Mahrus Ali, J. Barkhuizen","doi":"10.58829/lp.9.2.2022.49-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.9.2.2022.49-66","url":null,"abstract":"The development of the modus operandi of money laundering become a major concern. Cryptocurrency technology has the potential to become a new media for money laundering because law enforcement officials still use to this technology, this technology which has a pseudonymous and even anonymous character is a new means for money laundering perpetrators to disguise their crimes. This study aims to examine how cryptocurrency is used as the modus operandi of money laundering and how is the readiness of regulations in Indonesia, especially Law No. 8 of 2010 in prosecuting money laundering offenders with the cryptocurrency modus operandi. This study uses a normative juridical method with legal materials from literature studies and uses a statutory regulation approach. The results of this study are the use of crypto as a mode of money laundering due to peer-to-peer networks, namely the absence of third parties to supervise crypto transactions, high user privacy, and transaction flexibility. \u0000Abstrak. Berkembangnya modus operandi pencucian uang menjadi perhatian utama. Teknologi cryptocurrency berpotensi menjadi media baru TPPU dikarenakan masih awamnya teknologi tersebut oleh aparat penegak hukum, teknologi yang memiliki karakter pseudonymous bahkan anonymous ini menjadi sarana baru bagi pelaku TPPU untuk menyamarkan kejahatannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana pemanfaatan cryptocurrency sebagai modus operandi TPPU dan bagaimana kesiapan regulasi di Indonesia khususnya Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2010 dalam menjerat pelaku TPPU dengan modus operandi cryptocurrency. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan bahan hukum studi kepustakaan dan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah pemanfaatan kripto sebagai modus pencucian uang dikarenakan jaringan peer-to-peer yaitu tidak adanya pihak ketiga yang melakukan pengawasan transaksi kripto, privasi pengguna yang tinggi, dan fleksibilitas transaksi. \u0000Kata kunci: Modus Operandi, Cryptocurrency, Pencucian Uang, Indonesia","PeriodicalId":181611,"journal":{"name":"Lex Publica","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126319967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legal Regime of Genetically Modified Food: Developing Country in The Context","authors":"Saida Talukder Rahi, Anwar Hossan Sagor","doi":"10.58829/lp.9.2.2022.67-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.9.2.2022.67-87","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple challenges of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) have led different countries to adopt quite different approaches for GM foods and crops. Among Developing Countries, In Bangladesh, commercial cultivation of GM crops is poised to receive approval, but the country faces constraints in reducing risks associated with the release and handling of GMOs. The primary goal of this study is to examine the various laws, policies, and regulations that Bangladesh has to regulate issues related to GM foods and to determine how current laws are applied to assess and manage risks associated with the introduction of GM crops. An analytical and qualitative approach was applied in this regard. In general, the concepts of intellectual property rights, trade, food safety, labeling, and public policy are relevant to GMOs. It is found that there are currently no laws enacted particularly to address the biosafety of GM crops and foods. Only the Biosafety Guidelines, a non-binding document, cover issues related to GMOs, but there is no effective enforcement. Apart from this, the Intellectual Property Rights Law does not comply with the requirements of TRIPS to address the environmental release of GMOs. Sanitary and phytosanitary regulation is very weak in enforcement. Additionally, the food safety law, labeling regulations, and risk assessment guidelines, principles of international environmental laws are not in application. This paper concluded that no comprehensive legal framework for dealing with biosafety-related issues exists. It recommends that Bangladesh should adopt a comprehensive law and policy governing biosafety.\u0000Abstrak\u0000Berbagai tantangan dari Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) telah menyebabkan berbagai negara mengadopsi pendekatan yang sangat berbeda untuk makanan dan tanaman GM. Di antara Negara Berkembang, Di Bangladesh, pembudidayaan tanaman GM secara komersial siap untuk menerima persetujuan, tetapi negara tersebut menghadapi kendala untuk mengurangi risiko yang terkait dengan pelepasan dan penanganan GMO. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji berbagai undang-undang, kebijakan, dan peraturan yang dimiliki Bangladesh untuk mengatur masalah yang berkaitan dengan makanan GM dan untuk menentukan bagaimana undang-undang saat ini diterapkan untuk menilai dan mengelola risiko yang terkait dengan pengenalan tanaman GM. Pendekatan analitis dan kualitatif diterapkan dalam hal ini. Secara umum, konsep hak kekayaan intelektual, perdagangan, keamanan pangan, pelabelan, dan kebijakan publik relevan dengan transgenik. Ditemukan bahwa saat ini tidak ada undang-undang yang diberlakukan secara khusus untuk mengatasi keamanan hayati tanaman dan makanan GM. Hanya Pedoman Keamanan Hayati, sebuah dokumen yang tidak mengikat, yang mencakup isu-isu terkait GMO, tetapi tidak ada penegakan yang efektif. Selain itu, Undang-Undang Hak Kekayaan Intelektual tidak memenuhi persyaratan TRIPS untuk mengatasi pelepasan transgenik ke lingkungan. Regulasi sa","PeriodicalId":181611,"journal":{"name":"Lex Publica","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128330780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retirement and Continuation of Employment Relations: Annotation of Supreme Court Circular Letter Number 5 of 2021","authors":"Willy Farianto","doi":"10.58829/lp.9.1.2022.111-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.9.1.2022.111-122","url":null,"abstract":"Retirement is a time when a worker stops working because he is old or has entered old age. At that time, laws and regulations stipulated that termination of employment could be carried out for the reason that workers were entering retirement age. However, sometimes it is common to find a company still employing retirees, whether they are employees who have retired but are still employed or have had their term of office extended, or who have retired and then been called back to work. For employees who have retired and are re-employed, the company can use a Specific Time Work Agreement (Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu /PKWT) by taking into account the time period and completion of work as stipulated in Article 4 paragraph (1) amended by Article 5 paragraphs (1) and (2) and amended by Article 6 of Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021. In line with the absence of laws and regulations prohibiting employers or companies from re-employing workers who have reached retirement age, the Supreme Court issued a Supreme Court Circular (Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung/SEMA) Number 5 of 2021 concerning Enforcement of the Formulation of the Results of the 2021 Supreme Court Chamber Plenary Meeting as a Guideline for the Implementation of Duties for the Court in which it regulates the rights of workers who retire and then are reemployed.","PeriodicalId":181611,"journal":{"name":"Lex Publica","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124339525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restorative Justice for Juvenile Drugs Use in Indonesian Court: A Criminological Approach","authors":"D. I. Supaat","doi":"10.58829/lp.9.1.2022.94-110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.9.1.2022.94-110","url":null,"abstract":"In Indonesia there are still many children who have been sentenced after the enactment of the Law on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and other regulations. A question arises as to whether there are any obstacles in the application of Supreme CourtRegulation (PERMA) Number 4 of 2014. This paper reviews restorative justice for criminal juvenile drug use users. The method used in this research is a normative juridical approach using a case approach and a statute approach where the research is carried out by examining library materials which are secondary data. The results of the study show that PERMA Number 4 of 2014 regulates diversion against children whose charges are in the form of subsidiary, alternative, cumulative, or combination (combined). One of which is punishable by under 7 (seven) years in prison. Furthermore, PERMA No. 4 of 2014 has not fully provided legal protection for children, especially perpetrators of drug use crimes, so that PERMA needs further regulation in accordance with the provisions to avoid contradictions. Therefore, there is a need for consolidation between law enforcers to formulate legal certainty from the juvenile justice system.","PeriodicalId":181611,"journal":{"name":"Lex Publica","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130781305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patriarchy and the Rights of Rape Victims: Law and Practice","authors":"Udita Barua, Mohammad Belayet Hossain","doi":"10.58829/lp.9.1.2022.79-93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.9.1.2022.79-93","url":null,"abstract":"Rape is one of the most heinous forms of violence against women around the world. People are getting more civilized and educated but this gruesome crime is increasing in an alarming rate. Moreover, it is the least reported crime in the world and sadly Bangladesh is no exception. This social misdeed is creating a society that disregards women and children’s rights and safety. As an effect, victims are blamed in most cases and rapist get away through the loophole of the law. Thus, there is an unending suffering of victims and their families are humiliated or disgraced in the society. The purpose of this research is to show how the rights of rape victims are protected in Bangladesh. This paper is also going to manifest in what extent those provisions are applicable in a practical way. This study also evaluated various Bangladeshi laws and tried to find out the barriers to execute them. The paper has identified many loopholes in the existing legal system and provided recommendations to stop this despicable social illness.\u0000Abstrak\u0000Pemerkosaan adalah salah satu bentuk kekerasan paling keji terhadap perempuan di seluruh dunia. Orang-orang menjadi lebih beradab dan berpendidikan tetapi kejahatan mengerikan ini meningkat dengan kecepatan yang mengkhawatirkan. Selain itu, ini adalah kejahatan yang paling sedikit dilaporkan di dunia dan sayangnya Bangladesh tidak terkecuali. Kejahatan sosial ini menciptakan masyarakat yang mengabaikan hak dan keamanan perempuan dan anak-anak. Akibatnya, korban disalahkan dalam banyak kasus dan pemerkosa lolos melalui celah hukum. Dengan demikian, tidak ada habisnya penderitaan para korban dan keluarganya yang direndahkan atau dipermalukan di masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana hak-hak korban perkosaan dilindungi di Bangladesh. Makalah ini juga akan memanifestasikan sejauh mana ketentuan tersebut dapat diterapkan secara praktis. Studi ini juga mengevaluasi berbagai undang-undang Bangladesh dan mencoba mencari tahu hambatan untuk mengeksekusinya. Makalah ini telah mengidentifikasi banyak celah dalam sistem hukum yang ada dan memberikan rekomendasi untuk menghentikan penyakit sosial yang tercela ini.\u0000Kata kunci: Pemerkosa, pemerkosaan anak, pemerintah, bunuh diri, patriarki","PeriodicalId":181611,"journal":{"name":"Lex Publica","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134020779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking Genocidal Intent: An Interpretation under the International Law and the Jurisprudence of International Criminal Tribunals","authors":"Md. Hasnath Kabir Fahim","doi":"10.58829/lp.9.1.2022.58-78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.9.1.2022.58-78","url":null,"abstract":"Many criminal lawyers and scholars of criminal law have applied an analytical method to examine the elements of crime, and such elements are comprised of subjective elements (mens rea) and objective elements (actus reus). According to this, a crime is either an act or omission with a psychological bond relating to the physical act of the criminal. Regarding the crime of genocide, its elements are derived from the definition of genocide under the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute. The Genocide Convention defines genocide as the commission of an act with the intent to destroy, either wholly or partly, a national, racial, ethnical, or religious group. However, the ‘genocidal intent’ or mental element to commit the crime of genocide was not considered in the military trials of Nuremberg and Tokyo. This ‘genocidal intent’ received its very first attention during the trials of two ad hoc international tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. This paper attempts to discuss the definition of genocide under the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute. This paper, then, focuses on the mental element of genocide and the approach of the international criminal courts during the trial of genocide.\u0000Abstrak\u0000Banyak ahli hukum pidana dan sarjana hukum pidana telah menerapkan metode analisis untuk mengkaji unsur-unsur kejahatan dan unsur-unsur tersebut terdiri dari unsur subyektif (mens rea) dan unsur obyektif (actus reus). Menurut ini, kejahatan adalah perbuatan atau kelalaian dengan ikatan psikologis yang berkaitan dengan perbuatan fisik pelaku kejahatan. Mengenai kejahatan genosida, unsur-unsurnya diturunkan dari pengertian genosida di bawah Konvensi Genosida dan Statuta Roma. Konvensi Genosida mendefinisikan genosida sebagai tindakan yang bertujuan untuk menghancurkan baik seluruhnya atau sebagian, kelompok bangsa, ras, etnis atau agama. Namun, ‘niat genosida’ atau unsur mental untuk melakukan kejahatan genosida tidak dipertimbangkan dalam pengadilan militer di Nuremberg dan Tokyo. ‘Niat genosida’ ini mendapat perhatian pertama selama persidangan dua pengadilan internasional ad hoc untuk Bekas Yugoslavia dan Rwanda. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk membahas definisi genosida di bawah Konvensi Genosida dan Statuta Roma. Artikel tersebut kemudian berfokus pada unsur mental genosida dan pendekatan pengadilan pidana internasional selama persidangan genosida.\u0000Kata kunci: niat genosida, konvensi genosida, kelompok tertentu, hukum pidana internasional, penghancuran","PeriodicalId":181611,"journal":{"name":"Lex Publica","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132086423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of Diplomatic Assurance Against Torture: The Way to Reduce the Refugee Crisis in South Asia","authors":"Chowdhury Nujhat Samanta, Mohammad Belayet Hossain","doi":"10.58829/lp.9.1.2022.1-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.9.1.2022.1-29","url":null,"abstract":"States aim to send refugees back to their home countries in order to end the refugee crisis in their nation. Due to the human rights situation in the countries of origin, this can occasionally be problematic; the return involves the prohibition of refoulment and the prevention of torture or other cruel treatment. States are not allowed to use torture, including putting someone in a position where they might be tortured. For a very long time, diplomatic guarantees have been employed as a defense against the death penalty or unfair trials. From that time, states used to rely on guarantees for a returnee’s treatment. The guarantees were protected at the diplomatic level of relations between nations. In this research, subject to legal value, the reliability of diplomatic assurance is measured as well as an assessment has been made about the current state of south Asian nations that have hosted refugees for an extended time. This paper also supports the use of diplomatic assurance as a workable option to alleviate the refugee crisis where developed countries can contribute the best. The findings indicate that there is no specific legal framework to support such assurances in different south Asian developing as well as other developed countries. There is even a lack of research in this regard. South Asian nations could take seven factors into account according to the recommendations of the study. So, it is necessary to implement the recommendations to reach the goal of solving the refugee situation.\u0000Abstrak\u0000Negara bertujuan untuk mengirim pengungsi kembali ke negara asal mereka untuk mengakhiri krisis pengungsi di negara mereka. Karena situasi hak asasi manusia di negara asal, hal ini terkadang menimbulkan masalah; pengembalian melibatkan larangan refoulment dan pencegahan penyiksaan atau perlakuan kejam lainnya. Negara tidak diperbolehkan menggunakan penyiksaan, termasuk menempatkan seseorang pada posisi di mana mereka mungkin disiksa. Untuk waktu yang sangat lama, jaminan diplomatik digunakan sebagai pembelaan terhadap hukuman mati atau pengadilan yang tidak adil. Sejak saat itu, negara biasanya mengandalkan jaminan untuk perawatan orang yang kembali. Jaminan tersebut dilindungi pada tingkat diplomatik hubungan antar negara. Dalam penelitian ini, tunduk pada nilai hukum, keandalan jaminan diplomatik diukur serta penilaian telah dibuat tentang keadaan negara-negara Asia Selatan saat ini yang telah lama menampung pengungsi. Tulisan ini juga mendukung penggunaan jaminan diplomasi sebagai opsi yang dapat diterapkan untuk mengurangi krisis pengungsi di mana negara maju dapat memberikan kontribusi terbaiknya. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada kerangka hukum khusus untuk mendukung jaminan tersebut di berbagai negara berkembang Asia Selatan serta negara maju lainnya. Bahkan ada kekurangan penelitian dalam hal ini. Negara-negara Asia Selatan dapat mempertimbangkan tujuh faktor sesuai dengan rekomendasi penelitian. Jadi, perlu untuk menerapkan rekomendasi unt","PeriodicalId":181611,"journal":{"name":"Lex Publica","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117176630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}