Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"A dose characterization study evaluating the pharmacodynamics and safety of a concentrated alfaxalone solution (4%) as an intramuscular sedative in dogs","authors":"Ting Michelle Angel Yvonne Hoon,&nbsp;Irving Tjiah Wern Kat,&nbsp;Kirby Pasloske,&nbsp;Trisha Farry,&nbsp;Wendy Anne Goodwin","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13423","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13423","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alfaxalone is a commonly employed veterinary anaesthetic induction and sedation agent. A 4% w/v preserved, aqueous formulation of alfaxalone ‘RD0387’ (A4%) has recently been developed. To evaluate the sedative effects of A4%, three doses, 5 mg kg⁻¹ (A5); 7.5 mg kg⁻¹ (A7.5) and 10 mg kg⁻¹ (A10) were administered intramuscularly into the epaxial musculature of six healthy adult mixed-breed dogs in an experimental, randomized, blinded, crossover study. Sedation time variables, quality of sedation (including onset of sedation and recovery), physiological variables, response to cephalic vein catheterization and frequency of undesirable events were recorded. Continuous variables were analysed between treatments (one-way ANOVA or restricted maximum likelihood modelling) and within treatments compared with baseline (Tukey's test). Categorical data were analysed between treatments (Kruskal-Wallis' test) and within treatments from baseline (Dunn's test). Significance was set at <i>p</i> &lt; .05. All dogs became sedated (laterally recumbent) and sedation onset was significantly faster in groups A7.5 (9.8 ± 5.3 min) and A10 (9.1 ± 5.6 min) compared to A5 (25.6 ± 16.1 min) (<i>p</i> = .033, <i>p</i> = .027, respectively). Duration of sedation was significantly longer in A10 (168.5 ± 70.6 min) and A7.5 (143.8 ± 58 min) compared to A5 (63.8 ± 28.2 min) (<i>p</i> = .005 and <i>p</i> = .003, respectively). Dogs in A10 had a superior quality of onset of sedation compared to A5 (<i>p</i> = .028). Sedation scores and quality of recovery from sedation were not significantly different between doses. Two dogs (2/6) in A5 were insufficiently sedated for cephalic catheterization. Ataxia was the most frequently observed undesirable event with an overall frequency of 78% (14/18) and 89% (16/18) during sedation onset and recovery, respectively. Overall, A4% administered IM in dogs at 7.5 and 10 mg kg⁻¹ resulted in sufficient sedation for IV catheterization in dogs. To improve the speed and quality of the sedation, it is recommended that future research focuses on combining A4% with other sedative or analgesic drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvp.13423","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139048999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam following intravenous administration at different doses in sheep","authors":"Huseyin Gungor,&nbsp;Orhan Corum,&nbsp;Duygu Durna Corum,&nbsp;Alper Serhat Kumru,&nbsp;Gökhan Yilmaz,&nbsp;Devran Coskun,&nbsp;Alparslan Coskun,&nbsp;Kamil Uney","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13422","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13422","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this study is to determine the pharmacokinetic change after intravenous administration of meloxicam at doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg to sheep. The study was carried out on six Akkaraman sheep. Meloxicam was administered intravenously to each sheep at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg doses in a longitudinal pharmacokinetic design with a 15-day washout period. Plasma concentrations of meloxicam were determined using the high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet, and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by non-compartmental analysis. Meloxicam was detected up to 48 h in the 0.5 mg/kg dose and up to 96 h in the 1 and 2 mg/kg doses. As the dose increased from 0.5 to 2 mg/kg, terminal elimination half-life, and dose normalized area under the concentration versus time curve increased and total clearance decreased. Compared to the 1 mg/kg dose, it was determined that <i>V</i>_dss decreased and <i>C</i>_0.083h increased in the 2 mg/kg dose. Meloxicam provided the therapeutic concentration of &gt;0.39 μg/mL reported in other species for 12, 48 and 96 h at 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg doses, respectively. These results show that meloxicam exhibits non-linear pharmacokinetics and will achieve unpredictable plasma concentrations when administered IV for a rapid effect at dose of ≥1 mg/kg in sheep.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138460737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metronidazole pharmacokinetics in geese (Anser anser domesticus) after intravenous and oral administrations","authors":"Charbel Fadel,&nbsp;Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska,&nbsp;Krzysztof Bourdo,&nbsp;Amnart Poapolathep,&nbsp;Georges Hassoun,&nbsp;Mario Giorgi","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13421","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13421","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metronidazole (MTZ) is a 5-nitroimidazole anti-bacterial and anti-protozoal drug. In human and companion animal medicine, MTZ remains widely used due to its effectiveness against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. In farm animals, however, MTZ is currently prohibited in several countries due to insufficient data on nitroimidazoles. The purpose of this study was to assess its pharmacokinetics (PK) in geese after single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administrations. Fifteen-month old healthy male geese (<i>n</i> = 8) were used. Geese were subjected to a two-phase, single-dose (10 mg/kg IV, 50 mg/kg PO), open, longitudinal study design with a two-week washout period between the IV and PO phases. Blood was drawn from the left wing vein to heparinized tubes at 0, 0.085 (for IV only), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, and 48 h. Plasma MTZ concentrations were measured using HPLC coupled to an UV detector, and the data were pharmacokinetically analyzed using PKanalix™ software with a non-compartmental approach. MTZ was still quantifiable and well above the LLOQ at 24 h after both routes of administration. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution, and total clearance were 5.47 h, 767 mL/kg, and 96 mL/h/kg, respectively. For the PO route, the bioavailability was high (85%), and the mean peak plasma concentration was 60.27 μg/mL at 1 h. When parameters were normalized for the dose, there were no statistically significant differences for any of the PK parameters between the two routes of administration. The study shows that oral administration of MTZ seems to be promising in geese, although comprehensive research on its pharmacodynamics and multiple-dose studies are necessary before its adoption in geese can be further considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvp.13421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138460736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline hyclate in pigs with a new feed premix formulation","authors":"Mónica Zermeño-Acosta,&nbsp;Héctor Sumano,&nbsp;Jorge Luna-del Villar,&nbsp;Maria Josefa Bernad,&nbsp;Lilia Gutiérrez","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13419","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13419","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to evaluate the administration of doxycycline hyclate in a long-acting pharmaceutical preparation in pigs when administered either ad libitum as a feed medication or an oral bolus dose. In all instances, the studied dose was 20 mg/kg b.w. A total of 48 healthy crossbred, castrated male pigs (Landrace-Yorkshire) weighing 23 ± 4.3 kg were included in this trial. They were randomly assigned to six groups as follows: two groups for the experimental prototype 1 of doxycycline hyclate administering it ad libitum (Fad-lib) or as forced bolus (Fbolus); two groups for the experimental prototype 2 of doxycycline hyclate as for the former groups (FCad-lib and FCbolus), and two control groups receiving the same dose of doxycycline hyclate, but of a commercial premix, also as previously explained (Cbolus and Cad-lib). Statistical analysis of the mean pharmacokinetic values was carried out with Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's tests. The relative bioavailability (Fr) of the best prototype, when administered ad libitum (FCad-lib), was five times larger than the reference group (Cadlib). These results allow the proposal that the referred differences achieved in the presented prototypes can mark a notable clinical difference, particularly in pathogens with some resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138445181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in 6-week-old swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) after intravenous and oral administration","authors":"Charlotte Cuypers,&nbsp;Mathias Devreese,&nbsp;Katleen Van Uytfanghe,&nbsp;Christophe Stove,&nbsp;Stijn Schauvliege","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13418","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13418","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sedative as well as protective effects during hypoxia have been described for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). Six swine (<i>Sus scrofa domesticus</i>) of 6 weeks old were administered NaGHB at a dose of 500 mg/kg intravenously (IV) and 500 and 750 mg/kg orally (PO) in a triple cross-over design. Repeated blood sampling was performed to allow pharmacokinetic analysis of GHB. Whole blood concentration at time point 0 after IV administration was 1727.21 ± 280.73 μg/mL, with a volume of distribution of 339.45 ± 51.41 mL/kg and clearance of 164.94 ± 47.05 mL/(kg h). The mean peak plasma concentrations after PO administration were 326.57 ± 36.70 and 488.01 ± 154.62 μg/mL for 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg, respectively. These were recorded at 1.42 ± 0.72 and 1.58 ± 0.58 h after PO dose for GHB 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg, respectively. The elimination half-life for IV and PO 500 mg/kg and PO 750 mg/kg dose was respectively 1.33 ± 0.30, 1.16 ± 0.31 and 1.11 ± 0.33 h. The bioavailability (<i>F</i>) for PO administration was 45%. No clinical adverse effects were observed after PO administration. Deep sleep was seen in one animal after IV administration, other animals showed head pressing and ataxia.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138176550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depletion of tilmicosin residue in Gushi chickens following oral administration via drinking water","authors":"Mei Zhang,&nbsp;Kun Qian,&nbsp;Guang-Hui Li,&nbsp;Ming-Hui Duan,&nbsp;Ze-En Li,&nbsp;Yan Dai,&nbsp;Jun-Cheng Chen,&nbsp;Fan Yang","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13416","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13416","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to examine the depletion of tilmicosin residues in Gushi chickens following the administration at a concentration of 75 mg/L in their drinking water for three consecutive days. Plasma, liver, kidney, lung, muscle, and skin + fat samples were collected from 6 chickens at 6 h, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after the treatment. Tilmicosin concentrations in the samples were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The findings revealed that the highest tilmicosin residues were detected in the liver, followed by the kidney, lung, skin + fat, muscle, and plasma. Notably, at 7 days post-treatment, no drug residue was detected in all samples except for the liver and kidney. The non-compartmental model was employed to calculate relevant pharmacokinetic parameters. The elimination half-lives (<i>t</i>_1/2λz) of tilmicosin were as follows, ranked from long to short: skin + fat (45.42 h), liver (44.17 h), kidney (40.06 h), plasma (37.64 h), lung (31.39 h), and muscle (30.05 h). Considering the current residue depletion and the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by Chinese regulatory authorities, the withdrawal times for tilmicosin were estimated as 18.91, 10.81, and 8.58 days in the kidney, liver, and skin + fat, respectively. A rounded-up value of 19 days was selected as the conclusive withdrawal time. Furthermore, based on the observed tilmicosin concentrations in plasma and lung, combined with previously reported minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i>, the current dosing regimen was deemed adequate for treating <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> infections in Gushi chickens.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72209818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of opioid antinociception and hypothermia in dogs—An animal welfare refinement","authors":"Butch KuKanich,&nbsp;Kate KuKanich,&nbsp;Astrid D. Carcamo Tzic,&nbsp;Elayna E. Anderson","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13415","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13415","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this study was to assess antinociception and correlation of antinociception and hypothermic effects after intravenous opioids in dogs. Nine healthy male Beagles were enrolled in the study. They were acclimated to a thermal nociceptive device, then received three IV treatments (saline, butorphanol 0.4 mg/kg and methadone 0.5 mg/kg) in a randomized complete block design. Rectal temperature and thermal withdrawals were assessed prior to and 0.5–6 h after drug administration. One dog was excluded due to lack of withdrawal to thermal stimuli. Rectal temperatures were not significantly different between treatments at time 0, but significantly decreased from 0.5 to 5 h for both opioids compared to saline. Withdrawals were significantly decreased, compared to saline, from 0.5 to 4 h for butorphanol and 0.5–5 h for methadone. A significant (<i>p</i> = .0005) and moderate (<i>R</i>² = .43) correlation between antinociception and hypothermia occurred. Based on these data, intravenous butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) and methadone (0.5 mg/kg) provided 4 and 5 h of antinociception, respectively. Opioid hypothermia can serve as an easy, noninvasive and humane manner for preclinical assessment of opioid antinociception in dogs prior to evaluation in clinical trials. This is a major refinement in animal welfare for assessing novel opioids, opioid doses and dose intervals in dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71483053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of letrozole and effects of its increasing doses on gonadotropins in ewes during the breeding season","authors":"Mehmet Bugra Kivrak,&nbsp;Orhan Corum,&nbsp;Murat Yuksel,&nbsp;Erdinc Turk,&nbsp;Duygu Durna Corum,&nbsp;Ibrahim Ozan Tekeli,&nbsp;Kamil Uney","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13414","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13414","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Letrozole is a non-steroidal, third-generation aromatase inhibitor used in humans. Although letrozole is not approved for use in animals, it is used off-label in cases of synchronization and infertility. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of letrozole after a single intravenous administration at three different doses in ewes during the breeding season and its effect on gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)) at the beginning of proestrus. The study was carried out on 24 healthy Merino ewes. Ewes were randomly divided into four groups (<i>n</i> = 6) as control, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg. Plasma concentrations of letrozole were measured using HPLC-UV and were analyzed by non-compartmental analysis. LH and FSH concentrations were measured with a commercial ELISA kit. The terminal elimination half–life (<i>t</i>_1/2ʎz) was significantly prolonged from 11.82 to 18.44 h in parallel with the dose increase. The dose-normalized area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) increased, and total body clearance (Cl_T) decreased at the 1 and 2 mg/kg doses (0.05 L/h/kg) compared with the 0.5 mg/kg dose (0.08 L/h/kg). There were no differences in the volume of distribution at steady-state and initial (<i>C</i>_0.083h) plasma concentration values between dose groups. The decreased Cl_T, prolonged <i>t</i>_1/2ʎz, and increased AUC at increasing doses showed the nonlinear kinetic behavior of letrozole. Letrozole significantly reduced LH concentration without affecting FSH concentration at all doses. As a result, letrozole has the potential to be used in synchronization methods and manipulation of the follicular waves due to its effect on LH secretion.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71424731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in pre-ruminant calves after intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous administration","authors":"Annemari Jokela,&nbsp;Alexandra Nyrhilä,&nbsp;Magdy Adam,&nbsp;Kati Salla,&nbsp;Marja Raekallio,&nbsp;Riikka Aho,&nbsp;Marianna Norring,&nbsp;Ann-Helena Hokkanen","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13412","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13412","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Meloxicam is routinely used for pain alleviation in pre-ruminant calves during husbandry procedures. The pharmacokinetics of a single dose (0.5 mg/kg) of meloxicam was investigated after intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), and oral (PO) administration in 30 pre-ruminant calves. Each group included 10 calves. Oral meloxicam was administered at least 1 h after feeding. Plasma samples were collected for up to 168 h, and the meloxicam concentration was analysed with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, followed by a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The maximum meloxicam concentrations in plasma were 1.91 ± 0.27 μg/mL and 1.77 ± 0.16 μg/mL after SC and PO routes, respectively. The time of maximum concentration was 7.6 ± 2.8 h after SC and 10.0 ± 5.7 h after PO administration. The approximate bioavailability of meloxicam was 97% for SC and PO routes. The elimination half-lives were 79.2 ± 12.4, 84.6 ± 24.8, and 84.8 ± 22.3 h after IV, SC, and PO routes, respectively. The results suggest that the therapeutic meloxicam concentrations in plasma that are required for pain relief in other species, such as horses, may be maintained for several days following a single dose (0.5 mg/kg) administered IV, SC, or PO in calves.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvp.13412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61563212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics, withdrawal period and risk assessment of enrofloxacin in the northern snakehead (Channa argus) following bath administration","authors":"Meiling Zhang,&nbsp;Guangming Zheng,&nbsp;Yi Yin,&nbsp;Hao Zhou,&nbsp;Lisha Ma,&nbsp;Lichun Li,&nbsp;Jiawei Lin,&nbsp;Shugui Liu,&nbsp;Cheng Zhao,&nbsp;Xiaoxin Dai,&nbsp;Linting Wei,&nbsp;Qi Shan","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13413","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13413","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Enrofloxacin (ENR) is widely used in aquaculture practice, but little is known about its pharmacokinetic, withdrawal period and dietary risk in fish via bath administration. The purpose of this study was to provide data support for the use of ENR bath therapy in the northern snakehead (<i>Channa argus</i>). The pilot study was carried out to evaluate the therapy concentrations of ENR in northern snakehead with immersion concentrations ranged from 5 to 40 mg/L for 6 h. Based on results of the pilot study, an ENR immersion concentration of 20 mg/L was used for the formal experiment. At this dose, the peak concentrations of ENR in plasma, muscle plus skin, liver and kidney were 4.85, 4.55, 3.87 and 7.42 μg/mL (or g), respectively. According to the AUC_0-∞ values, the distribution of ENR in northern snakehead followed the order of kidney &gt; plasma &gt; liver &gt; muscle + skin. The elimination of ENR in northern snakehead was very slow, the half-lives (T_{1/2λ<i>z</i>}) were up to 90.31, 85.5, 104.56 and 120.9 h in plasma, muscle plus skin, liver and kidney, respectively. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) was not detected in any samples in the pilot study and was only occasionally detected in muscle plus skin and liver samples in formal experiment. Based on the calculated PK/PD index AUC/MIC and <i>C</i>_max/MIC, the current bath treatment regimen will have a good therapeutic effect on infections caused by bacteria with MIC below 0.6 μg/mL. The dietary risk assessment suggested that there was a dietary risk (Hazard Quotients &gt; 10%) until day 6 after bath treatment. It is mandatory for ENR to maintain a withdrawal period of at least 450°C-day in northern snakehead after bath treatment ceased.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49679069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}