Mariko Yata, Teresa C DeFrancesco, John D Bonagura, Mark G Papich
{"title":"Population Pharmacokinetics of Sildenafil in Dogs With Naturally Occurring Pulmonary Hypertension.","authors":"Mariko Yata, Teresa C DeFrancesco, John D Bonagura, Mark G Papich","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70057","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pharmacokinetics of sildenafil are ill-defined in dogs with naturally occurring pulmonary hypertension (PH). Because the plasma concentrations of sildenafil have not been reported for dogs with this disease, this study aimed to describe the population pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in a sample of dogs with PH. Twenty client-owned dogs with spontaneous PH associated with diverse comorbidities and receiving orally administered sildenafil were enrolled in a prospective, open-label, steady-state population pharmacokinetic study. Dogs underwent a sparse-sampling blood collection protocol after the morning dose of sildenafil. Plasma sildenafil concentrations were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Population pharmacokinetic analysis with nonlinear mixed effects modeling was performed, and selected covariates were evaluated in the model. Sildenafil was rapidly absorbed (absorption half-life 1.1 h) but variable (CV 94%) and reached maximal plasma concentrations at 2.51 h. The estimated elimination half-life was 2.9 h. However, substantial individual variability in pharmacokinetics of sildenafil was evident, unexplained by the covariates examined, and attributed primarily to the high variability in absorption. This finding supports the need for a large-scale study to identify the source of this variability to better guide therapy in poor responders to initial therapy with this drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"267-273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13159767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147284350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Residue Profiles of Enrofloxacin in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Following a Single Oral Administration.","authors":"Thangapalam Jawahar Abraham, Ratnapriya Das, Arya Sen, Niladri Sekhar Chatterjee, Ranjit Kumar Nadella, Prasanna Kumar Patil","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70047","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing frequency of bacterial diseases in aquaculture has necessitated the use of several antibiotics, including enrofloxacin (ENF), a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone. The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data on ENF under tropical aquaculture conditions remain scarce. This study investigated the PK profile, tissue accumulation, and depletion pattern of total active fluoroquinolone (ENF + CIP) in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg biomass. The ENF demonstrated rapid absorption, with peak plasma concentration (C<sub>max</sub>) of 1.33 ± 0.21 μg/mL at 0.59 h (T<sub>max</sub>), and extensive tissue distribution, particularly in bile (C<sub>max</sub>: 16.26 ± 0.50 μg/mL) and intestine (C<sub>max</sub>: 7.08 ± 0.28 μg/g). Elimination half-lives (t<sub>1/2β</sub>) varied among tissues, with prolonged persistence in skin (t<sub>1/2β</sub>: 693.18 h) and gills (t<sub>1/2β</sub>: 237.47 h), indicating slow depletion. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ENF indicated its high effectiveness against Aeromonas hydrophila (0.20 μg/mL), while Streptococcus agalactiae exhibited comparatively lower sensitivity (MIC: 1.56 μg/mL; MBC: 6.25 μg/mL). The PK/PD integration revealed that ENF achieved optimal therapeutic levels against A. hydrophila, but suboptimal levels for S. agalactiae under a single-dose regimen. These findings underscore the need for tailored dosing strategies and highlight the importance of pharmacokinetic and microbiological data for responsible antibiotic use in aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"333-342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146009937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juhana M Honkavaara, Ninja P Karikoski, Laura Palvas, Bruno H Pypendop, Valtteri M Rinne, Marja R Raekallio
{"title":"Exposure to Subcutaneously Administered Butorphanol in Horses Pre-Treated With Detomidine or Detomidine-Vatinoxan.","authors":"Juhana M Honkavaara, Ninja P Karikoski, Laura Palvas, Bruno H Pypendop, Valtteri M Rinne, Marja R Raekallio","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70051","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the study was to determine the exposure to subcutaneously administered butorphanol in horses pre-treated with intravenous (IV) detomidine, with or without vatinoxan, a peripherally selective alpha<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptor antagonist. Five healthy, adult horses received three IV treatments 7 days apart, in a randomized, cross-over design: detomidine 20 μg/kg (DET-B), detomidine 20 μg/kg with vatinoxan 200 μg/kg (DETVAT-B) and saline (S-B), all followed by 0.1 mg/kg of butorphanol administered subcutaneously 30 min later. Venous samples were collected between 10 and 270 min after butorphanol administration. Butorphanol concentrations in plasma were analyzed with liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadruple mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed with non-compartmental methods. The observed areas under plasma butorphanol concentration-time curves were 8104 ± 2590, 7042 ± 2628 and 5996 ± 1670 ng·min/mL for DET-B, DETVAT-B and S-B, respectively. There were no significant differences between treatments. Pre-treatment with detomidine, with or without vatinoxan, did not significantly affect the exposure to subcutaneously administered butorphanol in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"289-294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13159762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146093435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lisa Siegl, Mies Bethäuser, Daniela Nürnberger, Stefan Oswald, Andreas Moritz, Melanie Hamann, Joachim Geyer
{"title":"Functional Characterization of the Cat and Dog Wild-Type and Mutant MDR1 Carrier Proteins and Frequency of the MDR1 Gene Mutation in 800 Cats From Germany.","authors":"Lisa Siegl, Mies Bethäuser, Daniela Nürnberger, Stefan Oswald, Andreas Moritz, Melanie Hamann, Joachim Geyer","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70041","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ATP-binding cassette transporter MDR1 P-glycoprotein (syn. ABCB1) is an efflux carrier at the cell membrane that regulates drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. At the blood-brain barrier, MDR1 restricts brain entry of potentially neurotoxic drugs, such as ivermectin. In dogs and cats, MDR1 (syn. ABCB1) gene deletion mutations exist that have been associated with increased neurological toxicity after ivermectin treatment. The present study found an allelic frequency of 0.625% for the MDR1 mutation in 800 cats from Germany. In addition, the canine and feline mutant and wild-type MDR1 proteins were expressed in HEK293 and MDCKII cells, and transport experiments were performed with the fluorescent MDR1 probe substrate rhodamine 123. In both cell lines, significant MDR1-mediated rhodamine 123 efflux was identified for the wild-type MDR1 proteins, but not for the mutant MDR1 proteins, confirming a complete loss-of-function phenotype due to MDR1 gene mutation. Competitive in vitro studies showed inhibition of both wild-type MDR1 carriers with the reference MDR1 inhibitors verapamil (IC<sub>50</sub> = 5-9 μM), PSC833 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 1-2 μM), and tariquidar (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.1-0.2 μM), as well as with the antiparasitic drugs ivermectin (IC<sub>50</sub> = 3-4 μM), eprinomectin (IC<sub>50</sub> = 3-4 μM), moxidectin (IC<sub>50</sub> = 8-21 μM), selamectin (IC<sub>50</sub> = 10-22 μM), lotilaner (IC<sub>50</sub> = 11-23 μM), and sarolaner (IC<sub>50</sub> = 30-57 μM), clearly demonstrating multi-drug interactions with the MDR1 carriers from both species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"237-256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13159774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145878609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Novel Tools for Blended and Competency-Based Learning in Veterinary Compounding and Prescribing.","authors":"Sonja Bröer, Viviane Filor, Wolfgang Bäumer","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education (EAEVE), a graduate of veterinary medicine should be able to prescribe and dispense \"medicines correctly and responsibly in accordance with legislation and latest guidance\" (2019). In Germany, veterinarians can dispense drugs from their in-practice pharmacy, which makes dispensing and compounding a higher educational priority than in other EU member states. This report describes recent efforts to improve the teaching of relevant first-day skills in compounding and prescribing through active learning approaches such as blended learning and online learning resources, including flipped classroom settings and cloud-based documents to practice prescribing at one of the German Schools of Veterinary Medicine. We assessed how the introduction of blended and case-based learning and quizzes impacted learning outcomes and grades over the last 5 years, from 2019 to 2023. This timeframe included regular pre-pandemic teaching operations, remote teaching during the pandemic, and a return to in-person classes. Pandemic online teaching did not lead to worse outcomes in practical or theoretical knowledge; online tutorials for compounding improved student performance significantly during the pandemic, though performance declined after returning to in-person teaching until quiz-based extra points were introduced in 2023. Doubling prescription seminar time did not improve outcomes in 2020, but introducing a cloud-based prescription exercise in 2021 led to better results, and overall grades in pharmaceutical and narcotics law have significantly improved since 2020. Novel tools for blended and case-based learning improved all outcomes significantly and were positively evaluated by the students.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sidonie T Gallinger, Johanna C Heseltine, Kate Illing, Virginia R Fajt, Kate E Creevy
{"title":"Perceptions of Medications and Supplements by U.S. Dog-Interested Members of the Public and Final-Year Veterinary Students.","authors":"Sidonie T Gallinger, Johanna C Heseltine, Kate Illing, Virginia R Fajt, Kate E Creevy","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70064","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Veterinary graduates must be prepared to educate clients about medications and supplements. We surveyed 1955 Dog Aging Project newsletter recipients and 40 final-year veterinary students at Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences on their perceptions about medications and supplements. Respondents indicated whether each of 13 attributes applied to medications, supplements, neither, both, or \"I'm not sure.\" Frequency of responses by newsletter recipient respondents versus student respondents, respectively, were evaluated. We observed differences in the majority response for: (1) target a specific ailment (51% for newsletter recipients versus 62% for students, respectively); (2) target a specific condition (54% vs. 40%); (3) promote health and wellness (51% vs. 38%); (4) prevent worsening of a condition (60% vs. 72%); (5) are added to food (58% vs. 80%); (6) are recommended by a veterinarian (58% vs. 82%); (7) are covered by pet insurance (57% vs. 80%); and (8) are given to the animal long term or lifelong (55% vs. 72%). The overall distribution of responses was statistically significantly different between groups for three attributes: added to food (p < 0.001); recommended by a veterinarian (p = 0.005); and covered by pet insurance (p < 0.001). While a majority of both groups recognized that only medications are tested and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 15% of final-year veterinary students indicated that they thought both supplements and medications are FDA regulated, which suggests an important educational gap.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13040476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147390420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Rangel, Debra C. Sellon, Macarena G. Sanz, Erin Pinnell, Zuzanna M. Pietras, Nicolas F. Villarino
{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a Single Subcutaneous or Intramuscular Dose of Ketamine in Healthy Horses","authors":"Ana Rangel, Debra C. Sellon, Macarena G. Sanz, Erin Pinnell, Zuzanna M. Pietras, Nicolas F. Villarino","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70037","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pharmacokinetics (PK) of intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) ketamine in horses has not been described. This study aimed to evaluate the PK and safety of ketamine and its metabolites after a single SC or IM administration. In Phase 1, two horses received 0.5 or 1 mg/kg of ketamine via SC and IM routes. In Phase 2, eight horses received 0.5 mg/kg IM. Plasma or serum concentrations of ketamine and major metabolites were determined by a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method at baseline and selected intervals post-administration. Subcutaneous administration resulted in extremely low concentrations (< 5 ng/mL). Phase 2 focused only on IM administration. Median peak serum ketamine concentrations after IM administration were 20.9 ng/mL (IQR 15.2–35.9) with a time to peak drug concentration of 1.4 h (IQR = 0.8–1.9 h) and terminal half-life of 1.8 h (IQR = 1.3–2.6 h). No changes in physical examination or laboratory parameters were observed. Ketamine metabolites were detected within 5 min after IM administration, with norketamine as the predominant metabolite. A single IM administration in healthy horses resulted in rapid absorption and variable inter-individual concentrations without adverse effects. Future studies should investigate repeated IM dosing and determine therapeutic plasma concentrations in horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"49 2","pages":"141-149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12968486/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145668960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew K. Wun, Michael H. Court, Nicolas F. Villarino, Richard Malik
{"title":"Should Injectable Meloxicam Be Approved for Use in Cats?","authors":"Matthew K. Wun, Michael H. Court, Nicolas F. Villarino, Richard Malik","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70060","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Injectable meloxicam remains widely used in feline practice despite its association with acute kidney injury (AKI). Evidence of this association was apparent in the results of a clinical trial submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as part of a New Animal Drug Application (NADA) Freedom of Information Summary. These data, however, were omitted from the published version of that clinical trial in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA). The study's financial sponsorship by the drug manufacturer raises ethical concerns, especially given meloxicam's ongoing and enthusiastic promotion by veterinary organizations also financially supported by the manufacturer. This viewpoint questions meloxicam's approval process and highlights the potential influence of pharmaceutical industry sponsorship on veterinary prescribing practices and policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"49 2","pages":"228-230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12968519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147378047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mikaela M. Weeder, Michael D. Kleinhenz, Christopher T. Culbertson, Emily J. Reppert, Kushan Kompalage, Ryan Tucker, Misty Bear, Andrew K. Curtis, Ally A. Nelson, Bailey R. Fritz, Payton Dahmer, Johann F. Coetzee
{"title":"Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Oral Firocoxib, Oral Meloxicam, and Transdermal Flunixin in Meat Type Goats","authors":"Mikaela M. Weeder, Michael D. Kleinhenz, Christopher T. Culbertson, Emily J. Reppert, Kushan Kompalage, Ryan Tucker, Misty Bear, Andrew K. Curtis, Ally A. Nelson, Bailey R. Fritz, Payton Dahmer, Johann F. Coetzee","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The objective of this study was to determine and compare the pharmacokinetics of oral firocoxib, oral meloxicam, and transdermal flunixin (TD) in 44 adult, male castrated, crossbred goats. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed for each goat in each phase using non-compartmental methods with descriptive statistics reported. Mean plasma half-life (T<sub>1/2</sub> (h)) for oral (PO) administration of firocoxib at varying dosages in meat type castrated goats was reported at 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and 2.0 mg/kg at 9.1 (range 6.9–13.4), 10.2 (range 6.4–14.7) and 9.2 (range 6.8–12.8), respectively. For oral meloxicam, mean plasma T<sub>1/2</sub> at doses of 1.0 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, and 3.0 mg/kg were 13.3 (range: 10.1–22.3), 13.1 (range: 12–24), and 11.7 (range: 8.3–20.5) hours, respectively. Transdermal flunixin showed mean plasma T<sub>1/2</sub> of 16.5 (range: 10.7–62) at 3.3 mg/kg, 22.0 (range: 16.6–67.4) at 4.2 mg/kg, and 17.8 (range: 7.4–56.3) at 5.0 mg/kg. These results highlight significant variability in drug disposition and suggest that further research is warranted to optimize dosing regimens for oral firocoxib, oral meloxicam, and transdermal flunixin in goats.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"49 2","pages":"172-179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12968514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145648821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effectiveness of Cranberry Supplementation for Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Urinary Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: A Systematic Review","authors":"J. Scott Weese, Heather E. Weese","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70050","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cranberry and cranberry extracts are available for treatment or prevention of urinary tract disease in dogs and cats, but guidance regarding their use is lacking. The objectives were to identify and assess literature pertaining to the efficacy of cranberry and cranberry extract supplementation for prevention and treatment of bacterial cystitis and subclinical bacteriuria in dogs and cats. A systematic review was performed, and three studies involving a total of 122 animals (106 dogs and 16 cats) were identified. No studies reported statistically significant or numerical impacts of treatment. Two studies were deemed at high risk of bias, and one was deemed at low risk. Certainty of evidence was low to very low. The small number of studies, small sample sizes, data from those studies, and low certainty of evidence preclude confident assessment of the role of cranberry for the prevention or treatment of infectious urinary tract disease in dogs and cats.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"49 2","pages":"102-109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12968518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146165817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}