Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Comparing Pharmacokinetics of Meloxicam When Administered With a Needle-Free Injection Device Versus Needle-And-Syringe in Piglets.","authors":"Minh Man Pham, Terri L O'Sullivan, Maria Del Rocio Amezcua, Saad Enouri, Yu Gu, Zvonimir Poljak, Jennifer M Reinhart, Ron Johnson","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meloxicam is a common analgesic for castration in pigs. While needle-free technology is effective for swine vaccination, its implementation for administering meloxicam has not been fully explored. The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of meloxicam administered via a commercial needle-free injection device (NFID) and intramuscularly via needle-and-syringe (NS) in nursing piglets. Twenty-six nursing piglets were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups receiving the same approved label dosage of 0.4 mg/kg of meloxicam. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and PK profiles were measured using non-compartmental analysis. The results indicated C_max, AUC_0-last, AUC_0-∞, AUMC_0-last, AUMC_0-∞, and MRT in the NFID group were all significantly lower compared with those of the NS group (p < 0.05). No differences in T_max, T_1/2, and λ_z were found between the two groups (p > 0.05). The study concluded that further research is needed to determine the optimal NFID setting and the clinical efficacy when using NFID for injecting meloxicam in piglets.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144742399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Pharmacokinetics and Pilot Efficacy of Levamisole Administered by Subcutaneous Injection of a Combination Product in Domestic Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus).","authors":"Grace Malla, Joe Smith, Meggan Graves, Lisa Ebner, Ryan Branham, Jessica Lynch, Laura Gilliard, Julia Cutchin, Madeline Duncan, Rebecca Rahn, Michelle Buckley, Andrew Ursini, Cassandra Klostermann, Jessy Shanks, Sherry Cox","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anthelmintic resistance is a major welfare issue in goats, and the efficacy of anthelmintic drugs lies in judicious use. Recently, an injectable combination (levamisole-doramectin) product labeled for cattle became available. This study's goal was to compare the levamisole pharmacokinetic parameters of this new combination drug to a commercially available oral levamisole formulation in goats. Six adult goats received a 9 mg/kg dose subcutaneously of the combination product. Blood samples were collected at 14 time points over 48 h. After a 14-day washout period, the same goats were given 12 mg/kg of oral levamisole and sampled following the same time points. Levamisole concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography. A non-compartmental analysis was used to generate pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters for both formulations. After one subcutaneous (SC) injection, the maximum plasma concentration (C_max), time to C_max (T_max), area under the curve (AUC), and elimination half-life (T_1/2) were 468.57 ± 151.12 ng/mL, 2.24 ± 1.58 h, 3206.42 ± 1189.73 h ng/mL, and 2.36 ± 2.07 h, respectively. After a single oral administration, C_max, T_max, AUC, and T_1/2 were 573.21 ± 149.01 ng/mL, 0.5 ± 0.41 h, 2995.47 ± 2203.93 h ng/mL, and 3.74 ± 2.19 h, respectively. Fecal samples taken before and after subcutaneous administration had an average egg count reduction of 61.97% (p = 0.0625). The relative bioavailability of the SC injection was 185%. Considering bioavailability and egg count reduction, the combination product may be considered for parasite management; however, a field trial is needed to determine its efficacy and other pharmacodynamic parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Levamisole After a Single 20 mg/kg Intravenous, Intramuscular, or Subcutaneous Dose in Chukar Partridges (Alectoris chukar).","authors":"Ruhi Turkmen, Orhan Corum, Mario Gıorgı, Duygu Durna Corum, Orkun Atık, Erdinc Turk, Yavuz Osman Bırdane, Kamil Uney","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pharmacokinetic features of levamisole were assessed in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) administrations. The investigation included nine male partridges and a crossover pharmacokinetic design. Levamisole was administered to partridges at a dose of 20 mg/kg via IV, IM, and SC routes. Blood samples were collected at time points of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, and 24 h after administrations. Plasma concentrations of levamisole were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluated using a non-compartmental analysis. The elimination half-life was 1.92, 2.94, and 2.97 h for IV, IM, and SC administration, respectively. The IV injection for levamisole showed the volume of distribution at a steady state of 1.91 L/kg and total clearance of 0.73 L/h/kg. The peak plasma concentration (C_max) for IM and SC routes of levamisole was 5.32 and 4.65 μg/mL at 0.25 h, respectively. The absolute bioavailability was 66.16% for the IM route and 58.48% for the SC route. The study findings reveal that levamisole administered via IM and SC routes exhibit comparable pharmacokinetic profiles, with both routes achieving bioavailability exceeding 50%. However, the significant adverse effects (muscle tremors, hyperexcitability, and increased respiratory rate) associated with IV administration underscore the need for caution and support the preference for IM and SC routes, which offer better safety profiles for bird anthelmintic treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Pharmacokinetics of Florfenicol in Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) Based on the Sparse Sampling Method and a Nonlinear Mixed-Effect Model.","authors":"Ning Xu, Juan Tian, Binbin Gong, Yongzhen Ding, Xiaohui Ai","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study was conducted to establish population pharmacokinetics (PPK) of florfenicol (FLO) in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) after a single oral administration at a dose of 15 mg/kg at 25°C based on a nonlinear mixed effect model. The sparse sampling method was used to collect the blood samples. Thirty-two crayfish were divided into four groups, and one group included four male crayfish and four female crayfish. One animal undertook three sampling time points. All samples were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector. The initial pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were estimated by reference search and the calculation of a naïve pooled approach. The additive error model was selected using the tool of maximum likelihood model comparison. The covariate model included the two variations of body weight and sex. Through the addition and subtraction of parameters, weight and gender had no significant effect on the alterations of PK parameters. Afterward, the random effects were introduced in the model, which notably reduced the coefficient of variation. Finally, the calculated values of the absorption rate constant, apparent distribution volume, and total systemic clearance were estimated to be 1.93/h, 11.16 L/kg, and 2.35 L/h/kg, respectively. The secondary parameters of the elimination rate constant, elimination half-life, and area under the concentration-time curve were calculated to be 0.20/h, 3.47 h, and 6.38 h.mg/L, respectively. This study supported a concise method for conducting PK studies in crustacean animals that facilitated the development of PK methodology in aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Pharmacokinetics of Buprenorphine Following Intravenous and Buccal Administration in Cats, and Effects on Thermal Threshold\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144506133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Albendazole and Clorsulon in Fasciola hepatica Control: Integrated Pharmacokinetic and Flukicidal Eficacy Assessment in Sheep.","authors":"V Chiappetta, C Cantón, C Pruzzo, C Lanusse, L Alvarez, L Ceballos","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fasciola hepatica causes fasciolosis, a growing zoonotic disease that affects both livestock and humans worldwide. The main strategy to control fasciolosis in livestock animals, is based on drugs such as triclabendazole (TCBZ), albendazole (ABZ), clorsulon (CLOR), nitroxynil, closantel, and rafoxanide. Only TCBZ is available for F. hepatica control in human medicine and its resistance is growing. The use of drug combinations has been proposed as a strategy to delay it. This study compares the pharmacokinetics and flukicidal efficacy of ABZ + CLOR when administered together or separately in sheep infected with F. hepatica. Enhanced systemic exposure of the ABZ sulphoxide metabolite was observed after the co-administration ABZ + CLOR compared to the ABZ alone treatment. The CLOR disposition kinetics was not affected by its co-administration with ABZ. The flukicidal clinical efficacy was 85% (ABZ), 92% (CLOR) and 100% (ABZ + CLOR), respectively. The work described here contributes to the characterization of the disposition kinetics of both flukicidal molecules showing that the combined ABZ and CLOR therapy may enhance the efficacy against F. hepatica in sheep.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Rifampin (Rifampicin) Essential for the Treatment of Rhodococcus equi Infections in Foals? A Critical Review of the Role of Rifampin.","authors":"Keith Edward Baptiste, Niels Christian Kyvsgaard, Mohamed Omar Ahmed, Peter Damborg, Patricia M Dowling","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rifampin is an enigma among antimicrobials. Blood and tissue compartment concentrations are a \"moving target\" along the treatment course due to the complex pharmacodynamic interactions within the body. Rifampin concomitant therapies are for the prevention and treatment of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals, for nearly 40 years. The necessity of rifampin concomitant therapies is based on beliefs that both antimicrobials (e.g., rifampin plus macrolide) penetrate into pulmonary abscesses and intracellular compartments above R. equi minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), as well as better efficacy, compared with other approaches, and limiting the rate of antimicrobial resistance to either single agent. However, rifampin acts as a perpetrator drug for many co-administered drugs. This critical review evaluates the available evidence for rifampin use in foals with R. equi, concerning pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics of rifampin in foals, in vitro microbiological studies and selection of antimicrobial resistance, as well as an analysis of randomized clinical trials. Rifampin is a nuclear pregnane X receptor activator, which results in strong negative drug interactions towards itself and other drugs, for drug-absorption routes either by upregulation of presystemic elimination mechanisms (e.g., intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4), or functional drug-absorption carriers (e.g., intestinal P-glycoprotein) and/or inhibition of intestinal and/or hepatic drug-uptake carriers (e.g., OATP1B1, OATP2B1, MRP2). Chronic rifampin administration results in decreases in the serum and target site/s concentrations of many parent drugs, including itself. Rifampin concomitant therapies do not demonstrate a significant advantage over monotherapy with macrolides, in randomized controlled blinded and double-blinded clinical trials for subclinical, and mild-to-moderate bronchopneumonia in foals with pulmonary abscesses, regardless of initial pulmonary abscess score. Efficacy of rifampin concomitant therapies for severe Rhodococcus equi pneumonia has not been fully investigated, but there is sufficient accumulated evidence in foals to raise major concerns about the incorrect use of rifampin in equine medicine. These concerns include rifampin as a bacteriostatic antibiotic against R. equi, with changing pharmacokinetics during treatment that decreases parent/coparent concentrations as well as the risk of selecting for multi-resistant R. equi.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144475778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ketoprofen Pharmacokinetics in Goats Following Repeated Treatment Alone or in Combination With Cefquinome.","authors":"Duygu Durna Corum, Orhan Corum, Mario Giorgi, Serafettin Kartal, Erdinc Turk, Fatih Sakin, Huseyin Donmez, Kamil Uney","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work was aimed at investigating the pharmacokinetic changes after repeated administration of ketoprofen (3 mg/kg, IM, once a day for 5 days) to goats either alone or in combination with cefquinome (2 mg/kg, IM, once a day for 5 days). The study was carried out on six goats according to a balanced, open, two-phase, cross-pharmacokinetic design. The plasma ketoprofen concentrations were measured using HPLC-UV, and the pharmacokinetic data were estimated using a non-compartmental analysis. After the first dose of ketoprofen, the terminal elimination half-life (t_1/2ʎz), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC_0-last), and peak plasma concentration (C_max) were 1.47 h, 12.23 h*μg/mL, and 6.06 μg/mL, respectively. The last dose of ketoprofen resulted in significant variations in t_1/2ʎz and AUC_0-last values compared to the first dose, but C_max was similar. Cefquinome administration caused significant differences in the t_1/2ʎz, AUC_0-last, and C_max of ketoprofen. There was no variation in T_max between the first and final doses or between treatment groups. The accumulation ratio of ketoprofen was 1.32 and 0.76 when used alone and in combination with cefquinome, respectively. Repeated administration of ketoprofen alone or with cefquinome altered its disposition; therefore, the efficacy of ketoprofen when used alone or in combination with cefquinome in goats should be determined, and the dosage regimen should be re-evaluated.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144475779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intravenous Ampicillin/Sulbactam in Critically Ill Dogs has Variable Pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Robert Goggs, Sarah Robbins, Julie Menard, Jamie Selman, Jeff Beverly, Sydney Kraus-Malett, Mark G Papich","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Achieving therapeutic plasma concentrations is essential for effective antimicrobial drug (AMD) treatment. Critical illness alters drug distribution and clearance, potentially impacting AMD effectiveness. We conducted a prospective observational study in 25 critically ill dogs to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of intravenous (IV) ampicillin/sulbactam and achievement of the efficacy target of ≥ 50% of the dosing interval with unbound plasma drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (fT > MIC). All dogs received IV ampicillin/sulbactam from a commercial formulation at a dosage of 20 mg/kg ampicillin/10 mg/kg sulbactam. Plasma concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. PK modeling determined best-fit compartmental models, and Monte Carlo simulations evaluated the probability of target attainment for bacterial MICs. A one-compartment model best described ampicillin PK, while a two-compartment model fit sulbactam. Monte Carlo simulations indicated a 90% probability that ampicillin at 20 mg/kg IV q8 h would achieve the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) veterinary breakpoint of 0.25 μg/mL for > 50% of the dosing interval. There was only a 10% probability of achieving the human breakpoint of 8 μg/mL. At 0.25 μg/mL, most Enterobacterales isolates would be resistant. The ampicillin/sulbactam dosage tested meets veterinary CLSI standards for ampicillin but might not effectively treat Enterobacterales infections in critically ill dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Single Dose and Multidose Oral Gabapentin in Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus).","authors":"Jessie C Ziegler, Meera Heller, Sherry Cox, Joe S Smith","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a shifting public perception of animal welfare that has increased demand for establishing pain management strategies in livestock. Gabapentin is often utilized in practice to mitigate neuropathic pain. However, there is little pharmacokinetic information to guide its use in goats. The objectives of this study were to describe the pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in goats given as a single dose (SD) and multidose (MD) regimen, as well as to document any adverse effects after administration. Six healthy adult goats were administered 15 mg/kg of gabapentin orally once for the SD trial, and every 12 h for 6 doses for the MD trial. Plasma samples were collected and analyzed via reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. After SD administration, maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, and elimination half-life were: 3.22 μg/mL; 4.49 h; and 8.15 h, respectively. After MD administration, maximum plasma concentration and time to maximum concentration were: 4.56 μg/mL and 2.24 h. Accumulation ratio (R) was 1.66 ± 0.81 when comparing the MD AUC12_h to the SD AUC12_h. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for increased accumulation ratio with multiple dosing strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}