Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics最新文献

Intravenous Ampicillin/Sulbactam in Critically Ill Dogs has Variable Pharmacokinetics.

IF 1.5 4区农林科学

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.70004

Robert Goggs, Sarah Robbins, Julie Menard, Jamie Selman, Jeff Beverly, Sydney Kraus-Malett, Mark G Papich

{"title":"Intravenous Ampicillin/Sulbactam in Critically Ill Dogs has Variable Pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Robert Goggs, Sarah Robbins, Julie Menard, Jamie Selman, Jeff Beverly, Sydney Kraus-Malett, Mark G Papich","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70004","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving therapeutic plasma concentrations is essential for effective antimicrobial drug (AMD) treatment. Critical illness alters drug distribution and clearance, potentially impacting AMD effectiveness. We conducted a prospective observational study in 25 critically ill dogs to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of intravenous (IV) ampicillin/sulbactam and achievement of the efficacy target of ≥ 50% of the dosing interval with unbound plasma drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (fT > MIC). All dogs received IV ampicillin/sulbactam from a commercial formulation at a dosage of 20 mg/kg ampicillin/10 mg/kg sulbactam. Plasma concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. PK modeling determined best-fit compartmental models, and Monte Carlo simulations evaluated the probability of target attainment for bacterial MICs. A one-compartment model best described ampicillin PK, while a two-compartment model fit sulbactam. Monte Carlo simulations indicated a 90% probability that ampicillin at 20 mg/kg IV q8 h would achieve the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) veterinary breakpoint of 0.25 μg/mL for > 50% of the dosing interval. There was only a 10% probability of achieving the human breakpoint of 8 μg/mL. At 0.25 μg/mL, most Enterobacterales isolates would be resistant. The ampicillin/sulbactam dosage tested meets veterinary CLSI standards for ampicillin but might not effectively treat Enterobacterales infections in critically ill dogs.","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pharmacokinetics of Single Dose and Multidose Oral Gabapentin in Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus). 单剂量和多剂量口服加巴喷丁在山羊体内的药动学。

IF 1.5 4区农林科学

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics Pub Date : 2025-06-12 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.70006

Jessie C Ziegler, Meera Heller, Sherry Cox, Joe S Smith

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Single Dose and Multidose Oral Gabapentin in Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus).","authors":"Jessie C Ziegler, Meera Heller, Sherry Cox, Joe S Smith","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70006","url":null,"abstract":"There is a shifting public perception of animal welfare that has increased demand for establishing pain management strategies in livestock. Gabapentin is often utilized in practice to mitigate neuropathic pain. However, there is little pharmacokinetic information to guide its use in goats. The objectives of this study were to describe the pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in goats given as a single dose (SD) and multidose (MD) regimen, as well as to document any adverse effects after administration. Six healthy adult goats were administered 15 mg/kg of gabapentin orally once for the SD trial, and every 12 h for 6 doses for the MD trial. Plasma samples were collected and analyzed via reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. After SD administration, maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, and elimination half-life were: 3.22 μg/mL; 4.49 h; and 8.15 h, respectively. After MD administration, maximum plasma concentration and time to maximum concentration were: 4.56 μg/mL and 2.24 h. Accumulation ratio (R) was 1.66 ± 0.81 when comparing the MD AUC12h to the SD AUC12h. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for increased accumulation ratio with multiple dosing strategies.","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Gender on the Pharmacokinetics of Meloxicam in Sheep. 性别对美洛昔康在绵羊体内药代动力学的影响。

IF 1.5 4区农林科学

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.70005

Orhan Corum, Kamil Uney, Duygu Durna Corum, Devran Coskun, Fatma Akin, Halis Oguz, Muammer Elmas

{"title":"Effect of Gender on the Pharmacokinetics of Meloxicam in Sheep.","authors":"Orhan Corum, Kamil Uney, Duygu Durna Corum, Devran Coskun, Fatma Akin, Halis Oguz, Muammer Elmas","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70005","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this investigation was to ascertain the impact of gender on the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in sheep. The research was carried out on six female and six male Romanov sheep. Meloxicam was administered intravenously to sheep at a dose of 1 mg/kg. To determine the change in meloxicam concentration with time, blood samples were collected at 17 different time points up to 120 h after administration. Meloxicam concentrations in plasma samples were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in sheep was found to differ according to gender. The values of total clearance (ClT), volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss), and elimination half-life (t1/2λz) of meloxicam in female sheep were 4.51 ± 0.56 mL/h/kg, 69.18 ± 6.68 mL/kg, and 11.96 ± 0.33 h, respectively. Compared to female sheep, ClT and Vdss were increased, and t1/2λz was decreased in male sheep. Plasma concentration and area under the curve of meloxicam were higher in female sheep. The findings of this study indicate that meloxicam's pharmacokinetics are not uniform across genders in Romanov sheep, with notable variations in plasma concentration, clearance, and half-life. These variations emphasize the importance of considering gender in the pharmacotherapy of sheep, potentially guiding clinicians in adjusting dosages for optimal therapeutic outcomes and maintaining food safety standards.","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recommendations for a Complete Reporting of Statistical Methods in Veterinary Pharmacology. 关于兽医药理学统计方法完整报告的建议。

IF 1.5 4区农林科学

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.70001

Nicolas F Villarino

引用次数: 0

Validation and Evaluation of Lateral Flow Tests for the Detection of Antimicrobial Residues on Poultry Feathers. 横向流动法检测家禽羽毛中抗菌药物残留的验证与评价。

IF 1.5 4区农林科学

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics Pub Date : 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.70000

Sophie Hedges, Sophie Mompelat, Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel, Damer P Blake, Guillaume Fournié, Ludovic Pelligand

{"title":"Validation and Evaluation of Lateral Flow Tests for the Detection of Antimicrobial Residues on Poultry Feathers.","authors":"Sophie Hedges, Sophie Mompelat, Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel, Damer P Blake, Guillaume Fournié, Ludovic Pelligand","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70000","url":null,"abstract":"Persistence of antimicrobial drugs (AMDs) administered to poultry is longer in feathers than in edible tissues. Hence, poultry feathers are a suitable matrix to investigate historical exposure contributing to antimicrobial resistance, since current detection methods are either non-specific or highly technical and costly. Here we present an analysis of the performance of lateral flow test (LFT) panels in the detection of five AMD classes, namely sulfonamides, tetracyclines, beta-lactams, quinolones, and aminoglycosides, on chicken feather samples. The limit of detection (LOD) of eight AMD substances was determined between 4.7 μg/kg for enrofloxacin and 700 μg/kg for streptomycin. The performance of feather LFT was evaluated for four AMD classes against the reference method (LC-MS/MS). From 79 samples collected from the field, LFT test specificity ranged from 0.63 (quinolones) to 0.95 (tetracyclines). Test sensitivity ranged from 0.15 (beta-lactams) to 0.78 (quinolones and tetracyclines). LFT testing had the greatest discriminatory power for tetracyclines (specificity 0.95 and sensitivity 0.78). LFT had similar test characteristics for sulfonamides and quinolones and performed poorly for beta-lactams. Poor recovery rates (< 15%) were observed in neomycin, kanamycin, and ampicillin. These methods are suitable for preliminarily screening tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and quinolones, with recommendations for further extraction protocols.","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pharmacokinetics of Amoxicillin in the Cat. 阿莫西林在猫体内的药代动力学。

IF 1.5 4区农林科学

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics Pub Date : 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.70003

Ilse R Dubbelboer, Lena Olsén, Lena Pelander, Marlene Z Lacroix, Lucie Claustre, Beatrice Roques, Carl Ekstrand

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Amoxicillin in the Cat.","authors":"Ilse R Dubbelboer, Lena Olsén, Lena Pelander, Marlene Z Lacroix, Lucie Claustre, Beatrice Roques, Carl Ekstrand","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70003","url":null,"abstract":"The pharmacokinetics and plasma protein binding of amoxicillin in cats has not been thoroughly investigated. In a single-group sequential designed experimental study, amoxicillin was administered to six healthy cats intravenously, orally, and subcutaneously. Repeated blood samples were drawn after each administration, and amoxicillin concentrations were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Plasma amoxicillin data were subjected to population pharmacokinetic analysis, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. The population clearance was 0.18 L/h∙kg, the volume of the central compartment was 0.12 L/kg, the highly perfused compartment was 0.009 L/kg, and the poorly perfused compartment was 0.002 L/kg. The bioavailability was 33% and 69% after oral and subcutaneous administration, respectively. After subcutaneous administration of a slow-release formulation, there was absorption rate-limited pharmacokinetics. The plasma protein binding was 0%-24%. The results increase the understanding of the amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in cats. Further studies combining the results with pharmacodynamic data and in silico simulations are warranted.","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144199544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fipronil Tissue Residues and Withdrawal Period Feasibility in Laying Hens After Extra-Label Use. 超标签使用后氟虫腈在蛋鸡体内的组织残留及停药期可行性。

IF 1.5 4区农林科学

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics Pub Date : 2025-05-30 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.70002

Lucila Canton, Andrea Berkovic, Laura Ceballos, Candela Canton, Carlos Lanusse, Luis Alvarez, Laura Moreno

{"title":"Fipronil Tissue Residues and Withdrawal Period Feasibility in Laying Hens After Extra-Label Use.","authors":"Lucila Canton, Andrea Berkovic, Laura Ceballos, Candela Canton, Carlos Lanusse, Luis Alvarez, Laura Moreno","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70002","url":null,"abstract":"Fipronil, a broad-spectrum insecticide, is often used off-label in laying hens to control red mites. This study investigated fipronil residue levels in hen tissues after simulating common extra-label administrations: in-feed (1 mg kg-1 twice) and transdermal (1 mg kg-1 once). Fipronil residues were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. Both administrations resulted in quantifiable residues in edible tissues (muscle, liver, kidney, skin, fat) and feathers for up to 60 days. Fipronil-sulfone, the primary metabolite, was the dominant residue in tissues. Fat accumulated the highest concentrations. In-feed administration led to higher overall residues in edible tissues, while transdermal application resulted in higher concentrations in feathers. Calculated withdrawal periods, based on established MRLs, ranged from 36 days (muscle, transdermal) to 131 days (fat, transdermal). These long withdrawal periods render both administration routes impractical for poultry production. The study highlights the risk of fipronil residues in poultry products and suggests feather/fecal sampling for monitoring illicit use.","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144187301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pharmacokinetics of Chloramphenicol and Chloramphenicol Glucuronide in Horses Following Administration Per Rectum or via Nasogastric Intubation. 氯霉素和氯霉素葡萄糖醛酸盐经直肠或经鼻胃插管给药后在马体内的药代动力学。

IF 1.5 4区农林科学

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics Pub Date : 2025-05-26 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13520

B Sayler, A J Manship, J Davis, J Taylor, L Gilliam

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Chloramphenicol and Chloramphenicol Glucuronide in Horses Following Administration Per Rectum or via Nasogastric Intubation.","authors":"B Sayler, A J Manship, J Davis, J Taylor, L Gilliam","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.13520","url":null,"abstract":"Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in equine practice. It is known to produce adverse effects of hyporexia/anorexia after oral administration. Administration per rectum (PR) could mitigate the appetite suppression seen with oral administration and allow its use in horses unable to receive oral medications. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relative bioavailability of chloramphenicol administered PR or via nasogastric tube (NGT) and determine relevant pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters and metabolic ratios. Ten healthy, adult horses were administered chloramphenicol tablets (50 mg/kg) PR or via NGT in a randomized crossover design with a washout period. Blood samples were collected at predetermined times over 24 h, and plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol and its inactive metabolite chloramphenicol glucuronide were analyzed using a validated UPLC-MS/MS assay. Chloramphenicol tablets dissolved in water were rapidly metabolized to chloramphenicol glucuronide following both routes. Maximum concentrations for PR and NGT administration were (Cmax; μg/mL) 0.119 ± 0.135 and 11.7 ± 5.8, respectively. Administration PR resulted in a relative bioavailability of 0.56% ± 0.86%. The metabolic ratio of chloramphenicol glucuronide to chloramphenicol was 20.2 ± 6.19 for PR and 5 ± 1.88 for NGT. Administration of chloramphenicol PR does not reach therapeutic concentrations nor prevent significant metabolism of chloramphenicol. After administration by NGT, plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol exceeded 2 μg/mL for 3.93 ± 0.44 h.","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Routine Doses of Enrofloxacin Achieve Pharmacodynamic Target Likely to Treat Susceptible and Susceptible Dose-Dependent Bacterial Infections in Critically Ill Dogs. 常规剂量恩诺沙星可达到治疗危重犬易感及易感剂量依赖性细菌感染的药效学目标

IF 1.5 4区农林科学

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13519

Robert Goggs, Sarah Robbins, Julie Menard, Jamie Selman, Jeff Beverly, Sydney Kraus-Mallet, Mark G Papich

{"title":"Routine Doses of Enrofloxacin Achieve Pharmacodynamic Target Likely to Treat Susceptible and Susceptible Dose-Dependent Bacterial Infections in Critically Ill Dogs.","authors":"Robert Goggs, Sarah Robbins, Julie Menard, Jamie Selman, Jeff Beverly, Sydney Kraus-Mallet, Mark G Papich","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.13519","url":null,"abstract":"The fluoroquinolones, particularly enrofloxacin, are frequently used to treat life-threatening bacterial infections in small animal emergency and critical care practice. Achieving therapeutic plasma concentrations is essential for effective treatment, whereas inadequate concentrations select for resistance among Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We conducted a prospective observational study in 19 critically ill dogs to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin after administration of a standardized dosage (10 mg/kg IV q24 h). Plasma concentrations were measured at multiple time points using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and PK modeling was performed to determine best-fit compartmental models. A 2-compartment model best described enrofloxacin PK. There was considerable between-dog variation in PK parameters, likely due to known challenges of drug dosing in critical illness. The percentage conversion of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin was lower than has previously been reported in healthy dogs. Pharmacodynamic analyses suggest that enrofloxacin administered at 10 mg/kg IV q24 h to critically ill dogs will likely result in effective treatment of infections by susceptible and susceptible dose-dependent bacteria, and achieved concentrations may be sufficient to reduce the risk of AMR development.","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Penicillin and Gentamicin Concentrations in the Uterine Fluid of Non-Pregnant Mares Following a Single Intrauterine Infusion. 单次宫内输注后未怀孕母马子宫液中青霉素和庆大霉素的浓度。

IF 1.5 4区农林科学

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13518

C Scott Bailey, Theresa M Beachler, Jonathan P Mochel, Larry W Wulf, Michael Yaeger, Debosmita Kundu, Kate Withowski, Mark G Papich

{"title":"Penicillin and Gentamicin Concentrations in the Uterine Fluid of Non-Pregnant Mares Following a Single Intrauterine Infusion.","authors":"C Scott Bailey, Theresa M Beachler, Jonathan P Mochel, Larry W Wulf, Michael Yaeger, Debosmita Kundu, Kate Withowski, Mark G Papich","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.13518","url":null,"abstract":"Despite their widespread clinical use, there is limited pharmacokinetic data for many equine intrauterine antimicrobials. This study aimed to measure the concentration of gentamicin and penicillin in the uterine fluid of mares following infusion of either a standard (PPGent) or long-acting (LA-PPGent) compounded formulation. We hypothesized that both formulations would result in therapeutic concentrations, with total concentrations sustained for longer using the long-acting formulation. Mares were administered 2400 mg of procaine penicillin and 200 mg of gentamicin via a single intrauterine infusion in either a standard (n = 6) or a lyophilized formulation suspended in a slow-release matrix (n = 6). Intrauterine fluid was collected over a 72-h period and analyzed for antibiotic concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Mean maximal concentrations were seen at 0.5 h in group PPGent (Penicillin: 10,123.0 ± 4298.0 μg/mL, Gentamicin: 3397.3 ± 1338.5 μg/mL) and exceeded MIC for relevant organisms for 72 h (Penicillin: 2.59 ± 6.34 μg/mL, Gentamicin: 2.14 ± 2.4 μg/mL). Interestingly, maximal concentrations were lower in group LA-PPG (Penicillin: 2213.8 ± 967.8 μg/mL-p < 0.05, Gentamicin: 1859 ± 2413 μg/mL) and exceeded MIC for a shorter period of time than the unmodified mixture of commonly used FDA-approved antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0