Catharine Burgess, S Michelle Todd, Laura Hungerford, Kevin Lahmers
{"title":"Determining diagnostic sensitivity loss limits for sample pooling in duplex rtPCR surveillance testing: <i>Theileria orientalis</i> and <i>Anaplasma marginale</i>.","authors":"Catharine Burgess, S Michelle Todd, Laura Hungerford, Kevin Lahmers","doi":"10.1177/10406387241287516","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10406387241287516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To expand surveillance testing capacity through sample pooling, a thorough understanding is needed of how sample dilution through pooling affects the sensitivity of candidate assays. We validated a robust and representative framework for assessing the dilution effect of sample pooling using duplex rtPCR surveillance of <i>Theileria orientalis</i> and <i>Anaplasma marginale</i>, both of which are causative agents of severe anemia in cattle and a serious threat to the cattle industry in Virginia and many other states. We used 200 known-positive samples with Ct values representative of typical surveillance results in a series of pools in which we re-tested each sample individually, followed by each sample diluted in equal volumes with negative samples to make pools of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 total samples. We compared the Ct values of the individual positives with the Ct values of each pool size to determine if Ct values increase past the limit of detection in the 45-cycle assay. We observed a maximum of 2% sensitivity loss (no more than 2 of 100 samples returned a false-negative result) for both <i>T. orientalis</i> and <i>A. marginale</i> during the pooling series, with lower-than-expected average Ct increase and sensitivity loss. We conclude that pooling up to 10 samples would be acceptable for regional surveillance of <i>T. orientalis</i> and <i>A. marginale</i> using our rtPCR assay. The described strategy is applicable to validate pooling for a wide range of single and duplex rtPCR assays, which could expand efficient disease surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11559834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142502996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A retrospective study of lingual lesions in 793 dogs and 406 cats at the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 2010-2020.","authors":"Jesse Riker, Daniel R Rissi","doi":"10.1177/10406387241278888","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10406387241278888","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lingual biopsies are a common type of sample submission at the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (AVDL). Here we describe the pathology diagnoses of 793 canine and 406 feline lingual biopsies submitted to the AVDL in a 10-y period. Non-neoplastic lesions accounted for 450 diagnoses (57%) in dogs and 239 diagnoses (59%) in cats. Canine non-neoplastic lesions consisted of inflammatory lesions (286 cases; 64% of non-neoplastic lesions) and tumor-like proliferative lesions (164 cases; 36% of non-neoplastic lesions). Feline non-neoplastic lesions consisted of inflammatory lesions (228 cases; 95% of non-neoplastic lesions) and tumor-like proliferative lesions (11 cases; 5% of non-neoplastic lesions). The most common canine neoplasms were melanocytic neoplasms (103 cases; 30% of neoplasms) and epithelial neoplasms (102 cases; 30% of neoplasms), followed by mesenchymal neoplasms (90 cases; 26% of neoplasms) and round cell neoplasms (48 cases; 14% of neoplasms). Approximately 43% of melanocytic neoplasms affected Chow Chows and Labrador Retrievers, and 20% of epithelial neoplasms affected Labrador Retrievers. In cats, most tumors were epithelial (158 cases; 94% of neoplasms), followed by mesenchymal (8 cases; 5% of neoplasms) and round cell neoplasms (1 case; 1% of neoplasms). Over 50% of neoplasms of cats affected domestic shorthair cats. Although the percentage of lingual biopsies that had a neoplastic diagnosis was roughly the same between species, the diversity of neoplasms was much greater in dogs than in cats.</p>","PeriodicalId":17579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"176-183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11559754/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rosalie A Ierardi, Annabelle L Burnum, Lauren E Camp, Lauren E Delaney, Tamara Gull, Brett M Havis, Gayle C Johnson, Dae Young Kim, Kei Kuroki, Renata M Mammone, William J Mitchell, Mauricio A Navarro, Luis A Rivero, Karen Shapiro, Amanda C Smith, Courtney M Valerio, Fred Williams, Michael M Zinn, Francisco A Uzal
{"title":"Bacillary hemoglobinuria in beef cattle infected with <i>Fascioloides magna</i> in Missouri.","authors":"Rosalie A Ierardi, Annabelle L Burnum, Lauren E Camp, Lauren E Delaney, Tamara Gull, Brett M Havis, Gayle C Johnson, Dae Young Kim, Kei Kuroki, Renata M Mammone, William J Mitchell, Mauricio A Navarro, Luis A Rivero, Karen Shapiro, Amanda C Smith, Courtney M Valerio, Fred Williams, Michael M Zinn, Francisco A Uzal","doi":"10.1177/10406387241280741","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10406387241280741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacillary hemoglobinuria (BH) is an infectious disease, mostly affecting cattle, caused by <i>Clostridium haemolyticum</i> (<i>C. novyi</i> type D), with acute hepatic necrosis and intravascular hemolysis. Cattle are typically predisposed to BH by liver injury caused by <i>Fasciola hepatica</i>, although cases have been reported in cattle without evidence of this parasite. Here we describe a cluster of 14 BH cases from 7 counties in north-central to central Missouri submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory between December 2020 and April 2023. Postmortem examination in all cases revealed hemoglobinuria and acute hepatic necrosis with large numbers of gram-positive bacilli with terminal-to-subterminal spores. Flukes, fluke ova, and/or fluke pigment consistent with <i>Fascioloides magna</i> were identified in 12 of 14 cases. Sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) from one fluke had 100% identity to <i>F. magna. C. novyi</i> was detected by fluorescent antibody testing of liver impression smears (11 of 12 cases) and by immunohistochemistry of liver sections (7 of 7 cases). PCR on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues amplified the <i>C. haemolyticum</i> beta toxin gene in each of the 7 cases tested. To our knowledge, a confirmed cluster of BH associated with <i>F. magna</i> has not been reported previously in cattle.</p>","PeriodicalId":17579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"126-134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11559786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diana Bochynska, Ann Sharpe, Brian Toland, Elena Alina Demeter
{"title":"Schwannosis in the brain of a neonatal calf.","authors":"Diana Bochynska, Ann Sharpe, Brian Toland, Elena Alina Demeter","doi":"10.1177/10406387241283161","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10406387241283161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schwannosis is a rare, non-neoplastic, perivascular proliferation of aberrant Schwann cells within the CNS with simultaneous partial myelination of axons. A single report exists in veterinary medicine of schwannosis in the spinal cord of 3 foals and 1 calf. Here we describe a case of schwannosis in the brain of a 1-d-old Holstein-Friesian calf, submitted for autopsy due to arthrogryposis and premature death, with no other gross abnormalities observed. Histologically, the brain had multifocal, mainly perivascular, spindle-cell proliferations within the white matter of the medulla oblongata and focally within the gray matter of the midbrain. These cells immunolabeled with periaxin, myelin protein zero, SOX10, S100, and equivocally for vimentin, indicating Schwann cell origin. No changes were identified within other organs. Ancillary tests did not support an infectious etiology. Schwannosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis when investigating cases of arthrogryposis in calves with negative ancillary tests for infectious conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"160-163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11559825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marietta V Barro, Laura M Garzel, Rebekah I Keesler, Kerriann M Casey, Katherine J Olstad
{"title":"Spontaneous natural killer cell lymphoproliferative disorder in a rhesus macaque.","authors":"Marietta V Barro, Laura M Garzel, Rebekah I Keesler, Kerriann M Casey, Katherine J Olstad","doi":"10.1177/10406387241297087","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10406387241297087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lymphoproliferative disorders of natural killer (NK)-cell lineage are well documented in humans but have yet to be documented in non-human primates (NHPs). Here we describe a case of NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorder/leukemia in a 20-y-old captive female rhesus macaque (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>). The animal clinically had mild splenomegaly and marked lymphocytosis with small-to-medium lymphocytes in blood smears. By flow cytometry and cluster differentiation, the lymphocytes were CD3-negative, CD8-positive, CD4-negative, and CD20-negative for cell surface markers; immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of intracellular CD3 and granzyme B. This immunoprofile is consistent with a NK-cell phenotype. Histologically, these cells were predominantly intravascular within the splenic red pulp, liver sinusoids, and to a lesser degree bone marrow. Oncogenic viruses, such as Mason-Pfizer monkey viruses (MPMV; formerly, and commonly known as, simian retroviruses or SRV; <i>Retroviridae</i>, <i>Betaretrovirus maspfimon</i>); simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV; <i>Retroviridae</i>, <i>Lentivirus simimdef</i>), and primate T-lymphotropic virus 1 (PTLV1; commonly known as simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1, STLV1; <i>Retroviridae</i>, <i>Deltaretrovirus priTlym1</i>), were not detected in this animal by serology. Immunohistochemistry using EBNA2 antibody to detect rhesus and cynomolgus monkey lymphocryptovirus (McGHV4/RLV and McGHV10 respectively; <i>Orthoherpesviridae</i>, <i>Lymphocryptovirus macacinegamma4</i> and <i>Lymphocryptovirus macacinegamma13</i>, respectively) was negative. Together these findings are consistent with a diagnosis of naturally occurring NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorder has not been reported previously in rhesus macaques, to our knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":17579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"155-159"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11618834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexis L Carpenter, Kile S Townsend, Philip J Johnson, Dae Y Kim
{"title":"Disseminated pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma in a horse.","authors":"Alexis L Carpenter, Kile S Townsend, Philip J Johnson, Dae Y Kim","doi":"10.1177/10406387241281914","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10406387241281914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An 8-y-old National Show Horse mare was presented for evaluation of pneumonia and laminitis. Harsh bronchovesicular sounds were auscultated throughout both lung fields, and the mare had signs of moderately painful laminitis. Thoracic ultrasonography revealed lung consolidation throughout the dorsal aspect of both lungs, and radiography revealed an extensive diffuse-to-patchy bronchointerstitial lung pattern. The mare's clinical condition rapidly deteriorated, and euthanasia was elected. On postmortem examination, the lungs, omentum, spleen, liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, and femur contained 0.5-2.5-cm, firm, tan nodules. Histologically, the lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, omentum, left eye, and femur were infiltrated by bundles and nests of pleomorphic polygonal-to-spindloid cells intermixed with frequent multinucleate cells. Lymphatic vessels in the affected tissues were frequently distended with tumor emboli. Neoplastic cells were diffusely positive for vimentin, desmin, sarcomeric actin, myoblastic differentiation protein 1, and myogenin, supportive of the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), which is a rare neoplasm in horses. Cross-striations were not evident with H&E or phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin stains. Markedly pleomorphic neoplastic cells, multinucleate cells, and lack of cross-striations suggested the subclassification of pleomorphic RMS.</p>","PeriodicalId":17579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"203-207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11559810/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge Mendieta-Calle, Kelly L Hughes, Elizabeth W Howerth, Paula A Schaffer
{"title":"Histopathologic and ultrastructural findings in oak (<i>Quercus</i> spp.) toxicity on 2 beef cattle farms in Colorado.","authors":"Jorge Mendieta-Calle, Kelly L Hughes, Elizabeth W Howerth, Paula A Schaffer","doi":"10.1177/10406387241288224","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10406387241288224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural oak toxicity, a phenomenon sporadically reported in the United States, is due to consumption of any part of most oak trees (<i>Quercus</i> spp.). Ruminants, mainly cattle, are disproportionately susceptible to oak toxicity. Toxicity is attributed to degradation of the oak plant hydrolysable tannins by rumen microbes and enzymes into absorbable low-molecular-weight metabolites, which are postulated to bind and damage endothelial cells by unknown mechanisms. The clinical manifestations of acute toxicosis are nonspecific or broadly suggestive of renal disease due to acute tubular injury. Here we document the clinical, gross, histopathologic, and novel ultrastructural features of natural acute oak nephrotoxicity in 3 beef calves on 2 farms in Colorado, USA. Gross postmortem findings included perirenal edema with renomegaly and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Histologically, renal tubular epithelial necrosis was severe, with hemorrhage and intratubular hyaline casts. Transmission electron microscopy revealed extensive involvement of proximal and distal convoluted tubules, with predominantly intact basement membranes, and glomerular and interstitial endothelial injury and necrosis. The ultrastructural details of toxic nephropathy and vasculopathy induced by oak metabolites in natural cases of bovine oak toxicosis have not been described previously, to our knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":17579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"135-140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11559815/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142468870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Felipe Barrantes Murillo, Alexis Berrocal, Ibne Karim M Ali, Francisco A Uzal
{"title":"Systemic <i>Acanthamoeba</i> T17 infection in a free-ranging two-toed sloth: case report and literature review of infections by free-living amebas in mammals.","authors":"Daniel Felipe Barrantes Murillo, Alexis Berrocal, Ibne Karim M Ali, Francisco A Uzal","doi":"10.1177/10406387241292346","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10406387241292346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A free-ranging, adult female two-toed sloth (<i>Choloepus hoffmanni</i>) was brought to a wildlife rescue center in Costa Rica with ocular and auricular myiasis and numerous skin lesions. After one month of unsuccessful systemic and topical antimicrobial treatment, the patient died. A postmortem examination was performed, and tissues were examined histologically, confirming disseminated amebic infection with intralesional trophozoites and cysts in the lungs, liver, eye, heart, spleen, and stomach. Immunohistochemistry identified the ameba as <i>Acanthamoeba</i> sp. A multiplex real-time PCR assay, 18S ribosomal DNA PCR, and sequencing performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue confirmed the <i>Acanthamoeba</i> T17 genotype. The <i>Acanthamoeba</i> genus is in the group of free-living amebas that cause infection in humans and animals, and it is ubiquitous in the environment. <i>Acanthamoeba</i> T17 has been isolated from water and soil, but to our knowledge, this genotype has not been implicated in infections of animals previously and has not been reported from Costa Rica. Systemic <i>Acanthamoeba</i> infection has not been described in sloths previously. We provide a comprehensive literature review describing infections by free-living amebas of the genus <i>Acanthamoeba</i> spp., <i>Balamuthia</i> spp., and <i>Naegleria</i> spp. in domestic, zoo, and wild mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":17579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"164-172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11559879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142546211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deborah L A Chong, Christiane V Löhr, Pun Sriboonyapirat, Kurt J Williams
{"title":"Congenital pulmonary airway malformation in a cat.","authors":"Deborah L A Chong, Christiane V Löhr, Pun Sriboonyapirat, Kurt J Williams","doi":"10.1177/10406387241293134","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10406387241293134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital structural anomalies of the lower airways of the respiratory tract are uncommon in cats. We describe here a case of cystic pulmonary lesions in a 6-wk-old domestic shorthair cat consistent with congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM; formerly referred to as cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung, or congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformation; Stocker type II). CPAM is rarely reported in veterinary species and, to our knowledge, has not been reported in cats. In humans and veterinary species, individuals with CPAM (Stocker types I-IV) can be asymptomatic at birth but are predisposed to developing respiratory abnormalities that typically manifest clinically in the early years of life. We review the pathologic features of CPAM.</p>","PeriodicalId":17579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"173-175"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11559782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142546210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}