Journal of thermal biology最新文献

{"title":"Lactobacillus plantarum 4-2 alleviates cyclic heat stress-induced oxidative stress and damage in the ileum of laying hens via Keap1-Nrf2 pathway","authors":"Laizhi Xu ,&nbsp;Peichao Gao ,&nbsp;Huixian Wu,&nbsp;Yixin Gao,&nbsp;Helong Ji,&nbsp;Xi Huang,&nbsp;Shuo Zhang,&nbsp;Wentao Fan,&nbsp;Suquan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequency and severity of heat stress in livestock production are increasing due to intensive farming practices and rising global temperatures. Due to the lack of sweat glands, poultry are highly susceptible to heat stress, especially in the intestinal tract. Therefore, it is crucial to find environmentally friendly, safe, and effective methods to alleviate heat stress. Probiotics have often been used to mitigate intestinal damage and maintain intestinal function. In this study, the efficacy and mechanism of action of <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> 4-2 on oxidative damage and inflammation induced by cyclic heat stress in laying hens were investigated. The results showed that addition of <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> 4-2 (≥1 × 10⁹ CFU/day/bird) significantly enhanced growth performance and improved the antioxidant capacity of the organism in cyclic heat-stressed laying hens. Meanwhile, ileum barrier damage was alleviated, expressions of intestinal tight junction proteins were elevated, and cyclic heat stress-induced decreases in ileum villus height and villus/crypt were ameliorated. Supplementation with <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> 4-2 resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of <em>Ifn-γ</em> and <em>Il-6</em> and an increase in <em>Il-10</em> and <em>Tgf-β1</em>, which attenuated the disruption of the ileum barrier and inflammatory damage by cyclic heat stress. Furthermore, <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> 4-2 decreased the level of Keap1 and increased the levels of Nrf2, NQO1, and HO-1, thereby alleviating cyclic heat stress-induced ileum oxidative stress. These results indicated that <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> 4-2 could enhance the antioxidant function, alleviate oxidative stress, and reduce ileum damage via Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104072"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143316871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surviving the heat: The homeostatic regulation mechanism of endangered Brachymystax tsinlingensis","authors":"Zhenlu Wang ,&nbsp;Huan Ye ,&nbsp;Peng Liu ,&nbsp;Shaoqing Lin ,&nbsp;Yizhou Wang ,&nbsp;Qiong Zhou ,&nbsp;Haibo Jiang ,&nbsp;Jian Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.104023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.104023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conservation and utilization of <em>Brachymystax tsinlingensis</em> Li, 1966 (<em>B. tsinlingensis</em>), an endangered cold-water fish, is severely hampered by heat stress. In this study, heat stress and recovery experiments were firstly performed and implied that the intestine of <em>B. tsinlingensis</em> remained capable of self-regulation under heat stress. Therefore, transcriptome analysis was used to investigate the homeostatic mechanisms of <em>B. tsinlingensis</em> during temperature fluctuations. The results showed that a total of 5775 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (1725 up- and 4050 down-regulated) were identified in the heat stress group, and 4312 DEGs (2024 up- and 2228 down-regulated) were identified in the recovery group when compared to their expression levels in the control group. Through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), citrate cycle (TCA cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, apoptosis, ferroptosis, focal adhesion, and tight junction pathways were found to be significantly up-regulated during heat stress, and declined during the recovery process. The results illustrated that heat stress caused ferroptosis and apoptosis in <em>B. tsinlingensis</em>. However, the organism was able to maintain homeostasis during temperature fluctuations modulating its energy metabolism, as well as the barrier and immune functions of the intestine. These findings help to enhance our understanding of the acclimation mechanisms of cold-water fish in present-day climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142828759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the differences in bed microclimate and thermal comfort between school-aged children and adults during sleep onset latency","authors":"Ying Ke ,&nbsp;Qin Zhou ,&nbsp;Qing Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal comfort experienced during sleep onset latency (SOL) significantly influences overall sleep quality. While most previous studies have primarily focused on thermal comfort during actual sleep, this study aims to investigate and compare the bed microclimate and thermal comfort during SOL in school-aged children and adults, taking into account their differing physiological characteristics and thermal preferences under various sleep thermal conditions. Fourteen school-aged children and fourteen adults participated in two experiments conducted under winter conditions (8 °C and 11 °C), as well as two experiments under transitional conditions (21 °C and 24 °C). Each experiment lasted 60 min, with continuous monitoring of skin temperatures and bed microclimate throughout the duration. Subjective assessments of thermal perception were collected after each experiment. The experimental results indicate that the difference in skin temperature (T_sk) between school-aged children and adult subjects is more pronounced under winter conditions, underscoring the importance of considering age-related differences when designing optimal sleep thermal environments, particularly during colder months. The comfortable range for T_sk among school-aged children is identified as 34.4–35.4 °C, while for adults it is slightly narrower at 34.3–35.0 °C. Additionally, the comfortable range for bed temperature (T_bed) is found to be between 30.8 and 33.8 °C for school-aged children compared to a range of 31.0–33.2 °C for adults. Furthermore, it was observed that the comfort range of T_sk is approximately 0.4–1.3 °C higher in the sleep environment than in the active daytime environment. These findings provide valuable insights that can inform the design of effective thermal environments aimed at enhancing SOL in both children and adults, thereby contributing to reduced economic costs while improving energy efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104061"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143365193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single and combined effects of environmental heat stress and physical exercise on thermoregulation, executive function, and cerebral oxygenation","authors":"Fanjun Qin,&nbsp;Ke Hu,&nbsp;Yuge Wu,&nbsp;Xinyan Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the single and combined effects of environmental heat stress and physical exercise on executive function (EF) performance, prefrontal cortex oxygenation, thermoregulatory responses and subjective perceptions. Sixteen subjects participated in four experimental sessions: two under moderate environmental conditions (23 °C), with and without physical exercise (R23, E23), and two under hot environmental conditions (35 °C), with and without physical exercise (R35, E35). In each session, participants completed EF tasks before and after 1 h of passive rest or 45 min of moderate-intensity cycling followed by 15 min of rest. We used Δresponse time (ΔRT) and Δaccuracy (ΔACC) of EF tasks to demonstrate changes from pre to post experiment. Additionally, changes in cerebral oxygenation during EF tasks were illustrated using the Δoxygenation difference. Heat stress alone increased core temperature (T_core), mean skin temperature (T_skin), heart rate (HR), thermal sensation (TS), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Exercise in a hot environment further increased physiological indicators and RPE, but TS exhibited a different pattern, with lower TS in R35 compared to E35 during the second battery of executive function tests. Moreover, heat stress alone increased ΔRT for the More-Odd Shifting task and the Stroop task under incongruent conditions, while decreasing the Δoxygenation difference during the More-Odd Shifting task. ΔRT for the 2-back, More-Odd Shifting and Stroop tasks under incongruent conditions were lower in the E35 trial than in the R35 trial, whereas the Δoxygenation difference was higher in the E35 trial compared to the R35 trial. These findings indicate that environmental heat stress alone increases T_core and T_skin, alters TS, and impairs EF performance by decreasing prefrontal cortex oxygenation. A 45-min moderate-intensity exercise combined with environmental heat stress enhances the increases in body temperatures but mitigates the detrimental effects of heat stress alone on EF performance by increasing prefrontal cortex oxygenation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104057"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between temperature and relative humidity with CO2 and CH4 concentration and ectoparasite abundance in blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) nests","authors":"Francisco Castaño-Vázquez ,&nbsp;Sergio Sánchez-Moral ,&nbsp;Soledad Cuezva ,&nbsp;Santiago Merino","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence of nestlings influences the microclimate inside avian nesting cavities. We explored the relationship between temperature and relative humidity and the abundance of ectoparasites and gas concentrations in blue tit nest boxes during the nestling period by comparing two years with differing climatic conditions. In the second year, we also manipulated the temperature and humidity inside the nest boxes. The average temperature in nest boxes was colder during 2016 than 2017; in the latter, even warmer conditions were attained due to the experimental manipulation of temperature. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the forest air was slightly lower in 2016 than 2017. However, in both years, the CO₂ concentration of nest box air was higher than that of forest air, with 2017 showing a greater difference. Differences in brood size, larger in 2016, did not explain the difference in CO₂ concentration. However, CO₂ concentration was higher in nestboxes in the warmer year implying that at higher temperatures, organic matter decomposition likely accelerates, releasing more CO₂ into the atmosphere. By contrast, CH₄ concentration in nest-box air, which was similar in both years, was lower than that in forest air, particularly in the wettest and coldest year. Different relationships were found between the abundance of different ectoparasites and the temperature, relative humidity, and gas concentration measured at different days of nestling age. For example, a positive association is observed between flea larval abundance and temperature at nestling day 8, but a negative one is observed for mites under the same microclimate conditions. Moreover, a negative relationship was observed between the abundance of mites, midges, and blackflies and CH₄ concentration at different nestling ages. These results suggest that changes in climatic conditions can also affect the concentrations of CH₄ and CO₂ inside and outside nest boxes, which in turn differentially affect ectoparasite abundance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104058"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EDITORIAL: Thermoregulatory and metabolic adaptations in a changing world","authors":"Julia Nowack ,&nbsp;Katie Marshall ,&nbsp;Jérémy Terrien ,&nbsp;Sylvain Giroud","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104062","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104062"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of different cold acclimation methods on the exercise capacity of mice in low-temperature environments","authors":"Xue Geng ,&nbsp;Zhihui Li ,&nbsp;Chaoyi Qu ,&nbsp;Yiwei Feng ,&nbsp;Zhijian Rao ,&nbsp;Changzhen Wang ,&nbsp;Jiexiu Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different cold acclimation strategies on exercise performance in male mice exposed to low-temperature environments.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Male mice were subjected to five distinct acclimation regimens over 8 weeks: immersion at 10 °C (10 °CI) or 20 °C (20 °CI), swimming at 10 °C (10 °CS), 20 °C (20 °CS), or 34 °C (34 °CS). During the first 2 weeks, the acclimation time progressively decreased from 30 min to 3 min per day, and the water temperatures were lowered from 34 °C to the target levels, followed by 6 weeks of consistent exposure. Body weight, food intake, and rectal temperature were monitored throughout the study. Post-acclimation assessments included low-temperature exhaustion exercise ability testing; 16 S rDNA sequencing of gut microbiota; and quantification of gene expression related to brown adipose thermogenesis, skeletal muscle synthesis, and degradation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>(1) After 8 weeks of acclimation, neither serum adrenaline nor angiotensin II levels significantly increased in mice exposed to 10 °C or 20 °C water. (2) Cold acclimation extended the endurance time under low-temperature conditions, notably in the 20 °CI, 10 °CS, and 20 °CS groups.</div><div>(3) Compared with the control (C) group, the 20 °CI and 10 °CS groups showed significantly increased UCP1, IGF-1, AKT, and mTOR gene expression levels (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The expression levels of MAFbx and MuRF1 genes in the 10 °CS and 20 °CS groups significantly decreased compared with those in the C group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). (4) Compared with the C group, the 20 °CI, 10 °CS, and 20 °CS groups demonstrated significant changes in intestinal microbiota diversity. Specifically, the abundance of <em>Akkermansia</em> strains significantly increased in the 20 °CI and 10 °C S groups. The abundance of <em>Ruminococcus</em> and <em>Prevotellaceae_UCG-001</em> significantly increased in the 20 °C S group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Exercise in cold environments can activate genes related to heat production and skeletal muscle synthesis and increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids, thereby modulating host metabolism, accelerating the formation of cold acclimation, and enhancing exercise capacity in low-temperature environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104050"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143039679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of aerobic fitness on the validity of the Calera Research™ sensor to estimate core temperature during exercise","authors":"Jose I. Priego-Quesada ,&nbsp;Nathan MacKay ,&nbsp;Dami C. Adejuwon ,&nbsp;Daniel A. Keir","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Calera Research™ is a heat flux device advertised to estimate core temperature (Tc) during physical activity and is widely used by athletes in various sport disciplines. The device estimates Tc from skin temperature, heart rate, and heat flux, outcomes that can be affected by aerobic fitness. However, there is a relatively small body of literature exploring its validity and, specifically, how the device bias may be influenced by aerobic fitness. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of the Calera Research™ sensor compared with telemetric ingestible pills for estimating Tc and to determine whether aerobic fitness impacts accuracy. Twenty participants (10 females) performed a cycling-based ramp-incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion in a temperature controlled environment (22 °C) during which Tc was measured directly from ingested pills (eCelsius performance system) and by the Calera device. Compared to the ingestible telemetric pills, the Calera device exhibited lower Tc values (95%CI[-0.2, -0.3 °C], p &lt; 0.001) with an intraclass correlation of 0.47 and a bias of −0.3 ± 0.2 °C. Participants were divided into two groups (10 participants at each group) based on peak oxygen uptake (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> O_2peak) (HL: high aerobic; LL: lower aerobic fitness). Throughout ramp-incremental exercise, HL had a lower heart rate (p &lt; 0.001 and η² = 0.10; 95%CI[0.1, 17.2 bits/min]) and Tc measured by the ingestible pills (p &lt; 0.001 and η² &lt; 0.01, 95%CI[0.1, 0.3 °C]). However, there were no-between group differences for skin temperature and intraclass correlation values and bias were also similar. In conclusion, the estimation of Tc by Calera Research™ underestimated Tc by approximately 0.3 °C in a moderate thermal environment, but the intensity-dependent profile was similar to that of the ingestible pill method and was unaffected by aerobic fitness differences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104067"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogeny of skeletogenesis in yellow perch and effects of early thermal environment on bone development","authors":"Shamaila Fraz ,&nbsp;Sophie Klein ,&nbsp;Milena Gallucci ,&nbsp;Lisa Laframboise ,&nbsp;Richard Manzon ,&nbsp;Christopher M. Somers ,&nbsp;Joanna Y. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental temperature has a major impact on ontogeny of early development in teleost fish because of differential effects on rates of growth, cellular differentiation, and metabolism. Environmental temperature can thus lead to changes in relative rates of the development of physiological and anatomical components of the body including bone formation. Changes in ontogeny or rate of skeletogenesis can lead to variations in morphological or physiological phenotypes and may affect the relationship of form and function for foraging and predator avoidance. This study examined the normal ontogeny of skeleton in yellow perch, assessing development of the axial skeleton, the cranio-facial region, and the fins, in yellow perch larvae and pre-juveniles. The ontogeny of skeletogenesis in yellow perch was comparable to other related species. Fish were also reared at constant temperatures of 12, 15, or 18 °C to examine the influence of developmental temperature; post-hatch fish were moved to a common 18 °C. Warm incubation temperatures (15 and 18 °C) increased the extent of ossification for some bones in all body regions, particularly in the exogenous feeding, and the pre-juvenile fish (30 and 40 days post hatch). This was evident in both the extent of ossification and counts of meristic characters of ossified bones. Significantly lower ossification and meristic counts in 40 dph fish reared at 12 °C may limit jaw functionality and suggests an undeveloped vertebral column and fins. Future studies should investigate swim performance and foraging to determine if delayed bone development has potential fitness costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104046"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143315549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comfort-based design of summer green space optimization in arid oasis-type cities","authors":"Hongkai Xie,&nbsp;Xiaoxu Li,&nbsp;Jie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.104020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.104020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arid, oasis-type cities significantly limit the quality and duration of outdoor activities for residents due to their hot, dry summer climate. This study aims to enhance environmental comfort in dry, hot regions, focusing on the outdoor environment of a densely populated university in Xinjiang. Through on-site research and field measurements, the thermal baseline and key factors influencing comfort across different times and locations were analyzed. Numerical simulations were employed to explore the mechanisms by which changes in vegetation parameters affect comfort, leading to the proposal of an optimization strategy. The results indicate that a combination of empirical measurements and survey data reveals variations in thermal baselines and comfort-affecting factors over time and space. The neutral temperature ranged from 26.10 °C to 26.96 °C. Key factors affecting summer comfort included G (0.91∗∗), T_a (0.74∗∗), and RH (−0.57∗∗). The impact of vegetation coverage on PET was found to depend on the type of vegetation assembly. In comparison to the baseline case at 18:00, the optimized plaza design resulted in a decrease in T_a, etc by 2.86 °C, an increase in RH by 3.42%, a reduction in V_a by 0.01 m/s, and a reduction in PET by 24.62 °C. These enhancements also improved comfort levels on nearby roads. The findings provide valuable insights for assessing human comfort and designing green spaces in arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104020"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}