Journal of Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Toxicity of Usnic Acid: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Nicoletta Croce,&nbsp;Michele Pitaro,&nbsp;Valentina Gallo,&nbsp;Giovanni Antonini","doi":"10.1155/2022/8244340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8244340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Usnic acid (UA) is a dibenzofuran derivative naturally present in lichens, organisms resulting from the symbiosis between a fungus and a cyanobacterium, or an alga. UA shows antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory as well as UV-protective activities. Its use as pharmacological agent is widely described in traditional medicine, and in the past few years, the product has been marketed as a food supplement for the induction of weight loss. However, the development of severe hepatotoxicity in a limited number of subjects prompted the FDA to issue a warning letter, which led to the withdrawal of the product from the market in November 2001. Data published in literature on UA toxicology, genotoxicity, mutagenesis, and teratogenicity have been reviewed, as well as the case reports of subjects who developed hepatotoxicity following oral administration of UA as a slimming agent. Finally, we reviewed the most recent studies on the topical use of UA, as well as studies aimed at improving UA pharmacologic activity and reducing toxicity. Indeed, advancements in this field of research could open the possibility to reintroduce the use of UA as therapeutical agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9605823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40670438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal Developmental Toxicity and Histopathological Changes of the Placenta Induced by <i>Syzygium guineense</i> Leaf Extract in Rats.","authors":"Melese Shenkut Abebe,&nbsp;Kaleab Asres,&nbsp;Yonas Bekuretsion,&nbsp;Samuel Woldekidan,&nbsp;Bihonegn Sisay,&nbsp;Girma Seyoum","doi":"10.1155/2022/5209136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5209136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many of the traditional herbal products are served to the consumer without proper efficacy and safety investigations. A laboratory-based experimental study was employed to investigate the toxic effects of <i>Syzygium guineense</i> leaf extract on the fetal development and histopathology of the placenta in rats. Fifty pregnant Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into five groups, each consisting of 10 rats. <i>S. guineense</i> leaf extract, at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of body weight, was respectively administered to groups I-III rats. Groups four and five were control and <i>ad libitum</i> control, respectively. The number of resorptions, implantation sites, and live or dead fetuses was counted. The weight and crown-rump length of the fetuses were measured. The histopathological investigation of the placenta was conducted. Administration of 70% ethanol extract of <i>S. guineense</i> leaves reduced weight gain and food intake of pregnant rats at <i>p</i> value <0.05. The crown-rump length of the near-term rat fetus was significantly reduced in rats treated with 1000 mg/kg body weight of <i>S. guineense</i> extract (<i>p</i> value <0.05). The plant extract did not affect the number of implantations, fetal resorptions, live births, and stillbirths. The weight of the fetuses and the placentae also decreased dose-dependently. Decidual cystic degeneration was the most prevalent histopathological change observed in a rat's placenta treated with 1000 mg/kg body weight of <i>S. guineense</i> extract. Consumption of <i>S. guineense</i> leaves, especially at a high dose, may affect fetal development. Therefore, liberal use of <i>S. guineense</i> leaves during pregnancy should be avoided.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9578917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40576892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Difference in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Laboratory and Clinical Findings.","authors":"Fatemeh Eshraghi-Jazi,&nbsp;Mehdi Nematbakhsh","doi":"10.1155/2022/3507721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3507721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cisplatin (CP) as the most important anticancer drug has limited usage due to a lot of side effects such as nephrotoxicity. Additionally, nephrotoxicity is gender/sex-related. There is a variety of experimental studies in association with sex and CP-induced nephrotoxicity. Some studies have reported that female sex is resistant than male sex due to greater antioxidant defense and protective effects of estrogen in females. Other studies have indicated that males are less vulnerable than females due to CP high clearance. Also, various supplementations have revealed conflicting effects in males and females. It is uncovered that sex hormones have determinant roles on the conflicting effects. Some supplements could improve CP-induced nephrotoxicity, but several supplements intensified CP-induced nephrotoxicity, especially in female sex. On the other hand, major clinical studies introduced female gender as a risk factor of CP-induced nephrotoxicity. Although, rare studies evaluated the effect of various supplemental compounds on CP-induced nephrotoxicity in patients underwent CP therapy. Therefore, it requires further investigations to clarify the controversial subject of gender/sex and CP-induced nephrotoxicity in both clinic and laboratory.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9576433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40657135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Coated Silver Nanoparticles on Cancerous vs. Healthy Cells.","authors":"Liubov Artiukh,&nbsp;Olga Povnitsa,&nbsp;Svitlana Zahorodnia,&nbsp;Calin V Pop,&nbsp;Nodari Rizun","doi":"10.1155/2022/1519104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1519104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unique properties of silver nanoparticles (NPs) ensure their wide applications, in biomedicine; for this reason, it is very important carefully to study the toxicity of such NPs. The influence of silver nanoparticles coated with natural resin (Ag NPs) on the morphological and functional features of healthy BHK-21 and cancerous Hep-2 cells were studied using fluorescence microscopy, MTT, and neutral red assays. Ag NPs induced morphological changes in both cell cultures. The modifications were dose-dependent and more pronounced with an increase in NPs concentration. The IC₅₀ value of Ag NPs for Hep-2 cells was found to be 2.19 ± 0.22 <i>µ</i>g/mL, whereas for BHK-21 cells it was significantly (5x) higher at 10.92 ± 2.48 <i>µ</i>g/mL. The use of NPs at a concentration close to IC₅₀ leads to significant increase (up to 40%) in the number of necrotic cells in cancerous cell population and a decrease in the number of mitotic cells (up to 1.3%). In noncancerous cells the cellular parameters were similar to the control cells. These data suggest that the silver nanoparticles coated with natural resin can be potentially used in cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9569232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40321620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking Measure of the Tropical Stingless Bee (Apidae, Meliponini, and <i>Heterotrigona itama</i>) Honey Quality with Hives Distance to the Source of Heavy Metal Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas in Sabah, Borneo.","authors":"Nurul Hamizah Salman, Lum Mok Sam, Kimberly Ador, Bellericter Binjamin, Mohd Iftar Johwan Johny-Hasbulah, Suzan Benedick","doi":"10.1155/2022/4478082","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/4478082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Honey is a natural product of bees, and its chemical composition depends on the nectar sources of the surrounding flora as well as environmental factors. However, keeping hives in areas polluted with heavy metals can affect the quality of bee products such as honey. To date, there have been very few studies on the health risks of consuming honey at various locations in the Malaysian state of Sabah, Borneo, in relation to food standards and heavy metal contamination of honey from the stingless bee, <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> in association with pollutant sources. A total of 63 samples of raw and unprocessed honey were collected directly from beekeepers producing honey at five sites in the industrial areas. All selected heavy metals were measured using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES). Overall, the most frequently detected element was Zn (0.090 mg/kg), followed by Pb (0.012 mg/kg), As (0.004 mg/kg), and Cr (0.003 mg/kg), while Cd (0.001 mg/kg) was the lowest element in honey from all areas. With the exception of Cr and Zn, a significant correlation was found between PCA factor score 1 and heavy metal concentration in honey for Pb, Cd, and As, suggesting that the source of pollution for these metal elements was from hives closer to major roads, cities/town, petrochemical hub, and power plants. Although the heavy metal concentrations in the honey samples did not exceed the food standard limits and therefore do not pose a health risk, the observed increase in heavy metal concentrations in honey in industrial areas could pose a potential risk in the future due to the growing interest in rearing of stingless bees for honey production in these areas of Sabah.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9553692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33513424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence on the Heroin-Mediated Impairment of the Oxidative Status of Erythrocytes.","authors":"Mohammad A Bani-Ahmad,&nbsp;Ayman G Mustafa,&nbsp;Abdelraheem A Bani Ahmad,&nbsp;Islam E Alkhazali,&nbsp;Ahmad A Rahim","doi":"10.1155/2022/3996051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3996051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Away from hemorheological properties, the effect of heroin addiction on erythrocytes is poorly investigated. This study aimed to investigate the oxidative impacts of heroin administration on erythrocytes. Study subjects included chronic intravenous heroin addicts and control subjects. Hematological analysis and redox parameters were measured, including serum concentration of methemoglobin ([MethHb]), serum glutathione peroxidase-1 ([GPX-1]), serum glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, erythrocytic protein carbonyl content, and oxidized to reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH) ratio. Hematological analysis revealed that addicts had a significantly higher red cell distribution width, consistent with the mild anisocytosis and poikilocytosis of erythrocytes. As compared to control subjects, significantly higher levels of serum [Met-Hb], [GPX-1], and GPX activity (<i>p</i> < 0.001) were reported among addicted subjects. A significant association between [MetHb] and GPX activity was observed with <i>r</i> = 0.764 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Furthermore, significantly higher erythrocytic protein carbonyl contents and GSSG/GSH ratio were evident among heroin addicts (<i>p</i> < 0.005) that were significantly associated with <i>r</i> = 0.429 (<i>p</i>=0.01). Results demonstrate preliminary evidence that heroin addiction is implicated in impaired redox status of erythrocytes. Considering the pharmacokinetics of heroin, erythrocytic antioxidant mechanisms, and turnover rate, further investigation is required to evaluate the extent and clinical outcomes, especially upon over-dose administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534711/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33497178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity Analysis of Hybrid Nanodiamond/Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles on <i>Allium cepa</i> L.","authors":"Bhaludra Chandra Sekhar Singh","doi":"10.1155/2022/5903409","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/5903409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The chemicals of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, FeCl₃.6H₂O, FeCl₂.4H₂O, NaCl, and NaOH (Sigma-Aldrich chemicals, USA) were utilized in this study. A statistical analysis was performed on the results with a prevalence of <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A novel ND/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite material was successfully synthesized by the <i>in-situ</i> method and characterized by various characterization techniques. The analysis of X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of an ND/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite with both participating phases. The saturation magnification of the ND/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite is 13.2 emu/g, whereas for a pure Fe₃O₄ nanomaterial, it is 47 emu/g. The weight rates of ND and Fe₃O₄ existent in the nanocomposite are 28% and 72%, respectively. From the electrical conductivity analysis, ND/Fe₃O₄ exhibits conductivity in the order of 27 times more compared to ND.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The result implies that the product ND/Fe₃O₄ has both magnetic and electrical properties. The biocompatibility of the synthesized ND/Fe₃O₄ material was studied based on the <i>in-vitro</i> method.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9553711/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33513423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Mycotoxin Contamination Levels in Rice and Dietary Exposure Assessment.","authors":"Jose Troestch, Stephany Reyes, Aracelly Vega","doi":"10.1155/2022/3596768","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/3596768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The contamination by aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone of samples of paddy and polished rice stored in silos located in Chiriquí, Panama, was evaluated. A total of 23 samples were extracted using immunoaffinity columns and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector (FLD) and post-column photochemical derivatization. For the method used, the detection limits were lower than 0.25 <i>μ</i>g/Kg for aflatoxins (AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁, AFG₂) and ochratoxin A and 9.35 <i>μ</i>g/Kg for zearalenone; the limits of quantification were between 0.25 and 18.75 <i>μ</i>g/Kg, respectively. Of the samples analyzed, all of the paddy rice samples were positive for at least one of the mycotoxins studied, zearalenone being the one found with the highest incidence (90.91%); for the polished rice samples, the mycotoxin with the highest incidence was zearalenone (50%), although in concentrations lower than those established in European legislation (100 <i>μ</i>g/Kg). The estimate of the daily zearalenone intake according to the concentrations found was always less than 0.07 <i>μ</i>g/Kg/bw. This is the first report on the determination of 6 mycotoxins in rice grains from Panama by the HPLC-FLD methodology. Considering the high incidence of mycotoxins in the analyzed rice samples, regular control in the production process is recommended to improve quality and ascertain its safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9463030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33459719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control of Obesity, Blood Glucose, and Blood Lipid with <i>Olax imbricata</i> Roxb. Root Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.","authors":"Thi Nga Vo,&nbsp;Thi-Diem-My Luong,&nbsp;Thi-Phuong-Hoa Le,&nbsp;Khanh Son Trinh","doi":"10.1155/2022/7781723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7781723","url":null,"abstract":"Mice were used in in vivo experiments to evaluate the effects of doses of n-hexane extract (from 100 to 1,300 mg/kg body weight/day) on the ability to control obesity, blood glucose, and blood lipid. In this study, body weight gain, caloric intake, glucose tolerance, blood lipid, histopathological study, and locomotion activity were examined. Furthermore, this study evaluated the lethality of the extract in extremely high doses in the tested mice. After 3 months of use with an extremely high dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day (equivalent to 350 g/day for a 70 kg person), no animals with abnormal conditions or death were observed. This initially demonstrated the safety of the extract. In addition, after 6 weeks of testing on high-fat diet-induced obese mice, n-hexane extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight/day (equivalent to 35 g/day for a 70 kg person) demonstrated a positive effect on the ability to control obesity, blood glucose, and blood lipid through the results of body weight, blood lipids, glucose tolerance, and histopathology (white fat, liver, and kidney tissues). In this study, n-hexane extract from the roots of Duong-dau tree has proven to be strongly biologically active in preventing and supporting the treatment of diseases related to overweight and obesity, helping to control blood glucose levels thereby reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9463018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33459720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subacute Toxicity Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extract of <i>Yushania alpina</i> (K. Schum.) W.C.Lin in Sprague Dawley Rats: An Appraisal of Its Safety in Ethnomedicinal Usage.","authors":"Joseph Ngugi Wanjiru,&nbsp;Timothy Elias Maitho,&nbsp;James Mucunu Mbaria,&nbsp;Gervason Apiri Moriasi","doi":"10.1155/2022/6283066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6283066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant-based medicines have effectively managed several ailments in humans and animals since prehistoric times. However, the pharmacologic efficacy and safety of many plants currently used in traditional medicine have not been explored empirically, which raises serious public health concerns, derailing further research and their integration into the conventional healthcare system. Despite the longstanding ethnomedicinal usage of <i>Yushania alpina</i> shoot extract to treat inflammation, microbial infections, and diarrhoea, among other diseases, there is insufficient scientific data to appraise its toxicity profile and safety. Accordingly, we investigated the subacute toxicity of the aqueous shoot extract of <i>Y. alpina</i> in Sprague Dawley rats (both sexes) for 28 days based on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline 407. In this study, all the experimental rats treated orally with 40 mg/Kg BW, 200 mg/Kg BW, and 1000 mg/Kg BW of the aqueous shoot extract of <i>Y. alpina</i> remained normal, like the control group rats, and did not show any clinical signs of subacute toxicity, and no morbidity or mortality was recorded. Besides, the weekly body weight gains and the haematological and biochemical parameters of experimental rats orally administered with the studied plant extract at the tested doses and in the control group were comparable (<i>P</i> > 0.05). No pathologic alterations in internal organs were observed following necroscopy. Further, the differences in weights of the liver, kidney, and spleen of experimental rats which were subacutely treated with the studied plant extract and the control rats were insignificant (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Moreover, no histopathological changes were observed in tissue sections of the liver, kidney, and spleen obtained from all the experimental rats. Our findings demonstrate that the aqueous shoot extract of <i>Y. alpina</i> may be safe as it does not elicit subacute toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Further toxicological and pharmacological studies using other model animals and in clinical setups are encouraged to fully appraise the efficacy and safety of the studied plant extract.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9436527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40350638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}