Journal of Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"The Effectiveness of Levamisole and Broccoli in Lead Poisoning: Hematobiochemical Changes and Tissue Damage in the Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Wistar Rats.","authors":"Kimia Shahbazi, Mahdieh Raeeszadeh, Loghman Akradi","doi":"10.1155/jt/8283897","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/8283897","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead, a heavy metal, has emerged as one of the most significant pollutants, bearing irreversible consequences on human and animal health in conjunction with industrial development. Presently, the use of medicinal plants to alleviate the adverse effects of heavy metal toxicity has captured the attention of researchers. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of levamisole and broccoli extract on the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins, hematological parameters, and histopathological alterations in the liver, kidney, and spleen tissues within a lead poisoning model of rats. This experimental investigation spanned 28 days, involving 42 male Wistar rats categorized into seven groups: a control group, a lead acetate (AL) group administered at 1000 ppm in drinking water, a broccoli (B) group at 300 mg/kg/day, a levamisole (LE) group at 2.5 mg/kg/day, and combination groups of lead and broccoli (AL + B), lead and levamisole (AL + LE), and lead, broccoli, and levamisole (AL + LE + B). Upon completion of the study, hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed, and serum protein concentrations were analyzed using electrophoresis. Liver, kidney, and spleen tissues were fixed and subjected to histopathological examination with H&E staining. The findings indicated a significant decrease in white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in the AL group compared to other groups (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Conversely, the B group exhibited a notable increase in RBC and WBC compared to the AL group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The most pronounced lead-induced damage was observed in the liver, resulting in elevated levels of specific enzymes such as AST and ALT in the AL group, accompanied by a decline in albumin and total protein (<i>p</i> < 0.001). A reduction in globulin levels, including Beta-2 globulin, was noted in the AL + B and AL + LE groups compared to the AL group (<i>p</i> < 0.001,  <i>p</i> < 0.05). Histopathological findings also unveiled increased infiltration of inflammatory cells and hemorrhage in the liver tissue, followed by the spleen, significantly higher in the AL group compared to other experimental groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Additionally, congestion and inflammation were evident in the spleen tissue compared to other groups. These tissue damages were mitigated in other combination treatment groups. Based on the aforementioned results, the combination of broccoli and levamisole is deemed effective in ameliorating liver and spleen injuries caused by lead and enhancing biochemical parameters and serum proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"8283897"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11623989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142794946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Citrus-Based Bio-Insect Repellents-A Review on Historical and Emerging Trends in Utilizing Phytochemicals of Citrus Plants.","authors":"S S S T Fernando, R G P T Jayasooriya, Kalpa W Samarakoon, N D Asha D Wijegunawardana, Sampath B Alahakoon","doi":"10.1155/jt/6179226","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/6179226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on citrus plants is the result of increasing interest in the discovery of plant species with potential insect-repellent properties. Insect-repelling ability can be achieved by the numerous ubiquitous citrus species. This is mainly due to the presence of phytochemicals such as limonene, citronellol, citral, and <i>α</i>-pinene. These phytochemicals' composition varies depending on the geographical location of the plant. The extraction method dictates the configuration of attainable phytochemicals while the dosage affects the repellency potential. Therefore, developing insect repellent involved a number of observations related to the identification of both citrus plant phytochemical composition present in the different parts of the plant and the repellency potential of these phytochemicals in advance. Conversely, the development of repellent methods that go beyond conventional methods has been made possible by scientific developments including modern strategies such as encapsulation, the preparation of emulsion, and the incorporation of repellents into textiles. Therefore, this review article intends to probe into the aforementioned information and provide a sound insight into citrus-based repellent development in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6179226"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11620817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142785982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute, Subchronic, and Genetic Toxicity Assessments of a Composition of <i>Citrus aurantifolia</i> Fruit Rind and <i>Theobroma cacao</i> Seed Extracts.","authors":"Sundararaju Dodda, Sujatha Polavarapu, Krishnaraju Venkata Alluri, Trimurtulu Golakoti, Krishanu Sengupta","doi":"10.1155/jt/4239607","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/4239607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>LN19183 is a standardized composition of <i>Citrus aurantifolia</i> (Christm) Swingle (CA) fruit rind and <i>Theobroma cacao</i> L. (TC) seed extracts that have recently been demonstrated to increase resting energy expenditure (REE) and reduce body fat in rats. CA and TC are important herbs in traditional medicine for various health benefits. The present study evaluates the comprehensive toxicity of LN19183 in acute, subchronic, and genetic toxicity studies following the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for testing chemicals. The acute oral and dermal and 90-day subchronic oral toxicities were performed in rats, and acute dermal and eye irritations were performed in rabbits. In the subchronic toxicity study with a 28-day recovery period, male and female Sprague Dawley rats were orally gavaged with daily LN19183 doses of 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg body weight (BW). Furthermore, the genetic toxicity studies included mutagenicity in bacteria, chromosome aberration, and micronucleus assays in human blood mononuclear cells in vitro and micronucleus assay in Swiss albino mice bone marrow in vivo. Acute and subchronic repeat dose oral toxicity studies showed no adverse events, clinical signs, or mortality. All animals exhibited normal food and water intake and natural BW gain. In the 90-day study, LN19183 did not induce major changes in hematology, biochemical evaluations, and urine analysis; gross and histopathological findings did not show any treatment-related lesions or abnormality. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of LN19183 supplementation was 2000 mg/kg BW/day. In the genetic toxicity studies, LN19183 treatment did not show significant increases in the revertant bacterial colonies, chromosomal aberrations, or number of micronucleated cells. The present observations affirm that oral consumption of LN19183 is safe, and this botanical composition is nonmutagenic and nonclastogenic.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"4239607"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11617045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142780347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy Metals Pollution and Potential Health Risks: The Case of the Koche River, Tatek Industrial Zone, Burayu, Ethiopia.","authors":"Mathewos Temesgen, Tegenu Alemu, Enkosa Shasho","doi":"10.1155/jt/9425206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jt/9425206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine the levels of some heavy metals in the Koche River and the potential health risks. A replica of water samples was taken from 12 sampling sites purposely selected in the dry season. Heavy metal levels were determined using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer following the APHA (1998) procedure. Heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), total hazard index (THI), and incremental lifetime cancer risk were calculated on the basis of the results. The heavy metals detected were Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cr. The Cr, Fe, Mn, and Cu contents were above the maximum allowed limit of WHO for drinking and irrigation water at most of the sampling sites. The HPI and HEI values also surpassed the maximum limit of the study sites. The highest HPI and HEI values were found at the Yam1site. Oral ingestion represented 99.55% and 97.85% of CDI_total (CDI_ingestion + CDI_dermal contact) in adults and children, respectively. The mean CDI_total and the noncarcinogenic risk values were found in the order of Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cr in both ages. CDI, HQ, HI, and THI scores were higher in children. The HI_oral and THI values were also higher than 1 in both ages except in DK 2, Sour 1, and Sour 2 sites. However, the HQ_dermal level was higher than 1 only for Cr in children. The ELCR obtained also indicated a high carcinogenic risk of Cr (0.75 ± 0.44 and 1.15 ± 0.66 in adults and children, respectively). In general, most of the study sites had heavy metal pollution levels that exceeded the maximum allowed limit. Therefore, effective management of sources of pollution and continuous monitoring of river quality to minimize health risks are very important.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"9425206"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11608300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron Administration Partially Ameliorates Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Damage in the Liver and Kidney of Rats.","authors":"Ogechukwu E Ezim, Lilian Kidi, Lauritta C Ndufeiya-Kumasi, Sunny O Abarikwu","doi":"10.1155/2024/6197553","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/6197553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The protective effect of Fe against Cd-induced toxicity in the liver and kidney of rats during concurrent administration of both metals was investigated in this study. Fifty female rats (130-150 g) were distributed into five groups of 10 rats each (<i>n</i> = 10): Group I (control), received normal saline solution; Group II (1.2 mg CdCl₂/kg b.w.); Group III (1.2 mg CdCl₂ + 0.25 mg FeCl₂/kg b.w.); Group IV (1.2 mg CdCl₂ + 0.75 mg FeCl₂/kg b.w.); and Group V (1.2 mg CdCl₂ + 1.5 mg FeCl₂/kg b.w.). Administration of both tested substances lasted for 47 days. Cd was injected intraperitoneally once a week, while Fe was administered to the Cd-exposed animals by oral gavage thrice weekly. The animals were killed at the end of the study, their blood was collected, and their liver and kidneys were harvested for biochemical and histological analysis. Following Cd administration, the kidney and liver showed a significant increase in Cd concentration, while Fe concentration in the kidney decreased. However, cotreatment with Fe decreased Cd concentration in the kidney and liver and increased Fe concentration in the kidney but not the liver, and the effect was more pronounced in the higher than lower doses. In the kidney, cotreatment with Fe especially at higher doses inhibited Cd-induced lipid peroxidation and plasma uric acid concentration. In the liver, lipid peroxidation which Cd did not alter was found to be elevated after cotreatment with the highest dose Fe. Inflammatory cell infiltrations of the central vein and renal tubular and glomeruli injury induced by Cd were not obviated by Fe cotreatment. It seems that both tissues respond differently to the concurrent administration of these metals and that Fe protected the kidney against oxidative injury-induced by Cd but not histopathological changes in both tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6197553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryo and Fetal Toxic Effects of the Hydroethanol Extract of <i>Urtica simensis</i> Hochst. Ex. A. Rich Leaves in Pregnant Rats.","authors":"Bickes Wube, Kaleab Asres, Samuel Woldekidan, Abiy Abebe, Yonas Girma, Girma Seyoum","doi":"10.1155/2024/9986648","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/9986648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> <i>Urtica simensis</i> has been used to treat various diseases such as malaria, hypertension, diabetes, gonorrhea, gastritis, body swelling, and wound infections. However, the safety of consuming <i>U. simensis</i> leaves during pregnancy has not been evaluated yet. Therefore, this experimental study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of <i>U. simensis</i> leaf extract on the prenatal development of embryos and fetuses in pregnant rats. <b>Methods:</b> Fifty pregnant Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to five groups of 10 gravid rats for each experiment. Groups I-III were given 70% ethanol leaf extract of <i>U. simensis</i> at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg daily from 6^th to 12^th days of gestation. Groups IV-V were kept as pair-fed and ad libitum controls. The developing embryos and fetuses were retrieved on 12 days and 20 days of gestation, respectively. Embryos were evaluated for growth and developmental delays. Fetuses were also assessed for growth retardation and external and visceral anomalies. <b>Results:</b> In the embryonic experiment, somite numbers (<i>p</i>=0.001) and morphological scores (<i>p</i>=0.029) were significantly decreased in pregnant rats given 1000 mg/kg of <i>U. simensis</i> leaf extract. Embryonic developments of the caudal neural tube (CNT) (<i>p</i>=0.001), otic system (<i>p</i>=0.025), olfactory system (<i>p</i>=0.013), and limb buds (<i>p</i>=0.026) were significantly delayed in pregnant rats given 1000 mg/kg of extract. Oral administration of 500 mg/kg of <i>U. simensis</i> leaf extract also caused significant developmental delays in the CNT (<i>p</i>=0.021) and olfactory system (<i>p</i>=0.032). In the fetal experiment, fetal resorption (<i>p</i>=0.015) was significantly increased whereas crown rump length (<i>p</i>=0.012) and fetal weight (<i>p</i>=0.019) were significantly decreased in pregnant rats given 1000 mg/kg of <i>U. simensis</i> leaf extract. <b>Conclusions:</b> The embryotoxic effects of <i>U. simensis</i> leaf extract were evidenced by significant developmental delays. The fetal toxic effects of <i>U. simensis</i> leaf extract were also shown by significant decreases in fetal growth indices. Therefore, pregnant women should be well informed of the possible toxic effects of consuming <i>U. simensis</i> leaf during pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"9986648"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11567719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastic Waste in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC): Impact on the Environment and Public Health-A Systematic Review.","authors":"Danladi Chiroma Husaini, Rodeli Kaylin Mendez, Michael Arzu, Lydia Harris-Thurton","doi":"10.1155/2024/5698516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5698516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The global spread and accumulation of plastics in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial settings are of great concern to public health and the environment, especially in developing countries with few resources. In the Caribbean and Latin America, nearly 17,000 tons of plastic waste are generated and trashed daily in open dumpsites with attendant consequences for the environment, the economy, aquatic life, the beauty of sea beaches, and public health. The increased use of plastics threatens public health and the ecosystem. <i>Main Body</i>. This systematic review assessed the impact of plastic waste on the environment, economy, and public health in LAC by searching relevant databases such as PubMed, HINARI, Google Scholar, and Scopus. PRISMA and Rayyan software were used to select and analyze research articles for the review.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The review showed that plastic pollution significantly impacts the environment, aquatic life, economy, and human health in LAC. The review further indicated that countries in LAC are working assiduously to address the issues associated with plastic pollution. The use of biodegradable plastics, cleanup campaigns, and policies/programs to reduce or ban plastics are some current efforts in many LAC countries. More research on the impact of plastic waste needs to be conducted, especially in the Caribbean, to address and mitigate the challenges of plastic pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5698516"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11458288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In Vivo</i> Exposure of Deltamethrin Dysregulates the NFAT Signalling Pathway and Induces Lung Damage.","authors":"Prakriti Sharma, R S Sethi","doi":"10.1155/2024/5261994","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5261994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deltamethrin is an insecticide used to control harmful agricultural insects that otherwise damage crops and to control vector-borne diseases. Long-term exposure to deltamethrin results in the inflammation of the lungs. The present study elucidates the molecular mechanism underlying the deltamethrin-induced lung damage. The lung samples were extracted from the Swiss albino mice following the treatment of low (2.5 mg/kg) and high (5 mg/kg) doses of deltamethrin. The mRNA expression of TCR, IL-4, and IL-13 showed upregulation, while the expression of NFAT and FOS was downregulated following a low dose of deltamethrin. Moreover, the expression of TCR was downregulated with the exposure of a high dose of deltamethrin. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry data confirmed the pattern of protein expression for TCR, FOS, IL-4, and IL-13 following a low dose of deltamethrin exposure. However, no change was seen in the TCR, NFAT, FOS, JUN, IL-4, and IL-13 immunopositive cells of the high-dose treatment group. Also, ELISA results showed increased expression of IL-13 in the BAL fluid of animals exposed to low doses of deltamethrin. Overall, the present study showed that deltamethrin exposure induces lung damage and immune dysregulation via dysregulating the NFAT signalling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5261994"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11377118/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethanolic Extract of <i>Mangifera indica</i> Protects against CCl₄-Induced Hepatotoxicity via Antioxidant Capabilities in Albino Rats.","authors":"Ahmed Saeed Kabbashi, Salwa Abdulla Eltawaty, Amar Mohamed Ismail, Ahmed Abdelhhafiz Elshikh, Ayat Ahmed Alrasheid, Rawan Ahmed Elmahi, Waleed S Koko, Elbadri Elamin Osman","doi":"10.1155/2024/5539386","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5539386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic <i>Mangifera indica</i> (<i>M. indica</i>) seed extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-eight albino rats weighing (100-150 g) were used for hepatoprotective and toxicity experiments. Antioxidant activity was determined using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The toxicity of <i>M. indica</i> seeds on the liver was evaluated by examining wellness parameters, body weight, and liver histological sections. The protective effects of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of seed extract on CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity were investigated by evaluating hematological, renal, and liver function parameters, body weight, and liver histological sections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The antioxidant activity of the <i>M. indica</i> ethanolic extract was (92 ± 0.03 RSA %) compared with (91 ± 0.01 RSA %) of propyl gallate, and the IC₅₀ was (8.3 ± 0.01 <i>µ</i>g/ml) and (14.1 ± 0.01 <i>µ</i>g/ml). No changes were observed in the health indicators, body weights, and liver histological sections following oral administration of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of <i>M. indica</i> seed extracts. Treatment with <i>M. indica</i> seed extract significantly reduced alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood sugar, and urea levels compared with those in the CCl₄-treated group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The IC₅₀ of the <i>M. indica</i> ethanolic extract was 8.3 <i>µ</i>g/ml, and the <i>M. indica</i> extract is a potential source of natural antioxidants that protect against CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5539386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11371441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity Evaluation of a Polyphenolic Extract from <i>Flourensia cernua</i> DC through <i>Artemia</i> Lethality Assay, Hemolytic Activity, and Acute Oral Test.","authors":"Yulma Lizbeth Aguirre-García, Ainara Castillo-Manzanares, Lissethe Palomo-Ligas, Juan Alberto Ascacio-Valdés, Lizeth Guadalupe Campos-Múzquiz, Sandra Cecilia Esparza-González, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera, Sendar Daniel Nery-Flores","doi":"10.1155/2024/2970470","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/2970470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Flourensia cernua</i> DC, commonly known as hojasen or tarbush, is a medicinal plant used in arid regions due to its therapeutic properties, especially in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to assess the toxicity of a polyphenolic extract obtained from <i>F. cernua</i>. This research involved both <i>in vitro</i> (hemolytic and brine shrimp assay) and <i>in vivo</i> tests (acute oral toxicity) to determine the safety profile of this extract. The extract was obtained through a novel ultrasound-microwave extraction and purified by ion-exchange chromatography. Analysis of the polyphenolic extract revealed a rich composition of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, mainly apigenin glycosides. In toxicity tests, the polyphenols did not exhibit toxicity towards <i>Artemia salina</i> at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Furthermore, incubation at 500 <i>μ</i>g/ml for 4 hours showed a slight toxic effect on erythrocytes. In the acute oral toxicity test in mice, doses of 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg did not result in animal mortality, indicating that the LD₅₀ exceeds 2000 mg/kg. However, the higher dose induced signs of toxicity, including lethargy, drowsiness, piloerection, and a significant decrease in weight during the initial two days postadministration of the polyphenolic extract. In addition, histological analysis suggested potential kidney damage at the 2000 mg/kg dose. According to OECD guidelines, while the extract can be classified as category 5 (low acute toxicity) due to the absence of mortality at 2000 mg/kg, the observed signs of toxicity should be considered in the overall risk assessment. These findings highlight the potential of <i>F. cernua</i> in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications due to its high polyphenolic content. However, further investigations are necessary to explore the specific effects of the compounds present in the extract. In addition, continuous evaluation of its long-term toxicity is essential to fully understand the extract's safety profile and efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"2970470"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11329308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}