Journal of Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Correction to \"<i>In Vivo</i> Exposure of Deltamethrin Dysregulates the NFAT Signalling Pathway and Induces Lung Damage\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1155/jt/9796826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jt/9796826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2024/5261994.].</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9796826"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12503987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145251698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical and Biological Profiles of Bangladeshi Russell's Viper Snake Venom and Neutralizing Efficacy by Indian VINS Polyvalent Antivenom.","authors":"Rubait Hasan, Hasanuzzaman Manik, Md Ataur Rahman, Jamiatul Husna Shathi, Md Tariqul Islam, Mohammad Shahangir Biswas, Kazi Md Faisal Hoque","doi":"10.1155/jt/5464388","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/5464388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Russell's viper (<i>Daboia russelii</i>) has recently become a significant threat to human life in Bangladesh. Given its wide distribution across South Asia, the venom characteristics and lethality can vary by region with different toxicological properties. Hence, we investigated the characteristics of Bangladeshi Russell's viper venom (BRVV) through SDS-PAGE profiling, reverse-phase HPLC analysis, along with assessments of phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂), edema-inducing, hemolytic, hemorrhagic, and coagulant activities, histopathology, and blood biochemistry, following established protocols. We also studied the neutralization efficacy of polyvalent antivenom from VINS Bio Products Ltd., India (VPAV) against BRVV. RP-HPLC analysis of BRVV displayed 15 peaks, and SDS-PAGE showed high-intensity protein bands within the 15-70 kDa range. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) for mice was found to be 0.33 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.), and venom exposure resulted in neurotoxic symptoms such as limb paralysis, respiratory difficulties, and sluggishness. BRVV exhibited strong PLA₂, procoagulant, hemorrhagic, indirect hemolytic, and edema-inducing activities but poor direct hemolytic activity. Venom administration also significantly increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, total protein, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine in mouse serum, indicating organ damage. Histopathological examination revealed cell vacuolization, congestion, hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltrations, and necrosis in venom-exposed tissues, validating the abnormal serum biochemistry. The neutralization study revealed that VPAV had limited efficacy against BRVV, suggesting the presence of venom proteins not fully neutralized by the antivenom. Altogether, these findings suggest that the Russell's viper is a medically significant venomous snake in Bangladesh, and VPAV is only partially effective in reducing the venom's toxic effects. Therefore, region-specific venoms must be considered in antivenom development for more effective treatment in envenomation cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"5464388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12500362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145244865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Folic Acid on Neuronal Markers in a Rat Model of Nanotoxicity.","authors":"Shreen Deeb Nusair, Rand Ghaleb Almbaidin, Nour Ahmad Al-Sawalha","doi":"10.1155/jt/1695369","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/1695369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) is more likely due to their wide utilization in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Therefore, serum neuromarkers and hippocampal tissue were examined for the potential prophylactic impact of folic acid in four groups of rats, each consisting of 10 animals. The first group had 150 mg/kg ZnONPs orally every day for 2 weeks. The second group received 10 mg/kg of folic acid intraperitoneal (ip) for 1 week, followed by ZnONPs daily for 2 weeks. The third group received folic acid only, while the control group was given distilled water. At the end of the experiments, hippocampi were examined, and serum concentrations were measured for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), myelin basic protein (MBP), monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), and neurofilament light polypeptide (NEFL). ZnONPs-exposed animals exhibited significantly lower levels of GFAP and MBP (<i>p</i> < 0.05 and <i>p</i> < 0.001, respectively) compared to all groups, while the same overdosed animals showed significantly higher levels of MAOA compared to the group that received folic acid prophylaxis (<i>p</i> < 0.001). NEFL levels did not significantly differ among all groups. Histopathological analysis revealed neurodegeneration in the ZnONPs-exposed group, characterized by neuronal shrinkage, hyperchromatic nuclei, vacuolated cytoplasm, and cell loss. Folic acid partially mitigated these effects, preserving Nissl granules and reducing pyknotic changes, though some ghost cells persisted. In summary, the positive impact of folic acid on reducing ZnONPs toxicity is promising to be further investigated as a preventive measure against nanoparticle-induced neurotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"1695369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12483740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety Evaluation of the Aqueous Extract of the Mixture of <i>Persea americana</i> (Lauraceae), <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> (Poaceae), Fruits of <i>Citrus medica</i> (Rutaceae), and Honey in Wistar Rat.","authors":"Malane Nsangou Aicha El Ramadan, Bilanda Danielle Claude, Thamadeu Marie-Claire, Bidingha À Goufani Ronald, Tcheutchoua Yannick Carlos, Owona Pascal Emmanuel, Ngapout Fifen Rodrigue, Mbolang Nguegang Loick, Djientcheu Deugoue Franck Yvan, Dzeufiet Djomeni Paul Désiré, Kamtchouing Pierre","doi":"10.1155/jt/3145953","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/3145953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As part of the valorization of traditional medicine drugs, toxicological studies were carried out on the mixture of the aqueous extract of <i>Persea americana, Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus medica</i>, and honey, a traditional mixture recognized for its antihypertensive activities. The experiments were conducted following modified OECD protocols 425 and 407 for acute and subchronic toxicity tests, respectively. For the acute toxicity, rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 rats (3 females and 3 males). They were given 2 single different doses of aqueous extract of the mixture and distilled water (2000 and 5000 mg/kg, 10 mL/kg). They were observed for the first 24 h and during 14 days. Clinical signs and nature of feces were evaluated. Concerning the subchronic toxicity, six groups of 10 animals each (5 males and 5 females) were used for each dose. The animals of group 1 received distilled water (10 mL/kg), and the animals of groups 2, 3, and 4 received the aqueous extract of the mixture (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg). The animals of groups 5 and 6 were normal satellite control and satellite extract 600 mg/kg. They received, respectively, distilled water (10 mL/kg) and the aqueous extract of the mixture (600 mg/kg). These last two groups were observed 14 days more than the other groups after complete cessation of all treatments. Clinical signs were evaluated and marked by normal fecal matter throughout the experimental period, with a nonsignificant weight variation. After the experiment, rats were sacrificed. For the subchronic toxicity evaluation, blood samples and some organs were taken. Relative organ was calculated, and hematological and biochemical parameters were also evaluated as well as histological sections of organs (pancreas, lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen). Concerning the acute toxicity, some organs such as the pancreas, lungs, liver, kidneys, and brain were taken and weighed and relative weights were calculated. Administration of the aqueous extract of the mixture daily and for 28 days at the highest dose (600 mg/kg) led to significant increases in the weight of the kidneys (16.25%; <i>p</i> < 0.05) and lungs (58.72%; <i>p</i> < 0.001), and on the other hand, a significant drop in the relative weight of the spleen was observed (49.87%; <i>p</i> < 0.01). A significant increase in the level of leukocytes (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in animals of both sexes treated with the aqueous extract of the mixture at the highest dose was recorded. Treatment of animals with the extract at the highest dose resulted in a significant decrease in triglycerides (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in males. The microarchitecture of histological sections of the organs did not present any notable abnormality apart from a leukocyte shift at 600 mg/kg. The aqueous extract of this mixture is not toxic at the doses used traditionally (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg).</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"3145953"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12453915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sublethal Effects of Cameroon Field-Used Pesticides on Growth and Organ Health in <i>Archachatina marginata</i>.","authors":"Annick Niquaise Enangue Njembele, Sylvie C Ntyam Epse Ondo, Kingsley Agbor Etchu","doi":"10.1155/jt/6365547","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/6365547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cameroon rainforest region is not only an agricultural area with massive pesticide uses but also possesses factors that favor land snails' growth like <i>Archachatina marginata</i>. The present study aimed to assess the impact of sub-chronic exposure of commonly used pesticides in Cameroon, glyphosate, metalaxyl, and cypermethrin on the growth, survival, histological structure of key organs, and tissue residue levels in <i>Archachatina marginata</i>. Therefore, sub-adult (under 30 g) <i>Archachatina marginata</i> snails were exposed for 10 weeks, once a week to field-relevant concentrations of glyphosate (0.5 g/L), metalaxyl (3.3 g/L), and cypermethrin (2 g/L), while the control group was exposed with tap water. The experiment was repeated four times. Survival and body weight were recorded weekly. Post exposure, tissue residues were analyzed by GC-MS, and histological examinations of the kidney and ovo-testis (snails' gonad) were performed. The result showed no significant differences in the survival or external morphology of exposed snails. However, deeper statistical analyses revealed that snails exposed to metalaxyl had significantly lower final weights compared to all other groups with a mean loss of -8.7 g (-26.6%). A histological examination revealed visible alteration in the kidney and ovo-testis tissues of treated snails, though these changes could not be confirmed statistically. Moreover, pesticide residues were detected in the tissues of treated animals, with trace amounts of glyphosate and cypermethrin also found in control snails, likely due to prior contamination or cross-cage drift. In conclusion, sub-chronic exposure to field-used pesticides did not induce mortality in <i>Archachatina marginata</i> but did affect growth and tissue integrity, especially under metalaxyl exposure. These findings raise concerns about sub-lethal toxicity and food safety risks and support the use of <i>Archachatina marginata</i> as a bioindicator in pesticide-exposed environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6365547"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12449114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145113602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Histopathological Study of Cyclosporine Pulmonary Toxicity in Rats.","authors":"Journal Of Toxicology","doi":"10.1155/jt/9757928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jt/9757928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2016/2973274.].</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9757928"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12440638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145081131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accidental Ingestion of Intoxications (Drugs and Nondrug Materials) Among Pediatric Patients: A Multicenter Study in Bahrain Royal Medical Services Hospitals.","authors":"Noora Aljalahma, Lana Alabbasi, Heba Alkoheji, Hend Almahmood, Abdulrahman Aldoseri, Fatema Husain, Maryam Abdul Jabbar, Nawara Aljasim, Sara Dawood, Raafat Hammad","doi":"10.1155/jt/2093893","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/2093893","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presence of accidental ingestion of toxins in children is a widespread and preventable issue. Even though most children are asymptomatic, prompt presentation and management have a significant impact on mortality. Each toxin has a different presentation and complication, with some resulting in organ injury. It is essential to highlight the reasons for accidental ingestions to prevent fatal consequences. This retrospective cross-sectional study was done in Royal Medical Services hospitals, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, and King Hamad University Hospital in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Our study evaluates the incidence of accidental consumption of drugs and nonpharmacological toxins in children under the age of 14 years old who were admitted from the year 2022-2023. A total of 95 children were included, and the primary outcome was to recognize the most common toxin ingested and estimate the total number of accidental ingestions in two major hospitals in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The most common occurrence was observed in children aged between 2 and 3 years. Medications were the most prevalent type of intoxication, representing 55.6% of cases in 2022 and 56.1% in 2023. Among the 95 children, 48 were symptomatic, while 47 were asymptomatic. The highest rates of asymptomatic cases were observed in children who ingested medications. The average time between toxins ingestion and presentation to the emergency department was 90 min. All patients were discharged home in good condition, with zero mortality rate. Despite the fact that our research reported zero mortality, accidental ingestion of intoxications remains a serious and significant matter. Raising community awareness and sensibility through social and medical campaigns are highly encouraged, to ensure that not only caregivers but also people of all age groups recognize these urgent incidents promptly and respond appropriately. Additionally, intensified preventive measures involving closer supervision of minors and educating children themselves about the risks can also decrease the number of voluntary intoxication cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"2093893"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12440636/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145081109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Catechin on Hepatotoxicity Induced by Combined Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel Treatment.","authors":"Shayan Shwan Mohammed-Rashid, Hiewa Othman Dyary","doi":"10.1155/jt/6775839","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/6775839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity remains a significant challenge in cancer treatment, limiting the clinical use of potent anticancer agents like doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PAC). This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of catechin (CAT), a natural flavonoid antioxidant, against DOX- and PAC-induced liver toxicity. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, DOX + PAC-treated, CAT-only, and two groups receiving CAT (20 or 40 mg/kg) in combination with DOX + PAC. Hepatic function was assessed through liver enzyme levels, oxidative stress biomarkers, and histopathological examination. Results showed that DOX + PAC treatment significantly elevated serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP, indicating hepatocellular damage. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), were also increased, while antioxidant defenses such as glutathione (GSH) and catalase were depleted. CAT coadministration, particularly at 40 mg/kg, markedly reduced oxidative damage, restored hepatic enzyme levels, and mitigated histopathological alterations, including congestion, hepatocyte degeneration, and inflammatory infiltration. Moreover, CAT reduced NF-κB expression, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect. These findings demonstrate that CAT effectively protects against DOX- and PAC-induced hepatotoxicity by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms and reducing inflammation. Given its hepatoprotective potential, CAT may serve as a complementary therapeutic strategy to enhance chemotherapy tolerance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6775839"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12422850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preclinical Safety Assessment of an Ayurvedic Dentifrice: Acute and 28-Day Oral Toxicity Studies in Wistar Albino Rats.","authors":"Delfin Lovelina Francis, Saravanan Sampoornam Pape Reddy, Balaji Manohar, Shaili Pradhan","doi":"10.1155/jt/1379571","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/1379571","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Herbal formulations with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties are commonly used in traditional medicine for oral hygiene. Despite growing popularity, little or no research exists on the safety profile of these products to confirm their long-term safety. An ayurvedic dentifrice formulation was analyzed in Wistar albino rats for acute and subacute oral toxicity, with emphasis on the toxic effects of the product on physiological, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters. <b>Methods:</b> Wistar rats (<i>n</i> = 6) were administered a single dose of the test formulation above 2000 mg/kg body weight and were kept on a 14-day observation period for acute toxicity. Subacute toxicity was induced by daily oral administration of 300, 600, and 1000 mg/kg of the test formulation to male (<i>n</i> = 30) and female (<i>n</i> = 30) rats for 28 days. A 14-day recovery period in the high-dose group was then carried out. Clinical signs, including mortality, food and water intake, body weight, hematological and biochemical parameters, vital organ weights, and histopathological alterations, were assessed. <b>Results:</b> Acute and subacute toxicity studies did not reveal any mortality or significant clinical signs. At 2000 mg/kg body weight, the hepatic changes were minor and reversible. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 1000 mg/kg body weight, as there were no significant changes in biochemical, hematological, and histopathological parameters until this dose. <b>Conclusions:</b> In Wistar albino rats, the tested Ayurvedic dentifrice formulation tapered with quiescent toxicity can be considered safe for oral use. Long-term studies in the form of clinical trials are recommended for human use.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"1379571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12404827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144992851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vivo Irritation and Sensitization Assessment of Cypermethrin, Pymetrozine, and Indoxacarb-Emamectin Benzoate Combination in Test Animals.","authors":"Wahyu Daradjat Natawigena, Kirana Fayruz Swarga, Gloria Mahayarni Lastiar Sitinjak, Muhammad Ilfadry Rifasta, Agus Susanto, Gofarana Wilar, Cecep Suhandi","doi":"10.1155/jt/1282928","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/1282928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insecticides are widely used to protect agricultural and plantation products from pests and plant-disrupting organisms. Prior to market distribution, pesticide-containing products must undergo safety evaluations, including assessments of potential skin and eye irritation and allergic responses. In this study, we conducted one of the first comparative in vivo evaluations of commercial insecticidal formulations containing cypermethrin (Gusano 300 EC), pymetrozine (Vorum 50 WG), and indoxacarb-emamectin benzoate (Endorse Plus 160/20 OD) using internationally recognized protocols based on OECD 404 (skin irritation), OECD 405 (eye irritation), and OECD 406 (skin sensitization). The results showed that the cypermethrin formulation caused minimal skin irritation, mild eye irritation, and skin sensitization. The pymetrozine formulation did not cause skin irritation or sensitization but induced mild eye irritation. The indoxacarb-emamectin Benzoate formulation caused mild eye irritation and skin sensitization, with minimal skin irritation. These findings contribute novel data to the toxicological profile of these pesticide formulations and support future safety evaluations and regulatory assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"1282928"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12401598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144992860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}