Journal of Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Organophosphorus Nerve Agents: Types, Toxicity, and Treatments.","authors":"Sudisha Mukherjee,&nbsp;Rinkoo Devi Gupta","doi":"10.1155/2020/3007984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3007984","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organophosphorus compounds are extensively used worldwide as pesticides which cause great hazards to human health. Nerve agents, a subcategory of the organophosphorus compounds, have been produced and used during wars, and they have also been used in terrorist activities. These compounds possess physiological threats by interacting and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme which leads to the cholinergic crisis. After a general introduction, this review elucidates the mechanisms underlying cholinergic and noncholinergic effects of organophosphorus compounds. The conceivable treatment strategies for organophosphate poisoning are different types of bioscavengers which include stoichiometric, catalytic, and pseudocatalytic. The current research on the promising treatments specifically the catalytic bioscavengers including several wild-type organophosphate hydrolases such as paraoxonase and phosphotriesterase, phosphotriesterase-like lactonase, methyl parathion hydrolase, organophosphate acid anhydrolase, diisopropyl fluorophosphatase, human triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, and senescence marker protein has been widely discussed. Organophosphorus compounds are reported to be the nonphysiological substrate for many mammalian organophosphate hydrolysing enzymes; therefore, the efficiency of these enzymes toward these compounds is inadequate. Hence, studies have been conducted to create mutants with an enhanced rate of hydrolysis and high specificity. Several mutants have been created by applying directed molecular evolution and/or targeted mutagenesis, and catalytic efficiency has been characterized. Generally, organophosphorus compounds are chiral in nature. The development of mutant enzymes for providing superior stereoselective degradation of toxic organophosphorus compounds has also been widely accounted for in this review. Existing enzymes have shown limited efficiency; hence, more effective treatment strategies have also been critically analyzed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"3007984"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/3007984","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38464953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxicity Potential of Endophytic Fungi Extracts from <i>Terminalia catappa</i> against Human Cervical Cancer Cells.","authors":"Michèle Stella Majoumouo,&nbsp;Marius Belmondo Tincho,&nbsp;Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo,&nbsp;Thureyah Morris,&nbsp;Donavon Charles Hiss,&nbsp;Fabrice Fekam Boyom,&nbsp;Chitra Mandal","doi":"10.1155/2020/8871152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8871152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endophytic fungi are potential sources of novel bioactive metabolites from a natural product drug discovery perspective. This study reports the bioactivity-directed fractionation of the secondary metabolites of the ethyl acetate extract of a fermentation culture of endophytic fungi from <i>Terminalia catappa</i> which were then evaluated for their cytotoxicity against human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Furthermore, apoptosis was determined using the Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry assay. Endophyte extracts N2, N7, N8, N97, N169, and N233 were obtained from <i>Trichoderma sp</i>, <i>Phoma sp</i>, <i>Phomopsis phyllanticola</i>, <i>Fusarium oxyporum</i>, <i>Collectotrichum sp</i>, and <i>Cryptococcus flavescens</i>, respectively. The N97 extract was most active with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 33.35 <i>µ</i>g/ml. A 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) of 268.4 <i>µ</i>g/ml was obtained with HFF cells and the selectivity index (SI) was 8.01. The percentages of cell populations were increased at late apoptosis (Annexin+/PI+), with the percentages of 27.4 ± 0.3 and 19.2 ± 0.01 obtained, respectively, for 50 <i>µ</i>g/ml and 80 <i>µ</i>g/ml of the N97 extract and 2.1 ± 0.1 obtained for the control in late apoptosis (Annexin V+/PI+) . Moreover, a higher reduction in the percentage of viable cells was observed in the HeLa control cells (93.6 ± 0.3), but the percentages of viable HeLa cells were 37 ± 0.05 and 45 ± 0.1, respectively, for the 50 <i>µ</i>g/ml and 80 <i>µ</i>g/ml treatments with the N97 extract. Also, the percentages of 34.7 ± 0.1 and 33.9 ± 0.4 were, respectively, obtained for 50 <i>µ</i>g/ml and 80 <i>µ</i>g/ml compared to the control with 4.6 ± 0.2, in early apoptosis (Annexin V+/PI-). These findings highlight the anticancer potential of the N97 extract of endophytic fungi from <i>Terminalia catappa</i>, which is mediated through apoptosis and presumably also attenuation of chemoresistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8871152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/8871152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38464956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pesticides Use Practice by Market Gardeners in Lome (Togo).","authors":"Aboudoulatif Diallo,&nbsp;Komi Zotchi,&nbsp;Povi Lawson-Evi,&nbsp;Batomayena Bakoma,&nbsp;Essotolom Badjabaissi,&nbsp;Eklu-Gadegkeku Kwashie","doi":"10.1155/2020/8831873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8831873","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticides are more and more used in African countries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk and the impact of pesticides on gardener's health. It is a transversal descriptive study, which referred to vegetable growers, held in Lomé on the period from May 20 to June 5, 2017. Forty-eight (48) growers participated in the study. Men accounted for 70.8% of the study population against 29.2% of women. The level of education was primary (47.9%) in the majority of cases. Married people or couples represented 77.1% of cases. Most gardeners (72.9%) has no training in the use of pesticides. Pesticides were consistently applied (100%), including insecticides (72.7%), herbicides (9.1%), and fungicides (18.2%). Of 20 pesticides collected, 9 (45%) were approved by our authorities. Only 43.8% of growers were supplied with pesticides from authorized structures of agricultural products. Branches of plants (79.2%) were the spray means of most of the pesticides. Most gardeners (79, 2%) did not use personal protective equipment because of lack of resources for 81.6% of them. Water and environment contamination risk by pesticides was known by only 6.3% of gardeners. Among the adverse effects reported, pruritus was the majority in 85.4% of cases followed by headache (70.8%), cough (68.8%), and muscle pain (64.6%). The training of gardeners, monitoring and control of this informal sector, and the monitoring of unregistered pesticides will help to reduce the risk of poisoning of gardeners and consumers of vegetables as well as environmental pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8831873"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/8831873","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38464955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Geophagy Clay Capacity in Adsorbing Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ for Water Treatment in Southeast Nigeria.","authors":"T M Osobamiro,&nbsp;E T Ademuyiwa,&nbsp;O M Ajibade,&nbsp;A S Hashimi","doi":"10.1155/2020/4421117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4421117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geophagy clay has been used in tropical regions as gastrointestinal protector for adsorbing toxins in human body, but it was rarely used in adsorbing heavy metals contaminants in water. This study determines elemental concentration of geophagy clay and evaluates its adsorptive capacity in removing Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ in water. Fifteen clay samples were randomly collected from three layers in the space of one meter apart from Amawom clay deposit in Ikwuano local government, Southeast Nigeria. Elemental analysis was carried out using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer (ICP-MS), and chemical characterization was performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The adsorptive capacity of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ on the clay samples was evaluated using standard solutions of the metal ions. The result of the elemental analysis in mg/kg (Pb ≤ 12.4, Zn ≤ 2.75, Co ≤ 1.50, Ni ≤ 1.47, Mn ≤ 15.0, Cd = 0.01, Ca ≤ 300, Al ≤ 3466, Na ≤ 13.3, and Hg = 0.02; <i>P</i> ≤ 40.0) revealed that the concentrations of most of the studied metals in the three layers are statistically similar and fall below the permissible recommended safety levels. The presence of functional groups (hydroxyl, amine, and carboxylic/ester) and minerals (kaolinite, goethite, and quartz) provided evidence of the good adsorptive properties of the clay samples. The adsorption of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ unto the clay samples increased with increase in pH, concentration, time, and temperature, and the equilibrium data for the adsorption fitted well into Langmuir isotherm. The study, therefore, concluded that geophagy clay possesses the capacity to adsorb Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ for water treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"4421117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/4421117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38444769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herbicide Widespread: The Effects of Pethoxamid on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Steatosis <i>In Vitro</i>.","authors":"Anna Virginia Adriana Pirozzi,&nbsp;Antonietta Stellavato,&nbsp;Chiara Schiraldi,&nbsp;Mariateresa Giuliano","doi":"10.1155/2020/7915795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7915795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pethoxamid is a widespread herbicidal product, presenting itself as an extremely flexible active substance and with a high potential for use as an herbicide for preemergence. The emergence of multiple resistance in crops has been addressed using combinations of preemergence and postemergence herbicides in the same seeding-harvest cycle. A winning combination of pethoxamid and glyphosate mainly affected the acidobacteria population. Glyphosate scientific literature has demonstrated an observational link between herbicide exposure and liver disease in human subjects. Identifying and ranking the risk to the public that pethoxamid could exert on target organs has not been evaluated so far. Due to similarities to glyphosate, we did look at the effect of pethoxamid on impaired liver cells HepG2, using a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cell model <i>in vitro</i>. Pethoxamid was cytotoxic starting at 1 ppm. Fatty acid accumulation (FA) was enhanced while low doses of pethoxamid slightly decreased LDH protein expression compared to FA-treated HepG2. The same trend was observed for cytochrome c. Based on our data, we can argue that NAFLD hepatic cells react to pethoxamid trying detoxifying strategies, ready to undergo cell death to avoid further degeneration. Downregulation of cytochrome can lead to the hypothesis that pethoxamid should not induce herbicide resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"7915795"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/7915795","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38499453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subacute Hepatotoxicity of Extracts of <i>Senna occidentalis</i> Seeds in Swiss Albino Mice.","authors":"Egziharia Mokonen Gebrezgi,&nbsp;Mebrahtom Gebrelibanos Hiben,&nbsp;Kidanemariam Gaim Kidanu,&nbsp;Amanuel Tesfay Tsegay","doi":"10.1155/2020/8843044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8843044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Senna occidentalis</i> is potentially toxic to humans and animals. Its seeds are crop contaminant weeds in some localities where liver disease is prevalent. This study assessed the subacute hepatotoxicity of <i>S. occidentalis</i> seeds in mice model. Three groups of female Swiss Albino mice (25-28 g, aged 8-10 weeks) received distilled water (control), 400, and 1000 mg/kg extract of <i>S. occidentalis</i> seed, respectively. At the end of the study, body weight and liver organ weight were recorded, and tissue and blood samples were collected and analyzed. The results indicated that the extract treated groups, at both doses, showed significant (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001) decrease in mean body weight gain in the fourth week of the experiment. Besides, the extract treated groups showed significant (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001) elevation of liver enzyme markers: alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Also, histopathological examinations of liver tissue showed moderate microvesicular steatosis of hepatocytes and mild inflammation in the 400 mg/kg treated group as well as marked micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, focal area necrosis, and periportal inflammation with mononuclear cell infiltration in the 1000 mg/kg treated group. Thus, these findings show that <i>S. occidentalis</i> seeds exhibit hepatotoxicity in mice, characterized by changes in liver tissue architecture and liver enzyme levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8843044"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/8843044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38460652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In Vitro</i> Determination of Genotoxicity Induced by Brackets Alloys in Cultures of Human Gingival Fibroblasts.","authors":"Juan Pablo Loyola-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Ildelfonso Lastra-Corso,&nbsp;José Obed García-Cortés,&nbsp;Alejandra Loyola-Leyva,&nbsp;Rúben Abraham Domínguez-Pérez,&nbsp;David Avila-Arizmendi,&nbsp;Guillermo Contreras-Palma,&nbsp;Cecilia González-Calixto","doi":"10.1155/2020/1467456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1467456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orthodontic brackets release ions that can be reabsorbed in the oral mucosa, potentially causing complications, including cytotoxic effects and mutagenic alterations. The aim was to evaluate the genotoxicity induced by orthodontic appliance alloys in cultures of human gingival fibroblasts by comet assay. Eluates were obtained from the following brackets alloys: EconoLine (SS: stainless steel), MiniMirage (Ni-Ti: nickel-titanium), Nu-Edge (Co-Cr: cobalt-chromium), In-Vu (PC-polycrystals (PC) aluminum oxide), and Monocrystal IZE (monocrystalline (MC) aluminum oxide). Each bracket was sterilized and exposed to a corrosive process for 35 days. The obtained eluates were tested for genotoxicity of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFA) by the alkaline comet assay. All study groups showed genotoxic effects; there was a significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) among groups. The eluates obtained from Ni-Ti showed a 16-times greater genotoxic effect. There were differences in genotoxicity after comparing the Ni-Ti with SS (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and Co-Cr brackets (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The ceramic was more genotoxic than metallic brackets (SS and Co-Cr), but less than the Ni-Ti. This <i>in vitro</i> model will be useful for further study of early DNA damage caused by brackets and other biomaterials used in the oral cavity before their introduction into the clinical setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"1467456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/1467456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38858950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromosomal Abnormalities in <i>Allium cepa</i> Induced by Treated Textile Effluents: Spatial and Temporal Variations.","authors":"W M Dimuthu Nilmini Wijeyaratne,&nbsp;P G Minola Udayangani Wickramasinghe","doi":"10.1155/2020/8814196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8814196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Appropriate effluent treatment processes are expected to significantly reduce the toxicity of effluents before they are released to the natural environment. The present study was aimed to assess the spatial and temporal variations of the physical and chemical water quality parameters of a natural water body receiving treated textile effluents and to assess the chromosomal abnormalities induced by the treated textile effluents. Four sampling sites (A: effluent discharge point; B: 100 m downstream from site A along the tributary; C: 200 m downstream from site A along the tributary; D: 100 m upstream from site A along the tributary) were selected associated to a tributary that received treated textile effluent. The physical and chemical water quality parameters were measured in the composite water samples collected from the study sites, and <i>Allium cepa</i> bioassay was conducted using aged tap water as the control. Sampling was conducted in both rainy and dry seasons. The conductivity, TDS, COD, and colour intensity of the water samples collected from the study sites were significantly higher during the dry season compared to those in the rainy season. <i>Allium cepa</i> root meristematic cells exposed to water samples from sites A, B, and C showed a significantly high interphase and prophase indices compared to those exposed to aged tap water and upstream site during both rainy and dry seasons. The mitotic index of the root tip cells of <i>Allium cepa</i> bulbs exposed to the water samples collected from the effluent discharge point (site A) and from the 100 m downstream site from site A (site B) was significantly lower than that of the other sites in both rainy and dry seasons. However, the mitotic index of the root tip cells of <i>Allium cepa</i> bulbs exposed to the water samples from the upstream site was not significantly different from that of the control treatment during both sampling seasons. The bioassay indicated that the mitotic index and phase index of the root meristematic cells of <i>Allium cepa</i> can be affected by the treated textile effluents released to the water body and the occurrence of C metaphase, chromosomal adherence, bridges, disturbed anaphase, vagrant chromosomes, and chromosomal breaks indicated that the treated textile effluent receiving tributary can possibly contain genotoxic and mutagenic compounds which can induce chromosomal abnormalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8814196"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/8814196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38293158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycotoxins Detection and Fungal Contamination in Black and Green Tea by HPLC-Based Method.","authors":"K Pakshir,&nbsp;Z Mirshekari,&nbsp;H Nouraei,&nbsp;Z Zareshahrabadi,&nbsp;K Zomorodian,&nbsp;H Khodadadi,&nbsp;A Hadaegh","doi":"10.1155/2020/2456210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2456210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fungal contamination and total aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) of tea samples were examined. A total of 60 tea samples were extracted and treated with immunoaffinity columns. The amount of AF and OTA were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector (FD). Tea samples were cultured and the fungi were identified. The results showed that 24 (40%) samples were contaminated with AFs and none of the tea samples were above the acceptable limit of AFs (≥10 <i>μ</i>g/kg). All of the samples were contaminated with OTA where only 3 black tea samples (6.6%) and 1 green tea sample (6.7%) were detected to have more than the standard limits of toxin (10 <i>μ</i>g·kg^-1). The mean concentration of OTA in the black tea was higher than green tea. <i>Aspergillus niger</i> was the predominant fungi isolated from black and green tea samples. Considering the high contamination of mycotoxins in tea samples, regular monitoring in the tea process for improving quality is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"2456210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/2456210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38293157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute, Subacute, and Genotoxicity Assessments of a Proprietary Blend of <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> Fruit Rind and <i>Cinnamomum tamala</i> Leaf Extracts (CinDura®).","authors":"Sundararaju Dodda,&nbsp;Venkata Krishnaraju Alluri,&nbsp;Trimurtulu Golakoti,&nbsp;Krishanu Sengupta","doi":"10.1155/2020/1435891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1435891","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present communication describes a battery of toxicity studies that include an acute oral toxicity, a subacute twenty-eight-day repeated oral dose toxicity, and genotoxicity studies on a herbal formulation CinDura® (GMCT). This proprietary herbal composition contains the extracts of the <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> fruit rind (GM) and the <i>Cinnamomum tamala</i> leaf (CT). The toxicological evaluations were performed following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The acute oral toxicity study in Wistar rats suggests that the median lethal dose of CinDura® is at least 2000 mg/kg body weight. Acute dermal and eye irritation tests in New Zealand white rabbits indicate that the test item is nonirritant to the skin and eyes. A twenty-eight-day repeated dose oral toxicity study was conducted in male and female Wistar rats using daily doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight, followed by a fourteen-day reversal period for two satellite groups. The CinDura®-supplemented animals did not show any sign of toxicity on their body weights, organ weights, and on the hematobiochemical parameters. The gross pathology and histopathological examinations indicated no treatment-related changes in the experimental animals. Overall, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of the herbal blend is 1000 mg/kg body weight, the highest tested dose. Also, the results of the bacterial reverse mutation test and the erythrocyte micronucleus assay in mouse bone marrow suggest that CinDura® (GMCT) is neither mutagenic nor clastogenic.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"1435891"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/1435891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38268403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}