Journal of Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Mycotoxins Detection and Fungal Contamination in Black and Green Tea by HPLC-Based Method.","authors":"K Pakshir,&nbsp;Z Mirshekari,&nbsp;H Nouraei,&nbsp;Z Zareshahrabadi,&nbsp;K Zomorodian,&nbsp;H Khodadadi,&nbsp;A Hadaegh","doi":"10.1155/2020/2456210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2456210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fungal contamination and total aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) of tea samples were examined. A total of 60 tea samples were extracted and treated with immunoaffinity columns. The amount of AF and OTA were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector (FD). Tea samples were cultured and the fungi were identified. The results showed that 24 (40%) samples were contaminated with AFs and none of the tea samples were above the acceptable limit of AFs (≥10 <i>μ</i>g/kg). All of the samples were contaminated with OTA where only 3 black tea samples (6.6%) and 1 green tea sample (6.7%) were detected to have more than the standard limits of toxin (10 <i>μ</i>g·kg^-1). The mean concentration of OTA in the black tea was higher than green tea. <i>Aspergillus niger</i> was the predominant fungi isolated from black and green tea samples. Considering the high contamination of mycotoxins in tea samples, regular monitoring in the tea process for improving quality is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"2456210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/2456210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38293157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute, Subacute, and Genotoxicity Assessments of a Proprietary Blend of <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> Fruit Rind and <i>Cinnamomum tamala</i> Leaf Extracts (CinDura®).","authors":"Sundararaju Dodda,&nbsp;Venkata Krishnaraju Alluri,&nbsp;Trimurtulu Golakoti,&nbsp;Krishanu Sengupta","doi":"10.1155/2020/1435891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1435891","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present communication describes a battery of toxicity studies that include an acute oral toxicity, a subacute twenty-eight-day repeated oral dose toxicity, and genotoxicity studies on a herbal formulation CinDura® (GMCT). This proprietary herbal composition contains the extracts of the <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> fruit rind (GM) and the <i>Cinnamomum tamala</i> leaf (CT). The toxicological evaluations were performed following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The acute oral toxicity study in Wistar rats suggests that the median lethal dose of CinDura® is at least 2000 mg/kg body weight. Acute dermal and eye irritation tests in New Zealand white rabbits indicate that the test item is nonirritant to the skin and eyes. A twenty-eight-day repeated dose oral toxicity study was conducted in male and female Wistar rats using daily doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight, followed by a fourteen-day reversal period for two satellite groups. The CinDura®-supplemented animals did not show any sign of toxicity on their body weights, organ weights, and on the hematobiochemical parameters. The gross pathology and histopathological examinations indicated no treatment-related changes in the experimental animals. Overall, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of the herbal blend is 1000 mg/kg body weight, the highest tested dose. Also, the results of the bacterial reverse mutation test and the erythrocyte micronucleus assay in mouse bone marrow suggest that CinDura® (GMCT) is neither mutagenic nor clastogenic.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"1435891"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/1435891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38268403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Effect of DPPD on Mercury Chloride-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Rats.","authors":"Ahmed Nabil,&nbsp;Mohamed M Elshemy,&nbsp;Medhat Asem,&nbsp;Heba F Gomaa","doi":"10.1155/2020/4127284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4127284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mercury is a global environmental pollutant, accumulating mainly in the kidney and liver inducing hepatorenal toxicity, oxidative stress, and tissue damage. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between free radicals' production and cellular antioxidant defense systems. In the present study, we investigated the effect of N N'-diphenyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine (DPPD) antioxidant activity against mercury chloride- (HgCl₂-) induced renal and hepatic toxicity. Thirty adult female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three equal groups: the first group was injected with saline only and served as a control, the second group was injected with HgCl₂, and the third group received DPPD + HgCl₂ rats injected with HgCl₂ without treatment showing a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, creatinine, and uric acids compared to control. Moreover, the second group showed a significant reduction in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH)) in addition to a marked increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, histopathological alterations, collagen deposition, CD8%, CD4%, and TGF-<i>β</i>% in kidney and liver tissues compared with the control group. Treatment with DPPD showed significant recovery (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001) in all previous parameters and histopathological examination. In conclusion, we suggested that DPPD may have a promising antioxidant capacity, gives it the applicability to be used as a prophylactic agent against mercury-induced hepatorenal cytotoxicity in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"4127284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/4127284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38210429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Clerodendrum volubile</i> Ethanol Leaf Extract: A Potential Antidote to Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats.","authors":"Olufunke Esan Olorundare, Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye, Akinyele Olubiyi Akinsola, Daniel Ayodele Sanni, Mamoru Koketsu, Hasan Mukhtar","doi":"10.1155/2020/8859716","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2020/8859716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Doxorubicin is widely applied in hematological and solid tumor treatment but limited by its off-target cardiotoxicity. Thus, cardioprotective potential and mechanism(s) of <i>CVE</i> in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity were investigated using cardiac and oxidative stress markers and histopathological endpoints. 50-400 mg/kg/day <i>CVE</i> in 5% DMSO in distilled water were investigated in Wistar rats intraperitoneally injected with 2.5 mg/kg DOX on alternate days for 14 days, using serum troponin I and LDH, complete lipid profile, cardiac tissue oxidative stress marker assays, and histopathological examination of DOX-treated cardiac tissue. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative assays of <i>CVE</i>'s secondary metabolites were also conducted. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of flavonoids (34.79 ± 0.37 mg/100 mg dry extract), alkaloids (36.73 ± 0.27 mg/100 mg dry extract), reducing sugars (07.78 ± 0.09 mg/100 mg dry extract), and cardiac glycosides (24.55 ± 0.12 mg/100 mg dry extract). 50-400 mg/kg/day <i>CVE</i> significantly attenuated increases in the serum LDH and troponin I levels. Similarly, the <i>CVE</i> dose unrelatedly decreased serum TG and VLDL-c levels without significant alterations in the serum TC, HDL-c, and LDL-c levels. Also, <i>CVE</i> profoundly attenuated alterations in the cardiac tissue oxidative stress markers' activities while improving DOX-associated cardiac histological lesions that were possibly mediated via free radical scavenging and/or antioxidant mechanisms. Overall, <i>CVE</i> may play a significant therapeutic role in the management of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8859716"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38194751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plants Used in Antivenom Therapy in Rural Kenya: Ethnobotany and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Timothy Omara","doi":"10.1155/2020/1828521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1828521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Snake envenomation is one of the neglected tropical diseases which has left an intolerable death toll and severe socioeconomic losses in Kenya. In a continued effort to identify some antiophidic East African botanical species, this study generated ethnobotanical information on antivenom plants reported in Kenya, with a view to identify potential species which could be subjected to <i>in vitro</i> and clinical studies for possible development into antivenoms. Data retrieved through searches done in multidisciplinary databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scientific Electronic Library Online) indicated that 54 plant species belonging to 45 genera, distributed among 27 families, are used for the management of snakebites in Kenya. Most species belonged to the family Asteraceae (11%), Malvaceae (11%), Fabaceae (9%), Annonaceae (6%), Combretaceae (6%), and Lamiaceae (6%). The main growth habit of the species is as herbs (35%), shrubs (33%), and trees (28%). Ethnomedicinal preparations used in treating snake poisons are usually from leaves (48%), roots (26%), and stem bark (8%) through decoctions, infusions, powders, and juices which are applied topically or administered orally. The most frequently encountered species were <i>Combretum collinum</i>, <i>Euclea divinorum, Fuerstia africana</i>, <i>Grewia fallax</i>, <i>Microglossa pyrifolia</i>, <i>Solanecio mannii</i>, and <i>Solanum incanum</i>. Indigenous knowledge on medicinal antivenom therapy in Kenya is humongous, and therefore studies to isolate and evaluate the antivenom compounds in the claimed plants are required to enable their confident use in antivenom therapy alongside commercial antivenin sera.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"1828521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/1828521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38114048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Scenario of Acute Poisoning in Jashore, Bangladesh.","authors":"G K Acherjya,&nbsp;M Ali,&nbsp;A B M S Alam,&nbsp;M M Rahman,&nbsp;S G M Mowla","doi":"10.1155/2020/2109673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2109673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute poisoning is a common scenario in the emergency department of any general hospital globally, but its pattern may vary in different parts of the world and even may be a different regional variation in the same country.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our recent study aims to assess the demographic characteristics, psychological aspect, pattern, and treatment outcome in different acute poisoning.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the medicine department of Jashore Medical College and Hospital from 1^st January to 30^th June 2018, which recruited 487 eligible cases of admitted acute poisoning patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study reveals that the total incidence of acute poisoning in Jashore, Bangladesh, is 17.1 per 100,000 populations over a 6-month period. The mean age of our study population was 27 ± 11 (SD) years with having significant female preponderance in acute poisoning (female: 253/52% and male: 234/48%; <i>p</i> = 0.002). Female subjects were significantly younger than male (<i>p</i> <0.001). Moreover, the total suicidal intension of acute poisoning in our study was 97.3%, whereas the female subjects were more committed to suicidal attempts (<i>p</i> = 0.027). Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) were the significant leading agents (66.1%, <i>p</i> = 0.029) of acute poisoning, and even, it had been significantly used as suicidal intention of poisoning substance (65.1%, <i>p</i> <0.001) in our observation. Muslim (97.5%, <i>p</i> = 0.005), 10-29 year age group (68.0%, <i>p</i> = 0.002), rural (99.2%), unmarried (51.3%), middle class (50.1%), students (48.9%), and secondary educational background population (76.4%) were more victimized of acute poisoning. Among different factors, familial disharmony constituted of 56.1% cases of suicidal attempt in acute poisoning. Finally, we had observed that the death incidence by acute poisoning in Jashore, Bangladesh, was 1.9 per 100,000 population over a 6-month period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The recent study reveals that there is high incidence of acute poisoning in Jashore, Bangladesh, with a significant amount of death toll. Organophosphorus compound is the most common agent of deliberating self-poisoning in our study due to its easy availability in our agriculture-based community.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"2109673"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/2109673","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38022541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Pituranthos chloranthus</i> Oil as an Antioxidant-Based Adjuvant Therapy against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity.","authors":"Aida Lahmar,&nbsp;Zaineb Dhaouefi,&nbsp;Rihab Khlifi,&nbsp;Fairouz Sioud,&nbsp;Leila Chekir- Ghedira","doi":"10.1155/2020/7054534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7054534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The therapeutic outcome of cisplatin is limited due to its adverse side effects in normal tissues. Despite its potent antineoplastic effect, cisplatin is known by a relevant collateral action, for instance, acute renal failure. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of <i>Pituranthos chloranthus</i> (PC) essential oil for contracting cisplatin-induced toxicity, in Balb/c mice. The standard mouse model of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), consisting of one intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (20 mg/kg), was adopted. Mice were pretreated by intraperitoneal administration of PC (5 and 10 mg/Kg b.w) for one week. Cisplatin induced alteration in renal and liver functions, evidenced by increased serum biomarkers levels (creatinine, ALT, and AST). Significant mitigation of cisplatin-induced toxicity was confirmed by lowered levels of serum biomarkers and reduced DNA damage in liver and kidney. PC also restored the alterations in oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokine IFN-<i>γ</i> level. Overall, this study provides, for the first time, that PC can be applied as an antioxidant-adjuvant treatment to mitigate cisplatin-induced renal failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"7054534"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/7054534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38022542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Styrene Oxide Caused Cell Cycle Arrest and Abolished Myogenic Differentiation of C2C12 Myoblasts.","authors":"Piyaporn Surinlert,&nbsp;Nitchamon Kongthong,&nbsp;Mariam Watthanard,&nbsp;Thannicha Sae-Lao,&nbsp;Piyawat Sookbangnop,&nbsp;Chumpol Pholpramool,&nbsp;Chittipong Tipbunjong","doi":"10.1155/2020/1807126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1807126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contaminations of chemicals in foods and drinks are raising public concerns. Among these, styrene, a monomer for plastic production, receives increasing interest due to its ability to leach from the packaging and contaminate in foods and drinks causing many health problems. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of styrene monomer (STR) and its metabolite styrene oxide (STO) on C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Based on an MTT assay, both STR and STO showed no cytotoxic effect at 10-100 <i>μ</i>M. However, at 50-100 <i>μ</i>M STO, but not STR, significantly inhibited cell proliferation. The STO-treated cells were accumulated in S-phase of cell cycles as revealed by flow cytometry. The antioxidant enzyme (catalase and superoxide dismutase) activities and the gene expressing these enzymes of the arrested cells were decreased and ultimately led to nuclear condensation and expression of apoptotic markers such as cleaved caspase-3 and-9, but not cleaved caspase-8. In addition, STO significantly suppressed myogenic differentiation by decreasing both the number and size of differentiated myotubes. Biochemical analysis showed attenuations of total protein synthesis and myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein expression. In conclusion, a metabolite of styrene, STO, leached from plastic packaging of foods and beverages suppressed both myoblast proliferation and differentiation, which would affect skeletal muscle development and regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"1807126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/1807126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37977067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Toxicological Evaluation of Germanium Sesquioxide (Organic Germanium).","authors":"Robin A Reddeman,&nbsp;Róbert Glávits,&nbsp;John R Endres,&nbsp;Timothy S Murbach,&nbsp;Gábor Hirka,&nbsp;Adél Vértesi,&nbsp;Erzsébet Béres,&nbsp;Ilona Pasics Szakonyiné","doi":"10.1155/2020/6275625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6275625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A battery of OECD- and GLP-compliant toxicological studies was performed to assess the safety of a highly purified germanium sesquioxide, an organic form of the naturally occurring, nonessential trace element germanium. Germanium dioxide and germanium lactate citrate (inorganic germaniums) have been shown to induce renal toxicity, whereas germanium sesquioxide (an organic germanium) has been shown to have a more favorable safety profile. However, past toxicity studies on germanium sesquioxide compounds have not clearly stated the purity of the tested compounds. In the studies reported herein, there was no evidence of mutagenicity in a bacterial reverse mutation test or an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test. There was no genotoxic activity observed in an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test at concentrations up to the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg bw/day. In a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in Han:WIST rats conducted at doses of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg bw/day by gavage, there were no mortalities, treatment-related adverse effects, or target organs identified. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was determined to be 2000 mg/kg bw/day.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"6275625"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/6275625","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37861109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Effects of Agro Pesticides Use on Liver and Kidney Function in Farmers from Buea, Cameroon.","authors":"Faustin Pascal Tsagué Manfo,&nbsp;Sharon Asukia Mboe,&nbsp;Edouard Akono Nantia,&nbsp;Ferdinand Ngoula,&nbsp;Phélix Bruno Telefo,&nbsp;Paul Fewou Moundipa,&nbsp;Fidelis Cho-Ngwa","doi":"10.1155/2020/2305764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2305764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agro pesticides are increasingly used worldwide to increase crop production. However, health hazards resulting from human exposure to these chemicals, especially from agricultural areas of developing countries have been a growing concern. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of occupational exposure to agro pesticides on the health of farmers in the Buea subdivision, which is one of the major agrarian areas in Cameroon. The study was transversal and involved 90 participants including 58 farmers using pesticides and a reference population of 32 men not involved in occupational use of agro pesticides. The participants were interviewed on agro pesticide use and their health status. Thereafter, blood samples were collected from the participants and used for the assessment of biochemical markers of the liver (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) and the kidney (creatinine and uric acid) function. Results revealed that farmers frequently used insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides in their farming activities. Farmers reported several acute health symptoms related to pesticides use with the common ones being skin rash, eye irritation, and face burn. When compared to the reference population, the farmers showed significantly elevated (<i>p</i> < 0.01) alanine aminotransferase activity. However, other parameters investigated were not affected significantly. These results suggested that farmers were exposed to 3 different classes of agro pesticides, which induced eye and skin affections. Pesticides exposure resulted in alterations of the liver function hence the increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Therefore, there is a need to sensitize the farmers on toxicity and liver alteration potential of agro pesticides and the importance of appropriate protective equipment that may minimize exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"2305764"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/2305764","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37926618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}