Journal of Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Larval Cytotoxic and Subacute Toxicity of <i>Gardenia ternifolia</i>, <i>Rourea coccinea</i>, and <i>Cassytha filiformis</i> Used in Traditional Medicine of Benin (West Africa).","authors":"E Agbodjento,&nbsp;J R Klotoé,&nbsp;T I Sacramento,&nbsp;T V Dougnon,&nbsp;E Déguenon,&nbsp;J Agbankpé,&nbsp;K Fabiyi,&nbsp;P Assogba,&nbsp;M-P Hounkanrin,&nbsp;R Akotegnon,&nbsp;T J Dougnon,&nbsp;J-M Atègbo","doi":"10.1155/2020/8843575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8843575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is a common practice in developing countries. However, this unregulated or irrational use may pose a risk of toxicity to humans in the short and/or long term. Recent studies reported interesting ethnopharmacological, antioxidant, and phytochemical data on some medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of male infertility in Benin. Unfortunately, very little data exist on the long-repeated dose toxicity of these medicinal plants. This study was aimed at evaluating the larval cytotoxicity and subacute toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of <i>Cassytha filiformis</i> whole plant, <i>Gardenia ternifolia</i> roots, and <i>Rourea coccinea</i> leaves. The subacute toxicity of these plants was evaluated in male Wistar albino rats at three different doses (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) according to the OECD 407 guidelines. Hematological and biochemical examinations and the histological study of the liver and kidneys were carried out. Larval cytotoxicity was assessed by the sensitivity of <i>Artemia salina</i> larvae to different concentrations of the studied plants extracts. The mean lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was determined by the probit method. Subacute toxicity data indicated that there was no mortality or structural alterations of the liver and kidneys in the lot of treated animals. However, significant alterations in certain hematological and biochemical parameters (hematocrit, ASAT, and uremia) were noted. These abnormalities were observed in the lot of rats treated with <i>Rourea coccinea</i> and <i>Cassytha filiformis</i> extracts. Larval cytotoxicity data indicate that the studied plants extracts are not cytotoxic (LC₅₀ > 0.1 mg/mL). These data suggest that the use in traditional medicine of studied plants at high doses and repeated over a long period of time requires special attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8843575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/8843575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38687438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience of Snakebite Envenomation by a Desert Viper in Qatar.","authors":"Amr Elmoheen,&nbsp;Waleed Awad Salem,&nbsp;Mahmoud Haddad,&nbsp;Khalid Bashir,&nbsp;Stephen H Thomas","doi":"10.1155/2020/8810741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8810741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crotaline and elapid snakebites are reported all over the world as well as in the Middle East and other countries around this region. However, data regarding snakebites and their treatment in Qatar are limited. This review paper is going to investigate the presentation and treatment of snakebite in Qatar. A good assessment helps to decide on the management of the snakebites envenomation. Antivenom and conservative management are the mainstays of treatment for crotaline snakebite. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has been suggested to do early diagnosis and treatment of soft tissue problems, such as edema and compartment syndrome, after a snakebite. The supporting data are not sufficient regarding the efficiency of POCUS in diagnosing the extent and severity of tissue involvement and its ultimate effect on the outcome. Further research is suggested in this case. Systemic complications, such as bleeding diathesis, can be managed by administering clotting factors and platelets.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8810741"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/8810741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38526696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Effect of <i>Costus afer</i> Aqueous Leaf Extract (CALE) on Low-Dose Heavy Metal Mixture-Induced Alterations in Serum Lipid Profile and Hematological Parameters of Male Wistar Albino Rats.","authors":"Brilliance O Anyanwu,&nbsp;Chinna N Orish,&nbsp;Anthonet N Ezejiofor,&nbsp;Ify L Nwaogazie,&nbsp;Orish E Orisakwe","doi":"10.1155/2020/8850264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8850264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present work investigated the protective effects of <i>Costus afer</i> Ker Gawl. aqueous leaf extract (CALE) on lipid profile and hematological changes induced by exposure to low-dose heavy metal mixture in male albino rats. The experimental animals were divided into six weight matched groups. The normal (group 1) and toxic (group 2) controls received deionized water and metal mixture (20 mg/kg PbCl₂, 1.61 mg/kg CdCl₂, and 0.40 mg/kg HgCl₂), respectively. Test rats in groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with metal mixture and CALE (750, 1500, and 2250 mg/kg, respectively), and group 6 received metal mixture and ZnCl₂. All treatments were administered through oral gavage for 12 weeks. LDHMM caused a marked increase (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), percentage body weight gain, and feed and fluid intake. Also, a significant decrease in RBC, Hb, and PCV, a significant increase in WBC, and no significant increase in platelet PLT were observed in the metal mixture-treated group. But in CALE treated groups, their levels were found to attain almost normal values as found in normal control which is also similar to the zinc-treated group. <i>Costus afer</i> may hold a promise in improving lipid profile and hemodynamic picture in cardiovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8850264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/8850264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38495898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of 1-Propanol Toxicity in B6C3F1 Mice via Repeated Inhalation over 28 and 90 Days.","authors":"Eun-Sang Cho, Yong-Hoon Lee, Jeong-Hee Han, Sung-Jin Kim, Ka-Young Park, Ji-Min Jo, Sung-Bae Lee","doi":"10.1155/2020/9172569","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2020/9172569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We evaluated the toxicity of 1-propanol exposure following repeated inhalation over 28- and 90-day periods in male and female B6C3F1 mice to confirm the potential target organs and to determine the no-observable-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs). Five mice of each sex were exposed to 1-propanol at concentrations of 0, 100, 400, or 1600 ppm for 28 days and showed no consequent toxicity. Following this, ten mice of each sex were exposed at concentrations of 0, 500, 1600, or 5200 ppm for 90 days. We observed no effects on food consumption, body weight, organ weight, clinical signs, hematology and biochemistry parameters, or gross or histological features even at the maximum concentration. Therefore, the NOAEL of inhaled 1-propanol was defined as 5200 ppm (12.8 mg/L) for male and female mice under study conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"9172569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7532428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38464957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical Constituent of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> (Seed) 80% Methanol Extract Inhibits Cholinesterase Enzymes in Javanese Medaka (<i>Oryzias javanicus</i>) Model.","authors":"Ibrahim Hassan,&nbsp;Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim,&nbsp;Ferdaus Mohamat Yusuf,&nbsp;Siti Aqlima Ahmad,&nbsp;Syahida Ahmad","doi":"10.1155/2020/8815313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8815313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pathophysiological changes leading to the death of nerve cells present in the brain and spinal cord are referred to as neurodegenerative diseases. Presently, treatment of these diseases is not effective and encounters many challenges due to the cost of drug and side effects. Thus, the search for the alternative agents to replace synthetic drugs is in high demand. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the anticholinesterase properties of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> seed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The seed was extracted with 80% methanol. Toxicity studies and evaluation of anticholinesterase activities were carried out in adult Javanese medaka (<i>Oryzias javanicus</i>). Phytochemical study to identify the bioactive lead constituents of the crude extract was also carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The result shows activities with high significant differences at <i>P</i> < 0.001 between the treated and nontreated groups. A bioactive compound (vitaxin) was identified with the aid of HPLC method.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presence of bioactive compound vitaxin is among the major secondary metabolites that contribute to increasing activities of this plant extract. High anticholinesterase activities and low toxicity effect of this plant show its benefit to be used as natural medicine or supplements.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8815313"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/8815313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38464954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organophosphorus Nerve Agents: Types, Toxicity, and Treatments.","authors":"Sudisha Mukherjee,&nbsp;Rinkoo Devi Gupta","doi":"10.1155/2020/3007984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3007984","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organophosphorus compounds are extensively used worldwide as pesticides which cause great hazards to human health. Nerve agents, a subcategory of the organophosphorus compounds, have been produced and used during wars, and they have also been used in terrorist activities. These compounds possess physiological threats by interacting and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme which leads to the cholinergic crisis. After a general introduction, this review elucidates the mechanisms underlying cholinergic and noncholinergic effects of organophosphorus compounds. The conceivable treatment strategies for organophosphate poisoning are different types of bioscavengers which include stoichiometric, catalytic, and pseudocatalytic. The current research on the promising treatments specifically the catalytic bioscavengers including several wild-type organophosphate hydrolases such as paraoxonase and phosphotriesterase, phosphotriesterase-like lactonase, methyl parathion hydrolase, organophosphate acid anhydrolase, diisopropyl fluorophosphatase, human triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, and senescence marker protein has been widely discussed. Organophosphorus compounds are reported to be the nonphysiological substrate for many mammalian organophosphate hydrolysing enzymes; therefore, the efficiency of these enzymes toward these compounds is inadequate. Hence, studies have been conducted to create mutants with an enhanced rate of hydrolysis and high specificity. Several mutants have been created by applying directed molecular evolution and/or targeted mutagenesis, and catalytic efficiency has been characterized. Generally, organophosphorus compounds are chiral in nature. The development of mutant enzymes for providing superior stereoselective degradation of toxic organophosphorus compounds has also been widely accounted for in this review. Existing enzymes have shown limited efficiency; hence, more effective treatment strategies have also been critically analyzed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"3007984"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/3007984","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38464953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxicity Potential of Endophytic Fungi Extracts from <i>Terminalia catappa</i> against Human Cervical Cancer Cells.","authors":"Michèle Stella Majoumouo,&nbsp;Marius Belmondo Tincho,&nbsp;Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo,&nbsp;Thureyah Morris,&nbsp;Donavon Charles Hiss,&nbsp;Fabrice Fekam Boyom,&nbsp;Chitra Mandal","doi":"10.1155/2020/8871152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8871152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endophytic fungi are potential sources of novel bioactive metabolites from a natural product drug discovery perspective. This study reports the bioactivity-directed fractionation of the secondary metabolites of the ethyl acetate extract of a fermentation culture of endophytic fungi from <i>Terminalia catappa</i> which were then evaluated for their cytotoxicity against human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Furthermore, apoptosis was determined using the Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry assay. Endophyte extracts N2, N7, N8, N97, N169, and N233 were obtained from <i>Trichoderma sp</i>, <i>Phoma sp</i>, <i>Phomopsis phyllanticola</i>, <i>Fusarium oxyporum</i>, <i>Collectotrichum sp</i>, and <i>Cryptococcus flavescens</i>, respectively. The N97 extract was most active with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 33.35 <i>µ</i>g/ml. A 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) of 268.4 <i>µ</i>g/ml was obtained with HFF cells and the selectivity index (SI) was 8.01. The percentages of cell populations were increased at late apoptosis (Annexin+/PI+), with the percentages of 27.4 ± 0.3 and 19.2 ± 0.01 obtained, respectively, for 50 <i>µ</i>g/ml and 80 <i>µ</i>g/ml of the N97 extract and 2.1 ± 0.1 obtained for the control in late apoptosis (Annexin V+/PI+) . Moreover, a higher reduction in the percentage of viable cells was observed in the HeLa control cells (93.6 ± 0.3), but the percentages of viable HeLa cells were 37 ± 0.05 and 45 ± 0.1, respectively, for the 50 <i>µ</i>g/ml and 80 <i>µ</i>g/ml treatments with the N97 extract. Also, the percentages of 34.7 ± 0.1 and 33.9 ± 0.4 were, respectively, obtained for 50 <i>µ</i>g/ml and 80 <i>µ</i>g/ml compared to the control with 4.6 ± 0.2, in early apoptosis (Annexin V+/PI-). These findings highlight the anticancer potential of the N97 extract of endophytic fungi from <i>Terminalia catappa</i>, which is mediated through apoptosis and presumably also attenuation of chemoresistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8871152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/8871152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38464956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pesticides Use Practice by Market Gardeners in Lome (Togo).","authors":"Aboudoulatif Diallo,&nbsp;Komi Zotchi,&nbsp;Povi Lawson-Evi,&nbsp;Batomayena Bakoma,&nbsp;Essotolom Badjabaissi,&nbsp;Eklu-Gadegkeku Kwashie","doi":"10.1155/2020/8831873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8831873","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticides are more and more used in African countries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk and the impact of pesticides on gardener's health. It is a transversal descriptive study, which referred to vegetable growers, held in Lomé on the period from May 20 to June 5, 2017. Forty-eight (48) growers participated in the study. Men accounted for 70.8% of the study population against 29.2% of women. The level of education was primary (47.9%) in the majority of cases. Married people or couples represented 77.1% of cases. Most gardeners (72.9%) has no training in the use of pesticides. Pesticides were consistently applied (100%), including insecticides (72.7%), herbicides (9.1%), and fungicides (18.2%). Of 20 pesticides collected, 9 (45%) were approved by our authorities. Only 43.8% of growers were supplied with pesticides from authorized structures of agricultural products. Branches of plants (79.2%) were the spray means of most of the pesticides. Most gardeners (79, 2%) did not use personal protective equipment because of lack of resources for 81.6% of them. Water and environment contamination risk by pesticides was known by only 6.3% of gardeners. Among the adverse effects reported, pruritus was the majority in 85.4% of cases followed by headache (70.8%), cough (68.8%), and muscle pain (64.6%). The training of gardeners, monitoring and control of this informal sector, and the monitoring of unregistered pesticides will help to reduce the risk of poisoning of gardeners and consumers of vegetables as well as environmental pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8831873"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/8831873","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38464955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Geophagy Clay Capacity in Adsorbing Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ for Water Treatment in Southeast Nigeria.","authors":"T M Osobamiro,&nbsp;E T Ademuyiwa,&nbsp;O M Ajibade,&nbsp;A S Hashimi","doi":"10.1155/2020/4421117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4421117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geophagy clay has been used in tropical regions as gastrointestinal protector for adsorbing toxins in human body, but it was rarely used in adsorbing heavy metals contaminants in water. This study determines elemental concentration of geophagy clay and evaluates its adsorptive capacity in removing Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ in water. Fifteen clay samples were randomly collected from three layers in the space of one meter apart from Amawom clay deposit in Ikwuano local government, Southeast Nigeria. Elemental analysis was carried out using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer (ICP-MS), and chemical characterization was performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The adsorptive capacity of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ on the clay samples was evaluated using standard solutions of the metal ions. The result of the elemental analysis in mg/kg (Pb ≤ 12.4, Zn ≤ 2.75, Co ≤ 1.50, Ni ≤ 1.47, Mn ≤ 15.0, Cd = 0.01, Ca ≤ 300, Al ≤ 3466, Na ≤ 13.3, and Hg = 0.02; <i>P</i> ≤ 40.0) revealed that the concentrations of most of the studied metals in the three layers are statistically similar and fall below the permissible recommended safety levels. The presence of functional groups (hydroxyl, amine, and carboxylic/ester) and minerals (kaolinite, goethite, and quartz) provided evidence of the good adsorptive properties of the clay samples. The adsorption of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ unto the clay samples increased with increase in pH, concentration, time, and temperature, and the equilibrium data for the adsorption fitted well into Langmuir isotherm. The study, therefore, concluded that geophagy clay possesses the capacity to adsorb Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ for water treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"4421117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/4421117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38444769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herbicide Widespread: The Effects of Pethoxamid on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Steatosis <i>In Vitro</i>.","authors":"Anna Virginia Adriana Pirozzi,&nbsp;Antonietta Stellavato,&nbsp;Chiara Schiraldi,&nbsp;Mariateresa Giuliano","doi":"10.1155/2020/7915795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7915795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pethoxamid is a widespread herbicidal product, presenting itself as an extremely flexible active substance and with a high potential for use as an herbicide for preemergence. The emergence of multiple resistance in crops has been addressed using combinations of preemergence and postemergence herbicides in the same seeding-harvest cycle. A winning combination of pethoxamid and glyphosate mainly affected the acidobacteria population. Glyphosate scientific literature has demonstrated an observational link between herbicide exposure and liver disease in human subjects. Identifying and ranking the risk to the public that pethoxamid could exert on target organs has not been evaluated so far. Due to similarities to glyphosate, we did look at the effect of pethoxamid on impaired liver cells HepG2, using a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cell model <i>in vitro</i>. Pethoxamid was cytotoxic starting at 1 ppm. Fatty acid accumulation (FA) was enhanced while low doses of pethoxamid slightly decreased LDH protein expression compared to FA-treated HepG2. The same trend was observed for cytochrome c. Based on our data, we can argue that NAFLD hepatic cells react to pethoxamid trying detoxifying strategies, ready to undergo cell death to avoid further degeneration. Downregulation of cytochrome can lead to the hypothesis that pethoxamid should not induce herbicide resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2020 ","pages":"7915795"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/7915795","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38499453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}