Journal of Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Toxicological Profile of a <i>Quercus laurina</i> Bark Extract Through Oral Administration: Impact on Hepatocyte Mitochondrial Bioenergetics.","authors":"Grecia-Elena Hurtado-Nuñez, Sandra-Guadalupe Sánchez-Ceja, Lilia-Guadalupe Noriega, Sandra Tobón-Cornejo, José-Juan Virgen-Ortíz, Yoshio-de-Jesús Mena-Gavia, Isis-Beatriz Bermúdez-Camps, María-Carmen Bartolomé-Camacho, Héctor-Eduardo Martínez-Flores, Jorge-Armando Tinoco-Michel, Rosa-E Del Río, Martha-Estrella García-Pérez","doi":"10.1155/jt/8100007","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/8100007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Quercus laurina</i> is an oak species used orally in Mexican folk medicine. However, its toxicological profile has not yet been evaluated, which makes it difficult to determine safe doses for traditional preparations. This study, for the first time, evaluates the acute toxicity of an ethanolic extract of <i>Q. laurina</i> bark (QLBE) in Wistar rats in accordance with OECD guideline 423, and it explores the impact of QLBE on mitochondrial bioenergetics and glycolytic capacity in primary hepatocytes to determine whether the extract alters cellular energy metabolism. QLBE at 2000 mg/kg elicited death and tremors, and a dose-dependent hepatic injury, in addition to histopathological changes in the kidney, brain, lung, and heart. QLBE caused a significant reduction in the basal, ATP-linked, spare, and maximal mitochondrial respiratory capacities of hepatocytes, and it decreased glycolytic capacity after 2 and 24 h of exposure. These findings indicate that QLBE disrupts mitochondrial bioenergetics and glycolytic activity in hepatocytes, alterations that may be associated with the observed liver toxicity. HPLC and GC-MS analyses identified myo-inositol, quininic acid, and ellagic acid as the primary metabolites of QLBE. The results demonstrated the toxic potential of QLBE, thereby discouraging its unregulated use in traditional remedies in Mexican folk medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"8100007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148794899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Under Chronic, High-Dose Administration of Wenjing Decoction, the Activation of the Hepatic Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway Mediates Increased Bilirubin Levels and Associated Reversible Neurologic Dysfunction in Mice.","authors":"Wei Du, Min Wang, Xiaoxian Song, Ping Zhang, Xiaoli Mei, Jinping Luo, Bo Lan, Sixing Huang","doi":"10.1155/jt/4273765","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/4273765","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Hyperbilirubinemia is a prevalent manifestation of drug-induced liver injury, which can result in neurological complications in severe cases. Despite the extensive clinical application of Wenjing Decoction (WJD) over a millennium, there is a significant lack of systematic nonclinical safety evaluation data. Furthermore, the toxicity characteristics and mechanisms associated with long-term high-dose exposure remain unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aim: &lt;/strong&gt;This study seeks to conduct a systematic assessment of the toxicological characteristics of WJD via a 28-day repeated-dose toxicity investigation. Specifically, our focus lies in examining its impacts on hepatic and neurological functions, as well as elucidating its underlying molecular mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A bioinformatics approach was initially utilized to predict the potential molecular targets of WJD associated with hyperbilirubinemia. Subsequently, Kunming mice were randomized into either a control group or a high-dose WJD treatment group (18.75 g/kg, equivalent to 20 times the standard human daily dose). Animals received intragastric administration of the respective treatments daily for 28 consecutive days. A subset of animals was assigned to a recovery phase to monitor the reversibility of any observed effects. Serum biochemical parameters, including total bilirubin (TBIL) and unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), hepatic oxidative stress markers such as glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and neurobehavioral performance (evaluated via pole climbing and shuttle box tests) were systematically measured. Furthermore, Western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry were employed to analyze the expression levels of the Nrf2/Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway and related inflammatory cytokines. Finally, comprehensive histopathological examinations were conducted on both liver and brain tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Bioinformatics predictions indicate that HO-1 is a key target. Animal experiments demonstrate that the administration of WJD results in a significant increase in serum TBIL and UCB in mice, exhibiting characteristics of nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia. Mild oxidative stress, characterized by increased GSSG and MDA levels, along with elevated ALT activity, occurs in the liver. This is accompanied by the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and the upregulation of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α; however, no significant histopathological damage is observed. Regarding the nervous system, mice in the administration group show a decrease in anal temperature, impaired motor coordination, and abnormal avoidance behavior. Although the expression of HO-1 in brain tissue is downregulated, no organic lesions are detected in the brain. All of the aforementioned abnormal indicators can be reversed during the recovery period following drug withdrawal","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"4273765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13469760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148765104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Distribution, Risk, and Source Identification of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Surface Water of Shitalakshya River, Bangladesh.","authors":"Md Mazharul Islam, Mohammad Shoeb, Md Iqbal Rouf Mamun","doi":"10.1155/jt/9611223","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/9611223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the surface water (<i>n</i> = 60) of Shitalakshya River, Bangladesh, by an optimized and validated LLE-GC-ECD method by calibration (0.10-5.00 µgL^-1), linearity (<i>R</i> ² = 0.995-0.999), recovery (80.11%-117.10%), precision, specificity, selectivity, LODs (0.0009-0.0026 µgL^-1), and LOQs (0.0027-0.0079 µgL^-1). Among the targeted OCPs, α-BHC (0.01-0.19 µgL^-1), δ-BHC (0.01-0.27 µgL^-1), chlordane (0.01-0.23 µgL^-1), endosulfan (0.01 and 1.56 µgL^-1), 4,4'-DDE (0.01-2.14 µgL^-1), dieldrin (0.03-0.58 µgL^-1), endrin (0.01-2.96 µgL^-1), 4,4'-DDD (0.01-4.07 µgL^-1), endrin aldehyde (0.01-3.72 µgL^-1), 4,4'-DDT (0.01-0.02 µgL^-1), and endosulfan sulfate (0.03-2.05 µgL^-1) were detected with varying frequencies. These levels were below the international guideline values, except 4,4'-DDE in Kanchon (2.14 μgL^-1), dieldrin in Kanchpur (0.10 μgL^-1), Atlapur (0.12 μgL^-1), Ghorashal (0.45 μgL^-1), Charshindur (0.58 μgL^-1) and Kapasia (0.03 μgL^-1), endrin in Kapasia (2.96 μgL^-1), 4,4'-DDD in Kalagachhia (1.63 μgL^-1), Narayanganj (0.69 μgL^-1), Nabiganj (1.95 μgL^-1), Ichakhali (1.05 μgL^-1), Kanchon (0.57 μgL^-1), Atlapur (1.02 μgL^-1), Ghorashal (2.51 μgL^-1), and Charshindur (4.07 μgL^-1). The occurrence of OCPs exhibited pronounced spatiotemporal variation, with the highest concentrations and detection frequencies observed during the dry seasons (L. autumn, autumn, winter, and spring), indicating reduced dilution and possible remobilization from contaminated sediments. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed distinct sources, with endosulfans and BHCs dominating at Kanchon, whereas dieldrin, endrin, and chlordane were more strongly associated with Ghorashal and nearby locations, suggesting localized anthropogenic inputs and legacy pollution sources. While risk is generally low, specific exceedances (<i>H</i> _<i>q</i>  > 1) were observed in L. Autumn 2022 for 4,4'-DDD, indicating a localized noncarcinogenic hazard. While the immediate screening-level risks are low across most seasons, the high chemical persistence and bioaccumulation over time warrant continued monitoring and proactive water management.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"9611223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13435098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148673885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Variation of Microplastic Contamination in Landfill Leachate, River Water, and Soil During Premonsoon and Monsoon: First Evidence From Landfill Sites in Nepal.","authors":"Yubraj Dahal, Saroj Babu Koirala, Ramesh Gautam, Rashika Pandit, Reema Lama Pakhrin, Rabindra Prasad Dhakal, Sandhya Babel","doi":"10.1155/jt/5660004","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/5660004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Landfills serve as a significant source of microplastics (MPs) contamination, affecting the surrounding air, water, and agricultural soils. This study examined the seasonal variation of MPs in leachate, river water, and soil at Sisdole (old) and Banchare Dada (new) landfill sites (LFSs). MPs greater than 90 μm were enumerated using a stereomicroscope, and polymer identification was performed on a representative subset of particles using micro-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Average MPs concentrations were higher at the new landfill, with values of 56 ± 07 MPs/L at Banchare Field and 44 ± 27 MPs/L at Banchare Tank, compared to 28 ± 11 MPs/L at Sisdole Pond in the old landfill. In river water, MPs increased downstream: 17 ± 12 MPs/L at Sisdole Upstream, 28 ± 22 MPs/L at Sisdole Downstream, and 34 ± 06 MPs/L at Banchare Downstream. Soil contamination was highest at Sisdole (351 ± 173 MPs/100 g), followed by Banchare (214 ± 70 MPs/100 g) and Banchare-Sisdole (157 ± 48 MPs/100 g). Statistical analyses, including a paired <i>t</i>-test for river water and a two-way ANOVA for soil samples, showed significant differences in MPs concentrations between the monsoon and premonsoon seasons in both river water and soil. Fibers were the dominant form of MPs in leachate, river water, and soil, whereas fragments were mainly within the 90-500 μm size range and fibers within the 1000-5000 μm range. Polyethylene terephthalate/polyester (PET/PES) accounted for 50% of the identified polymers, followed by polypropylene (PP, 20%), polyethylene (PE, 10%), and other polymers (20%). The polymeric composition suggests that textiles and degraded plastic packaging are the possible sources of MPs. Overall, the study identifies landfill-derived MPs as a possible source of pollution in nearby river and agricultural lands, underscoring the urgent need for measures, such as leachate treatment and improved landfill management practices by the relevant authorities.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5660004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13434025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148673880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Antioxidant Potential, Subacute Toxicity, and Beneficiary Effects of Methanolic Extract of Pomelo (<i>Citrus grandis</i> L. Osbeck) in Long Evan Rats.","authors":"Journal Of Toxicology","doi":"10.1155/jt/9781748","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/9781748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2019/2529569.].</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"9781748"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13421796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148630912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Toxicity and Safety of Turmeric (<i>Curcuma longa</i> L.) and Its Components: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Jalileh Jalali, Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar","doi":"10.1155/jt/2715031","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/2715031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Turmeric (<i>Curcuma longa</i>), a widely used botanical in traditional medicine, has gained global attention for its therapeutic potential, particularly due to its components including curcumin. While its pharmacological benefits are extensively documented, concerns regarding its safety profile and potential toxicity have emerged, especially with high-dose supplementation and long-term use. This narrative review aims to critically evaluate the toxicological evidence and safety considerations surrounding turmeric and its main components. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering studies published up to October 2025. In vitro and in vivo studies were carried out to capture a broad spectrum of toxicological data. Toxicological profile of turmeric is influenced by dose, formulation, and metabolic context. Most turmeric-based preparations exhibit low acute toxicity and minimal genotoxic or mutagenic effects under standard conditions. However, high concentrations or certain formulations, particularly crude (unfractionated) extracts, have been reported to induce oxidative stress and DNA damage in vitro, while some nanoparticle systems show mutagenic potential under metabolic activation conditions. In vivo studies generally report favorable safety outcomes, especially for standardized and bioavailable formulations, although some evidence of liver enzyme alterations and histopathological changes has been observed at supratherapeutic doses. Mechanistic insights implicate oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and p53-mediated pathways in the observed toxic effects. Turmeric and its components are generally safe when used at recommended doses and in well-designed formulations. However, high-dose or prolonged use may pose hepatic and genomic risks. Refining safety thresholds through harmonized methods and human-relevant models will be the key to guiding their safe and effective clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"2715031"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13389443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148562317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Nonmutagenic Immunogrit Following Subacute 28-Day Repeated Dose Oral Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley Rats With GLP Compliance.","authors":"Acharya Balkrishna, Kunal Bhattacharya, Sudeep Verma, Himanshu Jangid, Savita Lochab, Anurag Varshney","doi":"10.1155/jt/2786338","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/2786338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immunogrit is a traditional Ayurvedic medicine prescribed to patients for their general well-being. In this study, Immunogrit was evaluated for its subacute (28 days) repeated oral dose toxicity in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of similar age and body weight following OECD 407 guidelines under Good Laboratory Practices compliance. Mutagenic potential of Immunogrit was also evaluated through Ames assay following OECD 471 guidelines. Phytochemical profiling of the Immunogrit was performed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight(UPLC/MS-QToF) tandem mass spectrometer. UPLC/MS-QToF analysis of Immunogrit identified 74 phytochemicals, well known for their health benefits. Male and female specific pathogen-free SD rats were orally gavaged to 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg body weight/day of Immunogrit, over a period of 28 days, with two additional groups for a recovery phase of 14 days. No incidence of mortality, morbidity, or abnormal clinical signs was observed in the Immunogrit-exposed animals. Body weight, behavioral, and food consumption habit were found to be normal throughout the study period. Immunogrit exposure did not induce ophthalmic, neurological, functional, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological irregularities in animals over a period of 28 days. Latent incidence of toxicity was also not observed in the recovery group male and female rats kept under observation for an additional 14 days' post-Immunogrit exposure. Ames test of Immunogrit and its S9-treated fraction in <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, and TA100, and <i>Escherichia coli</i> WP2uvrA did not show any induced mutagenic potential, up to the highest dose tested. In conclusion, Immunogrit was found to be nonmutagenic and showed a \"no-observed-adverse-effect-level\" (NOAEL) of 1000 mg/kg body weight/day in male and female SD rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"2786338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13379938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148497799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Phenotype-Driven Discovery of Pro-Revascularization Chalcone Derivatives Using Zebrafish and CAM Models.","authors":"Yau-Hung Chen, Biswajit Mohanty, Tao-Sheng Li, Sheng-Fen Tung, Chi-Chung Wen, Parthapratim Munshi, Chih-Hsin Chen, Ching-Yuh Chern","doi":"10.1155/jt/6939974","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/6939974","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Angiogenesis is crucial for tissue repair and the treatment of ischemic diseases, yet effective small-molecule proangiogenic agents are lacking in clinical practice. Chalcone-based compounds are of interest due to their diverse biological activities. This study aimed to synthesize and evaluate the proangiogenic potential of a series of novel chalcone derivatives and to elucidate their structure-activity relationship (SAR) using computational chemistry. We synthesized and tested six chalcone derivatives (1a-1f), with compound (<i>E</i>)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (1c) exhibiting the highest activity. In the zebrafish model, treatment with 1c significantly increased the formation of branch points and vessel outgrowth in the subintestinal vein (SIV) (number of branch points: 1c group 2.28 ± 0.19, control group 0.79 ± 0.17; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Using Tg(<i>fli1:egfp</i>) transgenic zebrafish, we observed that 1c dramatically promoted the remodeling of the caudal vein plexus (CVP), leading to a significant increase in the number of intercapillary spaces (1c group 16.3 ± 1.9, mock group 11.6 ± 2). Mechanistically, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results showed that 1c treatment upregulated the expression of key angiogenic genes cadherin 5 and neuropilin 1a, while downregulating the expression of fms-related receptor tyrosine kinase 1. Furthermore, the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay confirmed that 1c effectively induced vascular network formation. Computational chemistry analyses (DFT, MESP, and FMO) were highly consistent with the biological activity. 1c possessed the highest electrophilicity index (<i>ω</i>), chemical potential (<i>μ</i>), and electron transfer capability (Δ<i>N</i>), as well as the strongest electrophilic site (<i>V</i> _<i>s</i>,max), which explains its superior biological activity. This study confirms the potent proangiogenic activity of chalcone derivative 1c, providing a promising lead compound for the development of novel small-molecule therapeutics targeting vascular dysfunction diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6939974"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Urine, Sputum, and BALF for Human Microplastic Exposure Monitoring Using a Multicriteria Decision Framework.","authors":"Neamatollah Jaafarzadeh Haghighi Fard, Faezeh Jahedi, Afshin Takdastan, Mehdi Ahmadi, Maryam Haddadzadeh Shoushtari","doi":"10.1155/jt/5139238","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/5139238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastic (MP) contamination in human biological systems has become a global health concern. However, the selection of the most suitable matrix for biomonitoring remains an open area of investigation. This study evaluates three biological matrices-urine, sputum, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)-for their suitability in MP detection and monitoring. Using data collated from a recent observational study (30 patients) and peer-reviewed literature, we assessed detection sensitivity, polymer diversity, sample availability, and practical feasibility via a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework inspired by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Results showed that sputum exhibited the highest median MP concentration (9.4 particles/mL) and BALF showed the greatest polymer diversity (6 polymer types), while urine showed the lowest levels (2.7 particles/mL). The composite MCDA scores ranked urine highest (26/35) for population studies due to its noninvasiveness and reproducibility, followed by sputum (25/35) for respiratory exposure assessment and BALF (21/35) for deep-lung mechanistic studies. We conclude that a matrix-specific strategy is essential for advancing human MP biomonitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5139238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13351611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148422005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fenpropathrin, A Pyrethroid Pesticide, Induces Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.","authors":"Saba Afsheen, Ahmed Shaney Rehman, Swati Chandra, Mohammad Mumtaz Alam, Suhel Parvez","doi":"10.1155/jt/5460515","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jt/5460515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition that typically develops as people age and is characterized by the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra area of the midbrain. The etiology of PD includes both genetic and environmental components. Epidemiological studies have shown that pesticide exposure is an important contributory risk factor for PD. Fenpropathrin has been shown to have neurotoxic effects on rodents, but the exact mechanism and its ability to replicate the pathological features associated with PD remain unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the neurotoxic effects of Fenpropathrin in <i>D. melanogaster</i>. Fenpropathrin was added to the food at various concentrations, and adult male flies were allowed to consume it for 96 h, after which the LC₅₀ value was determined. The administration of Fenpropathrin resulted in notable impairments in the climbing, jumping, and crawling abilities of adult male flies and larvae, along with a significant dose-dependent reduction in their lifespan. Moreover, it significantly extended the developmental life cycle of <i>D. melanogaster</i>. In addition, Fenpropathrin exposure altered oxidative stress responses through a dose-dependent biphasic modulation of Nrf2 expression and suppressed the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the brain tissue of male flies. This resulted in the impairment of dopaminergic neurons and subsequent neuronal death through apoptosis. The results of this study suggest that Fenpropathrin exhibits potent neurotoxicity toward dopaminergic (DA) neurons, implicating it as a notable environmental factor contributing to the risk of PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5460515"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13343313/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148412221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}