Journal of Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Honey and Aqueous Garlic Extracts against Short-Term Exposure of Cigarette Tobacco Smoking in Mice: Histopathological and Biochemical Investigations.","authors":"Ziad Shraideh, Darwish Badran, Ahmed Alzbeede","doi":"10.1155/2024/5539447","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5539447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is well known that cigarette smoking adversely affects human health and induces oxidative stress in most vital organs. This study aims to assess the biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural values of honey and garlic extracts in ameliorating the effects of short-term exposure to cigarette smoke in mice. Forty-eight mice were randomly divided into six equal groups: group I was exposed to fresh air only, group II was exposed to cigarette smoke, group III was given 0.2 ml of honey extract, group IV was exposed to cigarette smoke and was given 0.2 ml of honey extract, group V was given 0.2 ml of garlic extract, and group VI was exposed to cigarette smoke and was given 0.2 ml of aqueous garlic extract. These exposures were repeated daily for 21 consecutive days among the treated groups. By the end of the third week, the animals were euthanized by physical cervical dislocation. Blood was taken for biochemical study, and the selected organs of the liver, kidney, and jejunum were processed for histological and ultrastructural studies. The biochemical results showed that short-term exposure of experimental mice to cigarette smoking did not alter the liver function tests except for decreasing the albumin level. Moreover, cigarette smoking elevates the concentration of carbonyl protein content and cystatin C. Histologically, the use of honey and garlic showed good protection to the liver, kidney, and jejunum, which was proved by transmission electron microscopy, in addition to lowering the oxidative stress biomarkers. In conclusion, using honey and/or garlic helps protect the liver, kidney, and jejunum against the hazardous effects of cigarette smoke.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5539447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10896654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139972389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective and Ameliorative Effects of Hydroethanolic Extract of <i>Piper nigrum</i> (L.) Stem against Antiretroviral Therapy-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Dyslipidemia in Wistar Rats.","authors":"Doreen Enyang, Mubo A Sonibare, Armelle D Tchamgoue, Lauve R Y Tchokouaha, Fanta S Yadang, Gael N Nfor, Christelle W Kom, Patrick D H Betote, Cedric F Tchinda, Steveng S K Tiogo, Gabriel A Agbor","doi":"10.1155/2024/5811080","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5811080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has revolutionized the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS by overall improving their quality of life and increasing life expectancy. However, ART-associated hepatotoxicity and metabolic disorders in HIV/AIDS patients are growing concerns to clinicians, especially due to the long-term use of the drugs. This study reported on the phytochemical and pharmacological profile of hydroethanolic extracts of <i>Piper nigrum</i> stem (PNS) and evaluated its protective effect against tenofovir/lamivudine/efavirenz (TLE)-induced hepatotoxicity and dyslipidemia in Wistar rats. Cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory assays were performed on PNS. Thirty-six rats divided into 6 groups of 6 animals/group were administered: distilled water, 17 mg/kg TLE, 17 mg/kg TLE and 100 mg/kg silymarin, 17 mg/kg TLE, and <i>Piper</i> extract (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, or 800 mg/kg) orally for 28 days. The body weight of animals was recorded every 7 days. On Day 29, the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical tests. Portions of the liver and kidneys were collected for histological evaluation, while liver homogenates were prepared from the rest to measure antioxidant enzymes. PNS possessed in vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. A significant decrease (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the body weight of rats treated with PNS was observed. A significant high platelet count (<i>p</i> < 0.05) was observed in the PNS800 mg/kg group. A considerable decrease in alkaline phosphatase and triglycerides was observed in the silymarin and PNS group compared to the TLE-only group. The findings also show a significant increase in catalase and glutathione in the TLE-only group compared to the normal group, while SOD decreased. Histological observations revealed normal hepatic and renal tissues in the silymarin, and PNS-treated groups compared to the normal control, while leucocyte infiltration was observed in the TLE-only group. These results suggest that PNS extract possessed antioxidant activity that alleviated TLE-induced toxicity. Further studies are necessary to understand the pharmacokinetic interactions between ART and PNS.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5811080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10866638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139735552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of <i>Kyllinga polyphylla</i> Willd. ex Kunth, Cyperaceae Family.","authors":"Van-Ay Nguyen, Thi-Hang Phung, Thi-Diem-Trang Kieu, Trong-Hong-Phuc Nguyen","doi":"10.1155/2024/3543828","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/3543828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Kyllinga polyphylla</i> Willd. ex Kunth. (KP) is a wild herb commonly distributed in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. This study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities and acute toxicity of KP before conducting studies at the in vivo level. All parts of KP had the free radical scavenging capacity of DPPH, in which the root methanol extract had the best antioxidant capacity (EC₅₀ = 9.54 ± 0.37 <i>μ</i>g/mL). Most of the extracts had a wide range of antibacterial spectra. The methanol and ethanol extracts (200 mg/mL) have ability to resist eight common bacterial strains (including <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Listeria innocua</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> sp., <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>), which is equivalent to the antibacterial activity of amoxicillin and tetracycline at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. KP extracts did not cause death at a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight and did not significantly change the biochemical, hematological, as well as histological structures of internal organs in toxicity-tested mice in comparison with the control. The research results showed that KP should be more interested in research that supports disease treatment, synthetic extraction of antibiotics, or other in vivo studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"3543828"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10810696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139570755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Effects of Sanyar Prebiotic on Immunity and Tissue Changes of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Exposed to CuSO4 Stress","authors":"Ramezan Rajani, Mohammad Farhangi, Hojjatallah Jafaryan, Hossein Adineh, Maryam Alizadeh","doi":"10.1155/2023/6629651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6629651","url":null,"abstract":"Prebiotics, as feed additives, can activate the antioxidant and immune systems of fish and significantly improve the survival of aquaculture animals in stressful conditions. The exposure of fish to copper sulfate leads to oxidative stress, suppression of the immune system, and destruction of vital body tissues. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Sanyar prebiotic on the immunity and tissue changes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to CuSO4 stress. Two hundred common carp fish with an average weight of 12.33 ± 0.93 g were stocked in four treatments (triplicates) for 60 days. The experimental treatments contained Sanyar commercial prebiotics in 100 g of food, which included P1 (1 ml prebiotic liquid), P2 (0.1 g prebiotic powder), P3 (0.5 ml liquid and 0.05 g powder), and treatment C (control treatment without any additives). At the end of the experimental period, the fish were exposed to acute toxicity of Cu (0.1 m/l) for 96 hours. Gill, kidney, and liver tissue samples were collected and evaluated after 96 hours. According to the results obtained, there were significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) and final weight (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000  < 0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the Sanyar treatments (1.56 ± 0.37), which had a significant difference from the control treatment (1.85 ± 0.35) (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000  < 0.05). The results showed that immunity indices such as lysozyme, cortisol, and ACH50 increased in the experimental treatments compared to the control treatment (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000  < 0.05). The highest and lowest lysozyme activities were observed in P2 (16.35 ± 0.57) and control treatments (13.15 ± 1.00), respectively (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000  < 0.05). Generally, no significant difference was observed between growth and nutrition indices in Sanyar treatments (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000  < 0.05). Symptoms of kidney, liver, and gill tissue damage were reported from mild (hyperemia and infiltration of inflammatory cells) to severe (hemorrhage and necrosis). The lowest severity of tissue damage was observed in the treatments fed with Sanyar food supplement. In general, the results of this study showed that the addition of Sanyar prebiotic to the diet of common carp improves the growth indicators and immune response and can also be beneficial in increasing fish resistance to copper toxicity.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticancer Activity of Rhizophora mucronata Leaves Extract on Sprague–Dawley Rats: In Vivo Model","authors":"Asbin Mary X, Syed Ali Mohamed Yacoob, Anuradha Venkatraman, Ruban Packiasamy, M. Moovendhan, Murugesan Gnanadesigan, Yogananth Nagarajan","doi":"10.1155/2023/6665012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6665012","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants are now used to treat cancer due to the presence of bioactive compounds. Apart from the plants, mangroves also possess rich bioactive compounds with high medicinal activity. Based on the ethnobotanical attributes of Rhizophora mucronata, we are keen to work with its anticancer activity. The aim of the study is to assess the anticancer activity of methanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves against breast cancer. Its safety profile for anticancer investigations was therefore confirmed through an acute toxicity assessment. In accordance with OECD guiding principles, the study was approved to evaluate the toxicity, including acute and subacute effects and anticancer activities of methanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves on Sprague–Dawley rats. In acute toxicity trials, the dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight was determined to be safe and nontoxic even at high dose levels and did not result in any indicators of toxicity or death in the tested groups compared to controls for 14 days. In contrast, rats in a subacute toxicity study were given consistent doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg for a total of 28 days along with a control group. Haematological, biochemical, and histological tests conducted in advance revealed that methanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves (MERML) at repeated doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg was normal and had no significant effects on the treated groups. Rhizophora mucronata extract (250 mg/kg) was successfully used in in vivo trials to stop the growth of breast cancer cells in groups that had been given DMBA. Based on these findings, it has been concluded that methanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves (MERML) was safe at both higher and lower dosages and could be assessed for pharmacological study.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"22 s1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138967622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Assessment of Conventional Soxhlet <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Leaves Extracts in Sprague-Dawley Rats.","authors":"Jacob Apibilla Ayembilla, Abdul Raouf Khalid, Sharif Buari Abubakari, Abdul Rashid Adams, Felix Abekah Botchway, Stephen Antwi, Phyllis Naa Yarley Otu, Michael Appiah, George Osei-Adjei, Kwame Owen Kottoh, Peace Ahiabenu-Williams, Olga Quasie","doi":"10.1155/2023/8575741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8575741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Ghana, <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> leaves together with guava, pawpaw, and lime are processed into a decoction to treat fever. To encourage its usage, preclinical validation of the safety profile of the plant is required. The acute and subchronic toxicities of the conventional Soxhlet ethanolic <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> leaves extract in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pulverized <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> leaves were extracted with 98% ethanol using the conventional Soxhlet extraction (CSE) method and dried. In the acute toxicity study, a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to six female Sprague-Dawley rats and 1 ml/100 g body weight normal saline to control (6) once, and signs of toxicity were observed every hour for the first 12 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr through to 14 days. In the subchronic study, the treatment groups were administered 200 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, and 1200 mg/kg, respectively, of the CSE <i>C. citratus</i> leaves extract for six weeks. Analyses were conducted on the blood, urine, and serum samples of the rats. Histopathological examination of the liver, heart, kidney, spleen, and lungs was carried out at termination. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine statistically significant differences between the test and control rats at <i>P</i>  <  0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences (<i>p</i>  >  0.05) in the urinalysis and haematological analysis between control and test rats over the treatment period. Similarly, CSE <i>C. citratus</i> leaves extract did not induce any significant biochemical changes in the treatment group; however, there was a weight loss effect on the treated rats. There were no noticeable morphological changes in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney of the test rats compared to the control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CSE ethanolic <i>C. citratus</i> leaves extract has a weight loss effect, and long-term administration of the extract may not cause any organ-specific toxicity to the consumers.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"8575741"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10727804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138805558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety of Elixinol Hemp Extract: <i>In Vitro</i> Genetic Toxicity and Subchronic Toxicity in Rats.","authors":"Margitta Dziwenka, Laurie C Dolan, Mithila Rao","doi":"10.1155/2023/5982883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5982883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The results of safety studies performed with Elixinol Hemp Extract, a blend of hemp extract, cannabidiol (CBD) isolate, and copaiba containing approximately 65% total CBD, are described in this paper. In a 15-day range-finding study in rats, there were no effects of treatment with up to 101.4 mg/kg bw/day of the extract by gavage on any safety parameter measured in the study, with the exception that centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy occurred in all treatment groups, which correlated with increases in absolute liver weight in high-dose females and liver to terminal body weight ratio in mid-dose and high-dose females. A GLP-compliant 90-day OECD Guideline 408 study in rats that included a behavioral battery and a 28-day recovery phase was also conducted with Elixinol Hemp Extract administered by gavage. The doses used in the 90-day study were 0 (vehicle), 28.94, 50.64, and 86.81 mg/kg bw/day. The findings were similar to those observed in the range-finding study. There were no effects of the test material on any test parameter in the 90-day study other than findings related to the liver (increased liver weight in high-dose main study males and mid-dose and high-dose main study females and low incidences of hepatocellular hypertrophy and vacuolation in main study high-dose males). Similar findings were not observed in the recovery animals, and there were no alterations in the clinical chemistry suggestive of liver toxicity in any of the main study or recovery animals. Therefore, the liver outcomes observed in the main study were not considered adverse. The test material also tested negative for mutagenicity in bacterial reverse mutation assays (plate incorporation and preincubation) in the absence and presence of metabolic activation. The results indicate that the oral 90-day no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Elixinol Hemp Extract in rats is 86.81 mg/kg bw/day (highest dose administered), and that the extract is not mutagenic.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"5982883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10727801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138805559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Effects of NaHS/miR-133a-3p on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cardiomyocytes Injury","authors":"Yi-Mei Jin, Ai-Rong Huang, Mei-qian Yu, Wan-Ding Ye, Xiao-guang Hu, Hua-min Wang, Zhi-wei Xu, Dong-shi Liang","doi":"10.1155/2023/2566754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2566754","url":null,"abstract":"Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiomyocyte injury in H9c2 cells. Methods. H9c2 cardiomyocytes cultivated with medium containing 10 μg/mL LPS were used to recapitulate the phenotypes of those in sepsis. Two sequential experiments were performed. The first contained a control group, a LPS group, and a LPS + NaHS group, with the aim to assure the protective effects of NaHS on LPS-treated cardiomyocytes. The second experiment added a fourth group, the LPS + NaHS + miR-133a-3p inhibition group, with the aim to preliminarily explore whether miR-133-3p exerts a protective function downstream of NaHS. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) kit was used to detect ATP content; real-time quantitative polynucleotide chain reaction (qPCR) was used to measure the levels of mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), and miR-133a-3p, and Western blot (WB) was used to detect protein levels of mTOR, AMPK, myosin-like Bcl2 interacting protein (Beclin-1), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3I/II), and P62 (sequestosome-1, sqstm-1/P62). Results. Compared with the control group, the expressions of miR-133a-3p (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001), P62 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001), and the content of ATP (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001) decreased, while the expressions of Beclin-1 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.023) and LC3I/II (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.048) increased in the LPS group. Compared with the LPS group, the expressions of miR-133a-3p (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001), P62 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001), and the content of ATP (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001) in the NaHS + LPS group increased, while the expressions of Beclin-1 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.023) and LC3I/II (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.022) decreased. Compared with the NaHS + LPS group, the expression levels of miR-133a-3p (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001), P62 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.001), and the content of ATP (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001) in the LPS + NaHS + miR-133a-3p inhibition group were downregulated, and the expression levels of Beclin-1 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.012) and LC3I/II (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.010) were upregulated. The difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the expression of AMPK and mTOR between groups. Conclusion. Our research demonstrated that NaHS relieved LPS-induced myocardial injury in H9c2 by promoting the expression of miR-133a-3p, inhibiting autophagy in cardiomyocytes, and restoring cellular ATP levels.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"59 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138587903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness and Disposal Practices of Medicines among the Community in Hawassa City, Ethiopia","authors":"Daniel Woldamicael Bekele, E. Dadebo, Girma Tilahun, Zinabu Gebremariam","doi":"10.1155/2023/4603993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4603993","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the enormous benefits medicines provide to humanity, their improper disposal frequently leads to detrimental consequences on the environment. Lack of awareness and malpractices concerning expired, leftover, or unused (ELU) medicines have become concerns worldwide. This study assessed community awareness and practices regarding the disposal of ELU medicines in Hawassa City, Ethiopia. A community-based descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used among the urban population of Hawassa City. Multistage sampling procedures were employed to select 405 household (HH) respondents, and purposive sampling techniques were used to select key experts (KEs) and key informants (KIs). A pretested questionnaire was designed for HHs, KEs, and KIs. The results of the study showed that analgesics and antibiotics, used in 52 and 27% of the HHs, respectively, were the most commonly consumed medicines in this city. The vast majority (95.5%) of the HHs did not store expired medicines but disposed of them. Only 10% of the HHs were well informed on how to dispose of ELU medicines. Most (70%) KEs and KIs revealed that there were no awareness-creation mechanisms for the safe disposal of ELU medicines. A significantly high \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000  \u0000 <\u0000  \u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 percentage (76%) of the HH respondents who were well informed on how to dispose of ELU medicines had higher education, but most (95%) of them indicated that they would not be willing to be involved in “ELU-take-back” programs even if there had been such a mechanism. Field observations confirm significant amounts of medical waste improperly discarded in various areas, including the shores of Lake Hawassa near Hawassa City. The study has shown that awareness of the management of ELU medicines is critically lacking in the community of Hawassa City, posing environmental and human health risks. Moreover, the majority of households practice unsafe disposal of ELU medicines, leading to human health threats and environmental risk.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138595372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Safety Profile of Activated Curcumin C3 Complex (AC³®), Enriched Extract of Bisdemethoxycurcumin from the Rhizomes of <i>Curcuma longa</i>.","authors":"Muhammed Majeed, Sarang Bani, Anjali Pandey, Muhamad Ibrahim A, Smitha Thazhathidath","doi":"10.1155/2023/3729399","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/3729399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present work was carried out to investigate the toxic effects of Activated Curcumin C3 Complex (AC³®) through the methods of acute, subacute, subchronic, reproductive/developmental toxicity, and genotoxicity when administered orally in experimental rodents. The studies were carried out in line with OECD principles of good laboratory practice. A single-dose acute oral toxicity study was conducted on female Wistar rats that produced no toxic effects after 14 days (the observation period) of treatment. Subacute, subchronic, and reproductive/developmental studies were conducted in Wistar rats, divided equally into vehicle control, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg dose groups along with recovery groups for vehicle control and high dose. In all the studies, there were no abnormal clinical signs/behavioral changes, reproductive and developmental parameters, or gross and histopathological changes. Likewise, no alteration was found in the body weight, hematology, and other biochemical parameters. Also, it did not show mutagenicity in the <i>in vitro</i> AMES test or clastogenicity and aneugenicity in the <i>in vivo</i> micronucleus test, indicating that AC³® did not induce any genotoxic effects. This revealed that oral administration of AC³® is safe in rodents, nonmutagenic, and had no observed adverse effects under experimental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"3729399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10629997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71521947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}