Journal of Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Protective Effects of Sanyar Prebiotic on Immunity and Tissue Changes of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Exposed to CuSO4 Stress","authors":"Ramezan Rajani, Mohammad Farhangi, Hojjatallah Jafaryan, Hossein Adineh, Maryam Alizadeh","doi":"10.1155/2023/6629651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6629651","url":null,"abstract":"Prebiotics, as feed additives, can activate the antioxidant and immune systems of fish and significantly improve the survival of aquaculture animals in stressful conditions. The exposure of fish to copper sulfate leads to oxidative stress, suppression of the immune system, and destruction of vital body tissues. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Sanyar prebiotic on the immunity and tissue changes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to CuSO4 stress. Two hundred common carp fish with an average weight of 12.33 ± 0.93 g were stocked in four treatments (triplicates) for 60 days. The experimental treatments contained Sanyar commercial prebiotics in 100 g of food, which included P1 (1 ml prebiotic liquid), P2 (0.1 g prebiotic powder), P3 (0.5 ml liquid and 0.05 g powder), and treatment C (control treatment without any additives). At the end of the experimental period, the fish were exposed to acute toxicity of Cu (0.1 m/l) for 96 hours. Gill, kidney, and liver tissue samples were collected and evaluated after 96 hours. According to the results obtained, there were significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) and final weight (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000  < 0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the Sanyar treatments (1.56 ± 0.37), which had a significant difference from the control treatment (1.85 ± 0.35) (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000  < 0.05). The results showed that immunity indices such as lysozyme, cortisol, and ACH50 increased in the experimental treatments compared to the control treatment (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000  < 0.05). The highest and lowest lysozyme activities were observed in P2 (16.35 ± 0.57) and control treatments (13.15 ± 1.00), respectively (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000  < 0.05). Generally, no significant difference was observed between growth and nutrition indices in Sanyar treatments (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000  < 0.05). Symptoms of kidney, liver, and gill tissue damage were reported from mild (hyperemia and infiltration of inflammatory cells) to severe (hemorrhage and necrosis). The lowest severity of tissue damage was observed in the treatments fed with Sanyar food supplement. In general, the results of this study showed that the addition of Sanyar prebiotic to the diet of common carp improves the growth indicators and immune response and can also be beneficial in increasing fish resistance to copper toxicity.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticancer Activity of Rhizophora mucronata Leaves Extract on Sprague–Dawley Rats: In Vivo Model","authors":"Asbin Mary X, Syed Ali Mohamed Yacoob, Anuradha Venkatraman, Ruban Packiasamy, M. Moovendhan, Murugesan Gnanadesigan, Yogananth Nagarajan","doi":"10.1155/2023/6665012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6665012","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants are now used to treat cancer due to the presence of bioactive compounds. Apart from the plants, mangroves also possess rich bioactive compounds with high medicinal activity. Based on the ethnobotanical attributes of Rhizophora mucronata, we are keen to work with its anticancer activity. The aim of the study is to assess the anticancer activity of methanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves against breast cancer. Its safety profile for anticancer investigations was therefore confirmed through an acute toxicity assessment. In accordance with OECD guiding principles, the study was approved to evaluate the toxicity, including acute and subacute effects and anticancer activities of methanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves on Sprague–Dawley rats. In acute toxicity trials, the dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight was determined to be safe and nontoxic even at high dose levels and did not result in any indicators of toxicity or death in the tested groups compared to controls for 14 days. In contrast, rats in a subacute toxicity study were given consistent doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg for a total of 28 days along with a control group. Haematological, biochemical, and histological tests conducted in advance revealed that methanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves (MERML) at repeated doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg was normal and had no significant effects on the treated groups. Rhizophora mucronata extract (250 mg/kg) was successfully used in in vivo trials to stop the growth of breast cancer cells in groups that had been given DMBA. Based on these findings, it has been concluded that methanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves (MERML) was safe at both higher and lower dosages and could be assessed for pharmacological study.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"22 s1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138967622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Assessment of Conventional Soxhlet <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Leaves Extracts in Sprague-Dawley Rats.","authors":"Jacob Apibilla Ayembilla, Abdul Raouf Khalid, Sharif Buari Abubakari, Abdul Rashid Adams, Felix Abekah Botchway, Stephen Antwi, Phyllis Naa Yarley Otu, Michael Appiah, George Osei-Adjei, Kwame Owen Kottoh, Peace Ahiabenu-Williams, Olga Quasie","doi":"10.1155/2023/8575741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8575741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Ghana, <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> leaves together with guava, pawpaw, and lime are processed into a decoction to treat fever. To encourage its usage, preclinical validation of the safety profile of the plant is required. The acute and subchronic toxicities of the conventional Soxhlet ethanolic <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> leaves extract in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pulverized <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> leaves were extracted with 98% ethanol using the conventional Soxhlet extraction (CSE) method and dried. In the acute toxicity study, a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to six female Sprague-Dawley rats and 1 ml/100 g body weight normal saline to control (6) once, and signs of toxicity were observed every hour for the first 12 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr through to 14 days. In the subchronic study, the treatment groups were administered 200 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, and 1200 mg/kg, respectively, of the CSE <i>C. citratus</i> leaves extract for six weeks. Analyses were conducted on the blood, urine, and serum samples of the rats. Histopathological examination of the liver, heart, kidney, spleen, and lungs was carried out at termination. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine statistically significant differences between the test and control rats at <i>P</i>  <  0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences (<i>p</i>  >  0.05) in the urinalysis and haematological analysis between control and test rats over the treatment period. Similarly, CSE <i>C. citratus</i> leaves extract did not induce any significant biochemical changes in the treatment group; however, there was a weight loss effect on the treated rats. There were no noticeable morphological changes in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney of the test rats compared to the control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CSE ethanolic <i>C. citratus</i> leaves extract has a weight loss effect, and long-term administration of the extract may not cause any organ-specific toxicity to the consumers.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"8575741"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10727804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138805558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety of Elixinol Hemp Extract: <i>In Vitro</i> Genetic Toxicity and Subchronic Toxicity in Rats.","authors":"Margitta Dziwenka, Laurie C Dolan, Mithila Rao","doi":"10.1155/2023/5982883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5982883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The results of safety studies performed with Elixinol Hemp Extract, a blend of hemp extract, cannabidiol (CBD) isolate, and copaiba containing approximately 65% total CBD, are described in this paper. In a 15-day range-finding study in rats, there were no effects of treatment with up to 101.4 mg/kg bw/day of the extract by gavage on any safety parameter measured in the study, with the exception that centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy occurred in all treatment groups, which correlated with increases in absolute liver weight in high-dose females and liver to terminal body weight ratio in mid-dose and high-dose females. A GLP-compliant 90-day OECD Guideline 408 study in rats that included a behavioral battery and a 28-day recovery phase was also conducted with Elixinol Hemp Extract administered by gavage. The doses used in the 90-day study were 0 (vehicle), 28.94, 50.64, and 86.81 mg/kg bw/day. The findings were similar to those observed in the range-finding study. There were no effects of the test material on any test parameter in the 90-day study other than findings related to the liver (increased liver weight in high-dose main study males and mid-dose and high-dose main study females and low incidences of hepatocellular hypertrophy and vacuolation in main study high-dose males). Similar findings were not observed in the recovery animals, and there were no alterations in the clinical chemistry suggestive of liver toxicity in any of the main study or recovery animals. Therefore, the liver outcomes observed in the main study were not considered adverse. The test material also tested negative for mutagenicity in bacterial reverse mutation assays (plate incorporation and preincubation) in the absence and presence of metabolic activation. The results indicate that the oral 90-day no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Elixinol Hemp Extract in rats is 86.81 mg/kg bw/day (highest dose administered), and that the extract is not mutagenic.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"5982883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10727801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138805559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Effects of NaHS/miR-133a-3p on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cardiomyocytes Injury","authors":"Yi-Mei Jin, Ai-Rong Huang, Mei-qian Yu, Wan-Ding Ye, Xiao-guang Hu, Hua-min Wang, Zhi-wei Xu, Dong-shi Liang","doi":"10.1155/2023/2566754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2566754","url":null,"abstract":"Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiomyocyte injury in H9c2 cells. Methods. H9c2 cardiomyocytes cultivated with medium containing 10 μg/mL LPS were used to recapitulate the phenotypes of those in sepsis. Two sequential experiments were performed. The first contained a control group, a LPS group, and a LPS + NaHS group, with the aim to assure the protective effects of NaHS on LPS-treated cardiomyocytes. The second experiment added a fourth group, the LPS + NaHS + miR-133a-3p inhibition group, with the aim to preliminarily explore whether miR-133-3p exerts a protective function downstream of NaHS. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) kit was used to detect ATP content; real-time quantitative polynucleotide chain reaction (qPCR) was used to measure the levels of mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), and miR-133a-3p, and Western blot (WB) was used to detect protein levels of mTOR, AMPK, myosin-like Bcl2 interacting protein (Beclin-1), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3I/II), and P62 (sequestosome-1, sqstm-1/P62). Results. Compared with the control group, the expressions of miR-133a-3p (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001), P62 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001), and the content of ATP (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001) decreased, while the expressions of Beclin-1 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.023) and LC3I/II (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.048) increased in the LPS group. Compared with the LPS group, the expressions of miR-133a-3p (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001), P62 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001), and the content of ATP (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001) in the NaHS + LPS group increased, while the expressions of Beclin-1 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.023) and LC3I/II (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.022) decreased. Compared with the NaHS + LPS group, the expression levels of miR-133a-3p (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001), P62 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.001), and the content of ATP (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  < 0.001) in the LPS + NaHS + miR-133a-3p inhibition group were downregulated, and the expression levels of Beclin-1 (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.012) and LC3I/II (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 \u0000  = 0.010) were upregulated. The difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the expression of AMPK and mTOR between groups. Conclusion. Our research demonstrated that NaHS relieved LPS-induced myocardial injury in H9c2 by promoting the expression of miR-133a-3p, inhibiting autophagy in cardiomyocytes, and restoring cellular ATP levels.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"59 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138587903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness and Disposal Practices of Medicines among the Community in Hawassa City, Ethiopia","authors":"Daniel Woldamicael Bekele, E. Dadebo, Girma Tilahun, Zinabu Gebremariam","doi":"10.1155/2023/4603993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4603993","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the enormous benefits medicines provide to humanity, their improper disposal frequently leads to detrimental consequences on the environment. Lack of awareness and malpractices concerning expired, leftover, or unused (ELU) medicines have become concerns worldwide. This study assessed community awareness and practices regarding the disposal of ELU medicines in Hawassa City, Ethiopia. A community-based descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used among the urban population of Hawassa City. Multistage sampling procedures were employed to select 405 household (HH) respondents, and purposive sampling techniques were used to select key experts (KEs) and key informants (KIs). A pretested questionnaire was designed for HHs, KEs, and KIs. The results of the study showed that analgesics and antibiotics, used in 52 and 27% of the HHs, respectively, were the most commonly consumed medicines in this city. The vast majority (95.5%) of the HHs did not store expired medicines but disposed of them. Only 10% of the HHs were well informed on how to dispose of ELU medicines. Most (70%) KEs and KIs revealed that there were no awareness-creation mechanisms for the safe disposal of ELU medicines. A significantly high \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000  \u0000 <\u0000  \u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 percentage (76%) of the HH respondents who were well informed on how to dispose of ELU medicines had higher education, but most (95%) of them indicated that they would not be willing to be involved in “ELU-take-back” programs even if there had been such a mechanism. Field observations confirm significant amounts of medical waste improperly discarded in various areas, including the shores of Lake Hawassa near Hawassa City. The study has shown that awareness of the management of ELU medicines is critically lacking in the community of Hawassa City, posing environmental and human health risks. Moreover, the majority of households practice unsafe disposal of ELU medicines, leading to human health threats and environmental risk.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138595372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Safety Profile of Activated Curcumin C3 Complex (AC³®), Enriched Extract of Bisdemethoxycurcumin from the Rhizomes of <i>Curcuma longa</i>.","authors":"Muhammed Majeed, Sarang Bani, Anjali Pandey, Muhamad Ibrahim A, Smitha Thazhathidath","doi":"10.1155/2023/3729399","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/3729399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present work was carried out to investigate the toxic effects of Activated Curcumin C3 Complex (AC³®) through the methods of acute, subacute, subchronic, reproductive/developmental toxicity, and genotoxicity when administered orally in experimental rodents. The studies were carried out in line with OECD principles of good laboratory practice. A single-dose acute oral toxicity study was conducted on female Wistar rats that produced no toxic effects after 14 days (the observation period) of treatment. Subacute, subchronic, and reproductive/developmental studies were conducted in Wistar rats, divided equally into vehicle control, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg dose groups along with recovery groups for vehicle control and high dose. In all the studies, there were no abnormal clinical signs/behavioral changes, reproductive and developmental parameters, or gross and histopathological changes. Likewise, no alteration was found in the body weight, hematology, and other biochemical parameters. Also, it did not show mutagenicity in the <i>in vitro</i> AMES test or clastogenicity and aneugenicity in the <i>in vivo</i> micronucleus test, indicating that AC³® did not induce any genotoxic effects. This revealed that oral administration of AC³® is safe in rodents, nonmutagenic, and had no observed adverse effects under experimental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"3729399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10629997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71521947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms in Freshwater Sources of Mindu and Nyumba ya Mungu Dams, Tanzania.","authors":"Josephine J Gobry,&nbsp;Hilda S Bachwenkizi,&nbsp;Offoro N Kimambo,&nbsp;Faustin N Ngassapa,&nbsp;Kessy F Kilulya","doi":"10.1155/2023/5532962","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/5532962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to the production of toxins. The identification and quantification of these toxins are crucial for water quality management decisions. This study used DNA analysis (PCR techniques) to identify toxin-producing strains and liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify microcystins in samples from Mindu and Nyumba ya Mungu Dams in Tanzania. The results showed that HABs were detected in both dams. The BLAST results revealed that the 16S gene sequences of uncultured samples were very similar to an <i>Antarctic cyanobacterium</i>, <i>Leptolyngbya sp</i>, <i>Anabaena sp</i>, and <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>. Sequences of the cultured samples were most similar to <i>Nodularia spumigena</i>, <i>Amazoninema brasiliense</i>, <i>Anabaena sp</i>, and <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>. Further analyses showed that the nucleotide sequence similarity of uncultured isolates from this study and those from the GenBank ranged from 85 to 100%. For cultured isolates from this study and others from the GenBank, nucleotide identity ranged from 81 to 100%. The molecular identification of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> confirmed the presence of HABs in both Mindu and Nyumba ya Mungu Dams in Tanzania. At Mindu Dam, the mean concentrations (± standard deviation) of microcystin-LR, -RR, and -YR were 1.08 ± 0.749 ppm, 0.120 ± 0.0211 ppm, and 1.37 ± 0.862 ppm, respectively. Similarly, at Nyumba ya Mungu Dam, the concentrations of microcystin-LR, -RR, and -YR were 1.07 ± 0.499 ppm, 0.124 ± 0.0224 ppm, and 0.961 ± 0.408 ppm, respectively. This paper represents the first application of PCR and LC-MS/MS to study microcystins in small freshwater reservoirs in Tanzania. This study confirms the presence of toxin-producing strains of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> in both dams and also provides evidence of the occurrence of microcystins from these strains. These findings contribute in improving the monitoring of HABs contamination and their potential impact on water quality in Tanzanian reservoirs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"5532962"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10593555/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50158261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Safety of Soy Leghemoglobin Protein Preparation Derived from <i>Pichia pastoris</i> Expressing a Soy Leghemoglobin Gene from <i>Glycine max</i>: <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Studies.","authors":"Teresa F Reyes,&nbsp;Puja Agrawal,&nbsp;Teresa Chan,&nbsp;Richard Green,&nbsp;Ray A Matulka","doi":"10.1155/2023/7398724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7398724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soy leghemoglobin (LegH) protein derived from soy (<i>Glycine max</i>) produced in <i>Pichia pastoris</i> (reclassified <i>as Komagataella phaffii</i>) as LegH Prep is a novel food ingredient that provides meat-like flavor and aroma to plant-derived food products. The safety of LegH Prep has been previously assessed in a battery of <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> testing and found no adverse effects under the conditions tested. In this new work, we present the results of new <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> tests evaluating the safety of LegH Prep. LegH Prep was nonmutagenic in a bacterial reverse mutation assay and nonclastogenic in an <i>in vitro</i> micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes. Systemic toxicity was evaluated in the 90 day dietary study in male and female Sprague-Dawley® rats that included a 28 day recovery period. The study resulted in no animal deaths associated with the administration of LegH Prep at the highest dose (90,000 ppm). There were no significant adverse clinical or physical changes attributed to LegH Prep administration, and no observed adverse effects on either male or female rats over the course of the 28 day recovery phase study. The new 90 day dietary toxicity study established a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 4798.3 and 5761.5 mg/kg/day, the maximum level tested for male and female rats, respectively. Thus, the results of the studies demonstrate that under the conditions tested, LegH Prep is not toxic for consumption in meat analog products.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"7398724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10581837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49678856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium Metabisulfite-Induced Hematotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Organ Damage Ameliorated by Standardized <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> in Mice.","authors":"Nancy Wambui Wairimu, Peninah Wairagu, Kennedy W Chepukosi, George F Obiero, Patrick W Okanya, Alfred Orina Isaac, James Nyabuga Nyariki","doi":"10.1155/2023/7058016","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/7058016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sodium metabisulfite (SMB) is a biocide and antioxidant agent generally used as a preservative in food and beverage industries but can oxidize to harmful sulfite radicals. A standardized <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> (EGb-761) has demonstrated potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which is beneficial for the treatment of diseases that exhibit oxidative stress and inflammation. The present study sought to investigate the putative ameliorative effects of EGb-761 against SMB-induced toxicity in mice. Thirty-two male Swiss white mice were randomized into control, SMB-treated, SMB + EGb-761-treated, and EGb-761-treated groups. EGb-761 (100 mg/kg/day) and SMB (98 mg/kg/day) were administered by gastric gavage for 40 days. Oral administration of EGb-761 restored SMB-induced decrease in body weight and prevented SMB-induced thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and anemia. Furthermore, EGb-761-treatment protected against SMB-induced liver and kidney injury depicted by decreased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, and albumin. Furthermore, EGb-761 treatment attenuated SMB-driven dyslipidemia and metabolic acidosis. Besides, EGb-761 supplementation abrogated SMB-driven oxidative stress as depicted by stabilized reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in the brain, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and lungs. SMB induced a significant increase of tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), serum nitric oxide (NO), interferon-gamma (IFN-<i>γ</i>) and tumor necrosis factor-<i>α</i> (TNF-<i>α</i>) which were abrogated by EGb-761 treatment. In conclusion, these results deepen our understanding of EGb-761 in light of various detrimental effects of SMB-driven toxicities. These findings provide a novel approach that can be optimized for preventing or treating exposure due to SMB toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"7058016"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10581848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49678855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}