Journal of Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Herbal Formulation: <i>Piper crocatum</i> Ruiz and Pav., <i>Typhonium flagelliforme</i> (Lodd.) Blume, and <i>Phyllanthus niruri</i> L. in Sprague-Dawley Rats.","authors":"Retno Murwanti,&nbsp;A Nurrochmad,&nbsp;Andayana P Gani,&nbsp;Ediati Sasmito,&nbsp;Angela E Edwina,&nbsp;Mayang K Chandra,&nbsp;F H Suryawan,&nbsp;A R Wardana,&nbsp;Natalia,&nbsp;Jelita L S R Budiningsih","doi":"10.1155/2023/7511397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7511397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The product combination of <i>Piper crocatum</i> Ruiz. and Pav., <i>Phyllanthus niruri</i> Linn., and <i>Typhonium flagelliforme</i> (Lodd.) BL ethanolic extract (SKM) exerts immunomodulatory activity. However, the toxicity profile of the combination has never been investigated.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to establish the acute toxicity profile of the SKM product on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and its subchronic toxicity profile on female SD rats.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The acute and subchronic toxicity tests were conducted in accordance with OECD 423 and OECD 408, respectively.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The SKM product was safe up to 5000 mg/kg b.w. in male and female SD rats. In repeated doses of SKM for 90 days, the administration of 22.5, 45, and 90 mg/kg b.w. per day of the SKM product to female SD rats did not affect clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, hematological parameters, clinical chemical parameters, urinalysis, relative organ weights, and gross pathological and histopathological features compared with the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Analyses of these results suggest that the long-term oral administration of the SKM product for 90 days does not cause subchronic toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"7511397"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9831695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10527550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zinc Chloride Can Mitigate the Alterations in Metallothionein and Some Apoptotic Proteins Induced by Cadmium Chloride in Mice Hepatocytes: A Histological and Immunohistochemical Study.","authors":"Enas Nihad Bayram,&nbsp;Nahla A Al-Bakri,&nbsp;Hanady S Al-Shmgani","doi":"10.1155/2023/2200539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2200539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The heavy metal cadmium is extremely harmful to both humans and animals. Zinc supplementation protects the biological system and reduces cadmium-induced toxicity. This study aimed to determine whether zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) could protect male mice with the damaged liver induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl₂). The protective role of zinc chloride and expression of the metallothionein (MT), Ki-67, and Bcl-2 apoptotic proteins in hepatocytes were studied after subchronic exposure of mice to cadmium chloride for 21 days. Thirty male mice were randomly categorized into 6 groups (5 mice/group) as follows: a control group that did not receive any treatment, a group given ZnCl₂ at 10 mg/kg alone, and two groups received ZnCl₂ (10 mg/kg) in combination with CdCl₂ at two concentrations (1.5 and 3 mg/kg), while the last two groups received CdCl₂ alone at 1.5 and 3 mg/kg, respectively. Immunohistochemical examination revealed a decrease in Ki-67 expression in Kupffer and endothelial cells, which reflected cell proliferation downregulation accompanied by MT increased expression. However, the Bcl-2 was ameliorated and reduced to demonstrate an enhanced rate of necrosis rather than apoptosis. Furthermore, histopathological results showed significant alteration such as hepatocytes with a pyknotic nucleus, infiltration of inflammatory cells around the central vein, and the presence of many binucleated hepatocytes. Zinc chloride treatment resulted in histological and morphological improvements that were average in the expression of apoptosis proteins modifications induced by cadmium. Our findings revealed that the positive effects of zinc might be linked to the high metallothionein expression and enhanced cell proliferation. Furthermore, at low-dose exposure, cadmium-induced damage to cells could be more closely related to necrosis rather than apoptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"2200539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9925264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10727509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L-Carnitine Prevents Behavioural Alterations in Ketamine-Induced Schizophrenia in Mice: Possible Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Pathways.","authors":"Mehrasa Ebrahimi,&nbsp;Nematollah Ahangar,&nbsp;Ehsan Zamani,&nbsp;Fatemeh Shaki","doi":"10.1155/2023/9093231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9093231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia is a chronic mental complaint known as cognitive impairment. There has been evidence that inflammation and oxidative stress play a main role in schizophrenia pathophysiology. This study aimed to investigate the effects of l-carnitine, as a potent antioxidant, on the treatment of behavioural and biochemical disturbances in mice with ketamine-induced schizophrenia. In this study, schizophrenia was induced in mice by ketamine (25 mg/kg/day, <i>i.p</i>). Before induction of schizophrenia, mice were treated with l-carnitine (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day, <i>i.p</i>). Then, behavioural impairments were evaluated by open field (OF) assessment and social interaction test (SIT). After brain tissue isolation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione concentration (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl oxidation, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) were assessed as oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, inflammatory biomarkers such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-<i>α</i>) and nitric oxide (NO) were evaluated in brain tissue. Our results showed ketamine increased inflammation and oxidative damage in brain tissue that was similar to behaviour disorders in mice. Interestingly, l-carnitine significantly decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers compared with ketamine-treated mice. In addition, l-carnitine prevented and reversed ketamine-induced alterations in the activities of SOD and GPx enzymes in mice's brains. Also, improved performance in OFT (locomotor activity test) and SIT was observed in l-carnitine-treated mice. These data provided evidence that, due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of l-carnitine, it has a neuroprotective effect on mice model of schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"9093231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10289879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10075887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and Subacute Toxicity of <i>Rhamnus prinoides</i> Leaves on Histopathology of Liver, Kidney, and Brain Tissues, and Biochemical Profile of Rats.","authors":"Melese Shenkut Abebe","doi":"10.1155/2023/3105615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3105615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Rhamnus prinoides</i> is used as a traditional medicinal plant to treat pneumonia, sprain, gonorrhea, rheumatism, and ringworm infections as well as for the preparation of local beverages in Ethiopia. It has a widespread antioxidant, antimalarial, antimicrobial, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory activities. These activities are due to the presence of alkaloids, steroids, triterpenes, tannins, flavonoids, flavones, phenols, and glycosides. This study aimed to investigate acute and subacute toxicity of <i>R. prinoides</i> leaves on histopathology of the liver, kidney, and brain tissues, and biochemical profiles of rats. For the acute toxicity study, female rats were treated with <i>R. prinoides</i> at a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight and followed-up for 14 days. In the subacute toxicity study, four groups of rats were used. The first three groups, respectively, received 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight of <i>R. prinoides</i> extract and the fourth group was a control group. Signs of toxicity, food intake, and weight was recorded. At necropsy, organ weight measurement and macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of the liver, kidney, and brain were carried out. Different clinical chemistry profiles of rats were also measured. Single-dose oral administration of <i>R. prinoides</i> extract at 5000 mg/kg produced no mortality indicating the LD₅₀ is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. A four week administration of <i>R. prinoides</i> extract did not bring deleterious outcomes on the food consumption and weight gain of rats. Moreover, gross examination, histopathological evaluation, and weight measurement conducted on the liver, kidney, and brain did not reveal treatment related changes. The biochemical analysis showed no significant difference between the treatment and control groups. Consumption of <i>R. prinoides</i> leaf for 4 weeks might not have a toxic effect in rats. However, further investigations upon long-term administration should be conducted to have a wider safety margin.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"3105615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9876683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10582221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sublethal Effects of Cadmium on the Osmoregulatory and Acid-Base Parameters of Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) at Various Times.","authors":"Agoes Soegianto,&nbsp;Bambang Yulianto,&nbsp;Carolyn Melissa Payus,&nbsp;Moch Affandi,&nbsp;Wildanun Mukholladun,&nbsp;Khudrotul Nisa Indriyasari,&nbsp;Ary Marchellina,&nbsp;Nailul Muthiati Rahmatin","doi":"10.1155/2023/2857650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2857650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cadmium (Cd) can contaminate aquatic environments as a result of anthropogenic activity. Cd accumulates quickly in the tissues of fish and has the potential to affect their physiology, including osmoregulation and acid-base balance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the sublethal effects of Cd on the osmoregulation and acid-base balance of tilapia <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> at different times.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Cd (1 and 2 mg/L) for 4 and 15 days. At the end of the experiment, fish were collected from each treatment to examine the levels of Cd and carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the gills, plasma osmolality, ions, blood pH, pCO₂, pO₂, and hematological parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cd concentrations in gills rose with increasing Cd concentrations in the medium and exposure time. Cd inhibited respiration by generating metabolic acidosis, decreasing gill CA, reducing pO₂, plasma osmolality, Cl^-, and K⁺, particularly at 2 mg/L for 4 days and 1 and 2 mg/L for 15 days. Red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) levels decreased as Cd levels in water and exposure duration increased.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cd inhibits respiration, lowers RCB, Hb, and Ht levels and decreases ionic and osmotic regulation. All of these impairments can limit a fish's ability to provide appropriate oxygen to its cells, hence diminishing its physical activity and productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"2857650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9988379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9082899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study of the Aqueous Extracts from the Leafy Stem and Fruit of <i>Pedalium murex</i> D.Royen EX.L in Wistar Rats.","authors":"Gérard Bessan Dossou-Agoin,&nbsp;Maxime Machioud Sangaré-Oumar,&nbsp;Téniola Isabelle Sacramento,&nbsp;Mariette Sindété,&nbsp;Egnon Jacques Hougbénou-Houngla,&nbsp;Nounagnon Darius Tossavi,&nbsp;Simon Azonbakin,&nbsp;Adam Gbankoto","doi":"10.1155/2023/2962905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2962905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Pedalium murex</i> (<i>P. murex</i>) is used in folk medicine for treatment of male infertility. However, scientific data on its safety are limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study was carried out to assess the acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity of the aqueous extracts from <i>P. murex</i> leafy stem and fruit in Wistar rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The acute toxicity test was performed according to the line 423 of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The rats were randomly divided into three groups (<i>n</i> = 3). The control group received distilled water, while the experimental groups were given at a single dose, 5000 mg/kg of each extract. The repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity was performed according to the line 407 of the OECD guidelines. 35 rats divided into 7 groups of 5 male rats each were daily treated for 28 days with each extract at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg, respectively. The in-life parameters were recorded during the follow-up. At the end of this study, organ weights, hematology, biochemistry, and histology parameters were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the acute oral toxicity test, there was no morbidity or mortality related to the treatments. Both extracts belong therefore to category 5 of the globally harmonized system (GHS) of classification. In the repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity test, both extracts did not alter animal's behavior. However, both extract administration led to proteinuria and renal damages.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>P. murex</i> leafy stem and fruit aqueous extracts exhibited potential nephrotoxicity. Therefore, care should be taken when they are used over an extended period.</p>","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"2962905"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10382242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9910002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicological Assessments of a Proprietary Blend of Punica granatum Fruit Rind and Theobroma cacao Seed Extracts: Acute, Subchronic, and Genetic Toxicity Studies","authors":"Ravi Kumar Madireddy, K. V. Alluri, Venkateswarlu Somepalli, T. Golakoti, K. Sengupta","doi":"10.1155/2022/3903943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3903943","url":null,"abstract":"LN18178 (Tesnor®) is a standardized, proprietary composition of aqueous ethanol extracts of Punica granatum fruit rind and Theobroma cacao seeds. The present study demonstrates a broad-spectrum toxicological evaluation of LN18178 utilizing in vitro and in vivo preclinical models following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines for testing chemicals. Wistar rats did not show any clinical signs of toxicity and morbidity in acute oral and dermal toxicity tests with the median lethal dose (LD50) values of at least 5000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. LN18178 was nonirritating to the skin and eyes of the treated rabbits. In a ninety-day subchronic repeated oral dose toxicity study, the LN18178-treated Wistar rats did not show dose-related signs of toxicity on their body weight, food consumption, organ weights, hematology, and clinical chemistry parameters. The estimated no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of LN18178 in male and female rats was 2500 mg/kg body weight. The observations from the bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosomal aberration assay, micronucleus assay in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes, and in vitro mouse lymphoma TK+/− gene mutation assay suggest that LN18178 is neither mutagenic nor clastogenic. In summary, the present study demonstrates that oral consumption of the herbal blend LN18178 does not show signs of toxicity; also it does not elicit genetic toxicity in the standard preclinical models.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41950513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron Chelators in Treatment of Iron Overload","authors":"Sarina Entezari, Seyedeh Mona Haghi, Narges Norouzkhani, Barsa Sahebnazar, Fatemeh Vosoughian, Diba Akbarzadeh, Muhammad Islampanah, Navid Naghsh, Mohammad Abbasalizadeh, N. Deravi","doi":"10.1155/2022/4911205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4911205","url":null,"abstract":"Patients suffering from iron overload can experience serious complications. In such patients, various organs, such as endocrine glands and liver, can be damaged. Although iron is a crucial element for life, iron overload can be potentially toxic for human cells due to its role in generating free radicals. In the past few decades, there has been a major improvement in the survival of patients who suffer from iron overload due to the application of iron chelation therapy in clinical practice. In clinical use, deferoxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox are the three United States Food and Drug Administration-approved iron chelators. Each of these iron chelators is well known for the treatment of iron overload in various clinical conditions. Based on several up-to-date studies, this study explained iron overload and its clinical symptoms, introduced each of the above-mentioned iron chelators, and evaluated their advantages and disadvantages with an emphasis on combination therapy, which in recent studies seems a promising approach. In numerous clinical conditions, due to the lack of accurate indicators, choosing a standard approach for iron chelation therapy can be difficult; therefore, further studies on the issue are still required. This study aimed to introduce each of these iron chelators, combination therapy, usage doses, specific clinical applications, and their advantages, toxicity, and side effects.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42563844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Cyanotoxicity Studies Based on Cell Cultures","authors":"Iliyana Sazdova, M. Keremidarska-Markova, M. Chichova, Blagoy A. Uzunov, G. Nikolaev, M. Mladenov, R. Schubert, Maya P. Stoyneva-Gärtner, H. Gagov","doi":"10.1155/2022/5647178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5647178","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanotoxins (CTs) are a large and diverse group of toxins produced by the peculiar photosynthetic prokaryotes of the domain Cyanoprokaryota. Toxin-producing aquatic cyanoprokaryotes can develop in mass, causing “water blooms” or “cyanoblooms,” which may lead to environmental disaster—water poisoning, extinction of aquatic life, and even to human death. CT studies on single cells and cells in culture are an important stage of toxicological studies with increasing impact for their further use for scientific and clinical purposes, and for policies of environmental protection. The higher cost of animal use and continuous resistance to the use of animals for scientific and toxicological studies lead to a progressive increase of cell lines use. This review aims to present (1) the important results of the effects of CT on human and animal cell lines, (2) the methods and concentrations used to obtain these results, (3) the studied cell lines and their tissues of origin, and (4) the intracellular targets of CT. CTs reviewed are presented in alphabetical order as follows: aeruginosins, anatoxins, BMAA (β-N-methylamino-L-alanine), cylindrospermopsins, depsipeptides, lipopolysaccharides, lyngbyatoxins, microcystins, nodularins, cyanobacterial retinoids, and saxitoxins. The presence of all these data in a review allows in one look to advance the research on CT using cell cultures by facilitating the selection of the most appropriate methods, conditions, and cell lines for future toxicological, pharmacological, and physiological studies.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64781962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nephroprotective Effect of Asparagus africanus Lam. Root Extract against Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Swiss Albino Mice","authors":"Welela Meka Kedir, Abebe Dukassa Dubiwak, Ebsa Tofik Ahmed","doi":"10.1155/2022/8440019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8440019","url":null,"abstract":"The kidney is the organ most vulnerable to nephrotoxic drugs such as gentamicin. Nephrotoxicity is a rapid deterioration of kidney function due to various factors. Gentamicin causes nephrotoxicity, which was manifested by an increase in serum kidney biomarkers. Asparagus africanus is one of the ethnomedicinal plants used as traditional medicine for treating various ailments, including kidney disease in Ethiopian society. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of A. africanus root extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Using maceration techniques, 100 g of dried plant powder was extracted in 1 L of ethanol. The physicochemical screening of plant extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The nephroprotective activity of A. africanus crude extract was evaluated on male Swiss albino mice. The crude ethanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses showed strong nephroprotective effects by restoring biomarkers such as creatinine, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen, which were damaged by gentamicin (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. The mice treated with higher doses (400 mg/kg) had a comparable nephroprotective effect compared to the positive control group (200 mg/kg silymarin; p > 0.05). The histopathology of the control group showed normal glomeruli, normal parenchyma, distal convoluted, and no tubular damage. The toxicant-induced group showed damage to glomeruli and inflammatory infiltration. Therefore, A. africanus root extract has a nephroprotective activity by retarding the gentamicin toxicity in male Swiss albino mice.","PeriodicalId":17421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41402190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}