Journal of The Energy Institute最新文献

{"title":"Co-combustion characteristics of ammonia and ethanol: A combined ReaxFF-MD and DFT study","authors":"Minghao Xu ,&nbsp;Jifan Li ,&nbsp;Ming Ma ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Zhang ,&nbsp;Luyang Chen ,&nbsp;Hua Wang ,&nbsp;Rong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (NH₃), as a \"carbon-free\" hydrogen energy carrier, is an excellent alternative to traditional fuels. It can improve combustion efficiency when co-burning with ethanol (C₂H₅OH). However, the research on the co-combustion characteristics of these two substances at the microscopic level is still incomplete. Therefore, the methods of ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory are adopted to explore the combustion mechanisms of NH₃ and C₂H₅OH. The calculation results show that C₂H₅OH first pyrolyzes thermally to generate free radicals such as <strong>·</strong>OH and <strong>·</strong>H, which promotes the oxidation of NH₃ through a series of hydrogen abstraction reactions. Among them, the <strong>·</strong>OH free radical obtains a kinetic advantage with its lowest energy barrier, thus playing a major role in promoting the oxidation of NH₃. During the oxidation process, the amino group generates a variety of different intermediate products with the transfer of nitrogen elements, such as HNO, NH, and N₂H₄. The alkyl radicals <strong>·</strong>CH₃ and <strong>·</strong>C₂H₅ mainly participate in the subsequent cyanidation reaction with <strong>·</strong>NH₂ and finally generate HCN. These findings provide mechanistic insights that support kinetic model development and nitrogen-species control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 102258"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emission and transformation of various pollutants during coal-ammonia combustion in fluidized bed: CO/CO2/CxHy/NH3/NOx/SO2/Hg","authors":"Shilin Zhao,&nbsp;Jingxuan Ma,&nbsp;Dan Li,&nbsp;Yanhong Zhu,&nbsp;Lei Liu,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal-ammonia combustion is a hot coal combustion technology for achieving carbon emission reduction, which lacks systematic studies on the combustion in fluidized beds. In this work, the effects of combustion temperature, ammonia doping amount, and excess air ratio on the emission and transformation of various pollutants (CO, CO₂, C_xH_y, NH₃, NOx, SO₂, Hg) of Guizhou anthracite with ammonia combustion were studied on a bubbling fluidized bed. It shows 850 °C is the optimal combustion temperature for the Guizhou anthracite, which achieving the complete combustion of carbon in coal and combustible carbon compounds in flue gas with the highest CO₂ concentration. Increasing the ammonia doping amount benefits for reducing the concentrations of CO₂, C_xH_y, SO₂, NOx in flue gas and mercury content in fly ash, but increasing that of NH₃, H₂O, Hg⁰ in the flue gas. 20 % is the optimal ammonia doping amount. Increasing the excess air ratio is beneficial to the co-combustion of coal and ammonia, where the concentrations of CO, C_xH_y, H₂O, SO₂, and NO₂ in the flue gas gradually decrease with opposite pattern to CO₂. The concentrations of NOx, NO, Hg⁰ in flue gas and the mercury content in the fly ash firstly increase and then decrease. The 1.2 is the optimal excess air ratio. Combustion temperature, ammonia doping amount, and excess air ratio affect the migration and transformation of various pollutants in the flue gas mainly through influencing the combustion state of coal and ammonia, the carbon content on fly ash surface, and the redox atmosphere of gas-gas/gas-solid reactions. Combustion temperature of 850 °C, ammonia doping content of 20 %, and excess air ratio of 1.2 are the optimal combustion conditions for coal-ammonia in a bubbling fluidized bed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 102257"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of functional groups during in-situ pyrolysis of tar-rich coal using synchrotron infrared spectroscopy","authors":"Tao Xu,&nbsp;Yurui Lei,&nbsp;Jie Chen,&nbsp;Yongping Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The key dissociation mechanism for optimizing the tar yield and conversion efficiency of tar-rich coal pyrolysis lies in the evolution of functional groups during the thermochemical process. This study utilizes synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to explore the evolution of functional groups during the pyrolysis of tar-rich coal, in conjunction with thermogravimetric experiments, to clarify the influence of pyrolysis stages on these functional groups. Results show that at low temperatures (100–250 °C), most functional groups remain stable, with -OH group cleavage initiating at 200 °C. In the medium-temperature range (250–500 °C), functional groups such as C=O, C-O-C, and C=C exhibit accelerated decomposition starting from 300 °C. NH group cleavage significantly intensifies between 350 and 400 °C, while -CH₃ and -CH₂ groups show marked breakdown beyond 400 °C. At higher temperatures (500–700 °C), continued decomposition of -CH₃, C-O, and = C-H groups occurs, becoming nearly undetectable above 600 °C. These findings offer fundamental insights into the transformations of functional groups that govern tar formation and volatile release, providing essential data for refining pyrolysis processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 102259"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of intake boundary conditions on the performance for diesel particulate filter coated with selective catalytic oxidation-selective catalytic reduction catalyst","authors":"Ying-Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Pi-Qiang Tan ,&nbsp;Chao-Jie Yao ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Kuo Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Mei Yang ,&nbsp;Di-Ming Lou ,&nbsp;Zhi-Yuan Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diesel particulate filter coated with selective catalytic oxidation and reduction (SCO/SCR) catalysts (SDPF) plays a crucial role in meeting increasingly escalating emission regulations. The SCO-SCR catalyst coated on SDPF (n-SDPF) exhibits improved performance in both soot oxidation and NOx reduction compared with SDPF coated with Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst. Intake boundary conditions are essential for n-SDPF performance. A multiphysics model was constructed to quantitatively evaluate the effect of various operating parameters on soot oxidation behavior and NOx conversion efficiency. Results indicate that higher gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and ammonia-to-NOx ratio (ANR), combined with a lower NO₂/NOx ratio, lead to a rose pressure drop across the soot cake layer. Increasing GHSV or ANR can enhance NH₃ oxidation and inhibit NO oxidation. Reducing GHSV or increasing ANR can increase N₂O emissions; NO₂/NOx has little effect on NH₃ oxidation, increasing NO₂/NOx will significantly inhibit NO oxidation and promote N₂O generation. A reduction in GHSV or an increase in the ANR markedly enhances NOx reduction performance. However, a higher NO₂/NOx ratio slightly decreases the NOx conversion efficiency, likely owing to the suppression of NO oxidation and the predominance of the slow SCR reaction. Moreover, increasing GHSV shifts the temperature corresponding to the peak NOx conversion efficiency toward a higher range. Changing ANR and NO₂/NOx will not affect the temperature with the highest NOx conversion efficiency. Reducing GHSV and ANR, or increasing NO₂/NOx can improve soot oxidation efficiency. This study explored the coupling relationship between intake conditions and catalytic reactions, providing a theoretical basis for the application of novel catalysts and optimizing the working conditions of n-SDPF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 102247"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in hydrodeoxygenation catalysts for upgrading the renewable bio-oils to second-generation biodiesel","authors":"Yongzheng Duan ,&nbsp;Shaotian Qi ,&nbsp;Cunhui Lin ,&nbsp;Kun Chen ,&nbsp;Rujin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the rising energy crisis and greenhouse effects have driven wide spread adoption of biofuels as promising alternatives to fossil fuels. However, first-generation biodiesel produced by transesterification exhibit inherent limitations, including high oxygen content, poor stability, and low calorific value. In this context, second-generation biodiesel produced through hydrodeoxygenation processes demonstrate a distinct advantage of being drop-in ready for existing fuel infrastructure. The recent research focuses on hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) catalysts. This review systematically examines recent advances in HDO catalysts for bio-oil upgrading, focusing on three key aspects of the catalysts: the active phase, the support, and the promoter. We critically evaluate traditional sulfide catalysts and emerging sulfur-free alternatives, highlighting their deoxygenation efficiency, and stability challenges. In addition, prospects on catalyst design strategies, such as MOFs as supports and defect engineering in catalyst design, are discussed to guide the development of cost-effective and sustainable HDO systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 102246"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of bimetallic catalysts and mesoporous supports in enhancing product selectivity in lignin hydrogenolysis and catalyst stability","authors":"Mohammad Ibrahim,&nbsp;Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research into the catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin focuses mainly on model compounds, leaving the process and mechanism of actual lignin hydrogenolysis ambiguous. There is limited exploration of the internal chemical bonding and degradation pathways of lignin, with concurrent hydrogenolysis and recondensation processes posing a significant challenge. Preventing repolymerization of lignin fragments during the reaction remains challenging, and some described reaction processes in existing literature are purely theoretical speculations, lacking substantial evidence. Additionally, separation and purification of the resulting chemicals remain extremely difficult. To overcome these confines, research on bimetallic catalysts is needed, with the role of supports into consideration. The catalyst support provides better stability for the active sites, selectivity, increased surface area, and better thermal/mechanical stability for the chosen catalyst. The synergistic effect of bimetallic catalysts will lead us to higher activity, selectivity, and stability. The characteristics of mesoporous support, such as suppression of repolymerization, increased surface area, enhanced catalytic activity, controlled product selectivity, and well-ordered pore structure, make them a better choice for lignin hydrogenolysis. This review focuses on the past findings using single metal catalysts and moving to the latest effective findings using bimetallic catalysts and mesoporous support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 102244"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning prediction of biochar structure stability and adsorption efficiency based on biomass characteristics and aging factors","authors":"Wei Liao ,&nbsp;Xiong Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruochen Yang ,&nbsp;Haiping Yang ,&nbsp;Jia Wang ,&nbsp;Honggang Ding ,&nbsp;Shihong Zhang ,&nbsp;Hanping Chen ,&nbsp;Jianchun Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating the biochar aging process can effectively reduce the costs of water and soil remediation while minimizing secondary pollution. Because of the heterogeneity of soil contamination and local climatic conditions, a machine learning framework was developed to circumvent repetitive experimentation and prolonged testing cycles. In this study, a multi-layer nested model was constructed to capture the complex interactions among multiple factors and improve predictive performance. The influences of modeling strategies and database construction on prediction accuracy were systematically evaluated, elucidating the coupling between the physicochemical properties of biochar and aging factors, and subsequently validated against experimental observations. The results revealed three main findings: (1) the random forest model exhibited superior predictive capability for biochar aging, achieving feature correlations of 0.90–0.99 and experimental R² values of 0.80–0.96; (2) biochar structural stability was optimized when carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen contents were maintained at 60–80 %, 10–30 %, and 4–6 %, respectively; and (3) adsorption performance displayed a unimodal trend during coupled freeze–thaw and dry–wet cycles, peaking at 35–40 and 25–35 cycles, respectively, and was further enhanced by adjusting pH, ash content, and elemental ratios. These insights offer valuable guidance for designing and applying biochar in sustainable environmental remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 102245"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the combustion instability in a methanol/diesel dual-fuel engine","authors":"Jinhong Shi,&nbsp;Zhifei Wu,&nbsp;Zhengwu Fan,&nbsp;Ming Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methanol/diesel dual-fuel engine is prone to unstable combustion phenomena of cylinder pressure fluctuation at high methanol alternative ratio (MAR) under light-speed and low load operations. In this paper, in order to investigate the combustion instability of a methanol/diesel dual fuel engine, experiments were conducted with MAR from 0 % to 22.5 % under an engine speed of 1000 r/min and load rate of 25 % to assess their influences on the cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV) of a premixed methanol/diesel dual-fuel engine. Using nonlinear dynamics analysis, including phase space reconstruction and return mapping technologies, the effects of MAR on the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the test engine have been examined. The results show that a higher MAR leads to pressure fluctuations of the methanol/diesel dual-fuel engine. Specifically, the CCV of cylinder pressure, CA5 and CA50 increase with the increase of MAR, which is 11.51 %, 8.89 % and 9.59 %, respectively. As the MAR increases, the separation of phase space attractor trajectories increases, and the phase point distributions of return maps for cylinder pressure become more decentralized, corresponding to the nonlinear growth process of combustion instability. In addition, the correlation coefficients between the CCV of cylinder pressure and combustion phase (CA5 and CA50) were also analyzed. The correlation coefficients between CCVp and CCV_CA5 is 0.89 for MAR of 22.5 %, while it is 0.91 between CCVp and CCV_CA50, which means that the cylinder pressure fluctuation is strongly related to CA50 combustion phase. The study provides a theoretical basis for enhancing the combustion stability in a methanol/diesel dual-fuel engine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 102248"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144851954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activated oxygen species in CeO2 nanorod supported MnOX from metal oxide-support interaction to boost Hg0 removal from flue gas","authors":"Zhuo Liu ,&nbsp;Yuchi Chen ,&nbsp;Cui Jie ,&nbsp;Honghu Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing efficient and low-cost transition metal oxide sorbent for Hg⁰ removal is crucial to mercury abatement from flue gas. Herein, MnO_X was loaded onto CeO₂ with different morphologies (cube, rod and particle) to prepare the Mn-Ce sorbents. MnO_X supported by CeO₂ nanorod (Mn-Ce_r) can achieve the best Hg⁰ removal performance due to its high specific surface area, prominent redox capacity, enhanced surface acidity and activated oxygen species (lattice and chemisorbed oxygen). Additionally, the strong interaction of highly dispersed Mn species with CeO₂ nanorod carrier weakens the metal-oxygen bond strength and enhances the interfacial electron transfer, thereby leading to more oxygen vacancies and increasing surface reactive oxygen species over Mn-Ce_r. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations further indicate the formation of Mn-O-Ce bond and oxygen vacancies over Mn-Ce_r in which Hg atom can be chemically bound to O sites to form Hg-O. Under 5 % O₂, 500 ppm NO, 800 ppm SO₂ and 3 % H₂O, Mn-Ce_r can still achieve a satisfactory Hg⁰ removal performance (88.1 %), suggestive of its good adaptability under complicated flue gas conditions and application prospect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 102249"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144851953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of double-stage membrane reformer (DSMR) for enhanced hydrogen production via methanol steam reforming","authors":"Keshav Kumar ,&nbsp;Sachin Kumar Vishwakarma ,&nbsp;Amit Kumar ,&nbsp;Sweta Sharma ,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar Upadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methanol steam reforming (MSR) provides an effective option for on-site hydrogen generation through a membrane reformer (MR) equipped with the Pd-based membrane for H₂ separation from the mixture gas produced during MSR. However, a major obstacle toward scale-up and commercialization is the restricted mass and heat transfer across the catalyst bed. Additionally, a substantial quantity of hydrogen is emitted in the retentate that goes unrecovered. Therefore, in the present study, we have used the structured SiC foam coated with Cu-Fe/Al₂O₃-Zn-ZrO₂ (AZZ, Cu-Fe = 50:50 mol ratio, and AZZ = 70:15:12) catalyst to intensify the radial heat and mass transfer inside the reactor. Further, a multi-pass membrane separator (MPMS) is introduced on the retentate side of the MR to recover the leftover hydrogen, the integrated system is termed as a double-stage membrane reformer (DSMR), functioning as a standalone H₂ production and separation module, to effectively separate the unrecovered H₂ from the retentate stream of the MR. The performance of the DSMR was optimized at different temperatures (573–673 K), pressures (100–300 kPaG), weight hourly space velocity (WHSV, 12.23 to 48.92 <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>kg</mtext><mtext>feed</mtext></msub><msup><mrow><mspace></mspace><mi>h</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>‐</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><msubsup><mrow><mspace></mspace><mtext>kg</mtext></mrow><mtext>catalyst</mtext><mrow><mo>‐</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>), and varying membrane areas (65–495 cm²). The Cu-Fe/AZZ/SiC catalyst was tested in all three configurations for comparison including traditional reformer (TR), MR, and DSMR at 300 kPaG of pressure, 673 K of temperature, 3/1 of S/C ratio, 187 cm² of membrane area, and 12.23 kg_feed h⁻¹ kg⁻¹_catalyst of WHSV. Following the performance testing a higher methanol conversion is obtained in the case of DSMR. For instance, the methanol conversion of ∼75 % is achieved in the case of DSMR compared to ∼57 % in MR and ∼53 % in TR. Moreover, H₂ recovery of more than 74.5 % is achieved in DSMR which is 8.5 % higher compared to MR. This is attributed to the enhanced hydrogen recovery in DSMR which helped to achieve higher methanol conversion according to the Le Chatelier's principle. This dual-stage configuration improved hydrogen separation and encouraged equilibrium shifting toward the desired product.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"123 ","pages":"Article 102236"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}