Journal of The Energy Institute最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating the combustion of various biomass pellets in a small heat source with underfeed pellet burner: Heat output, gas emission and ash melting behavior","authors":"Alexander Backa ,&nbsp;Nikola Čajová Kantová ,&nbsp;Radovan Nosek ,&nbsp;Marek Patsch","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for renewable energy sources has increased interest in utilizing agricultural residues as a sustainable fuel alternative for small-scale heating systems. This study examined the combustion of various agricultural pellets — wheat straw, hay, alfalfa, as well as spruce pellets — in a household underfeed 18 kW burner designed for wood pellets. The aim was to evaluate emissions and ash behavior under different air supply settings to identify the most efficient combustion conditions in terms of performance, emissions, and sintered ash formation while minimizing environmental impacts. While adjustments to the air supply could not fully prevent ash sintering, they played a crucial role in optimizing emission and performance parameters. Measurements of CO, NO_x, and SO₂ emissions, and temperature-related parameters such as burning bed and flame temperatures, were conducted. Altering the air supply setting led to a substantial decrease in device performance, particularly for spruce pellets, where a reduction of up to 2.6 kW was observed at the measured settings. Hay pellets exhibited a significant increase in average CO production from 7944 to 12764 mg/Nm³ and NO_x from 307 to 851 mg/Nm³ with varying fan settings. For alfalfa pellets, changes in air supply resulted in higher SO₂ emissions, ranging from 1479 to 1683 mg/Nm³. Upon analysis of ashes, Si, K, Ca, and Mg were identified as the predominant elements in the ash from the fuels, along with Cl, S, and P. Among the tested ashes from fuels, wheat straw had the lowest ash deformation temperature at 797.0 ± 9.9 °C, in contrast to alfalfa, which had the highest at 1115.0 ± 19.2 °C. These results highlight the operational challenges of burning agricultural pellets in underfeed pellet burners, particularly given that the average measured burning bed temperature exceeded 1000 °C in some cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101936"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blowout and stability limits of ammonia-hydrogen-nitrogen/air flames in non-premixed coaxial swirl combustor with varying ammonia fraction","authors":"Rajneesh Yadav,&nbsp;R. Santhosh","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present experimental investigation concerns identification of stable flame regimes and blowout limits of ammonia-hydrogen-nitrogen flames in confined coaxial swirling jet configuration with a confinement ratio (<span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></math></span>) of 1.82. Volumetric fraction of ammonia is varied from 20 to 70 %. Methane flames are also tested as benchmark case. Flames are imaged using CCD camera fitted with bandpass filters. The binarized Abel-deconvoluted <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>H</mi></mrow></math></span>∗ and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>H</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>∗ chemiluminescence images are analysed to classify different flame shape transitions. In the non-premixed coaxial swirl combustor, it is observed that ammonia-hydrogen-nitrogen/air flame with 70 % ammonia behaved similar to methane which is in-line with past studies. The blowout limits and time-averaged flame topological transitions as swirl number was systematically varied were also similar. However, 70 % ammonia blend produced compact flames than that of methane. Also, the lift-off height was shorter. As the ammonia fraction decreases (accompanied by consequent increase in hydrogen fraction in the fuel) the blowout limits increase indicating that a stronger swirling strength of coaxial jet is required to blowout ammonia-lean (or hydrogen-rich) fuel. The flame transition zones also widen. The flames become more compact. All in all, ammonia-hydrogen-nitrogen flames with less than 60 % ammonia fraction behave differently when compared to 70 % ammonia fraction fuel and methane. Lastly, a Reynolds number defined based on velocity characterized by strength of coflow swirl jet is shown to vary linearly with fuel Reynolds number for all the fuels. Finally, an expression involving this Reynolds number is proposed as blowout criteria for ammonia-hydrogen-nitrogen flames within the ammonia fractions tested in the present study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101928"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on enrichment of value-added oxygenated compounds from lignite by a low carbon cascading utilization","authors":"Meilu Hao ,&nbsp;Peng Liang ,&nbsp;Miaomiao Tian ,&nbsp;Songze Li ,&nbsp;Yue Gao ,&nbsp;Yaqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Xizhuang Qin ,&nbsp;Wenrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Tiantian Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101930","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To efficiently utilize the oxygenated structures in lignite and obtain value-added oxygenated compounds, this study proposes a low carbon cascading utilization of Zhaotong lignite (ZT) through thermal dissolution and pyrolysis. The selectivity of ethanol (ET), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and ethyl acetate (EA) for oxygenated compounds in thermal dissolution, and the enrichment of thermal dissolution-pyrolysis on oil phases were investigated. The results show that sequential thermal dissolution is selective for different oxygenated compounds in ZT. ET shows selectivity for esters at 350 °C-2 MPa and for phenols at 350 °C-6 MPa. THF and EA are selective for naphthols and esters at 350 °C-6 MPa, respectively. Compared with the single process of thermal dissolution or pyrolysis, thermal dissolution-pyrolysis can significantly increase the oil phases yield with high value-added, in which ET, THF and EA increase the oil phase yields by 24.81 wt%, 13.66 wt% and 7.90 wt%, respectively. In particular, 59.15 wt% of the oxygen is distributed in light oil, and 9.79 % phenols as well as 1.56 % esters are enriched into light oil during thermal dissolution-pyrolysis process of ET. High value-added oxygenated compounds can be selectively enriched by appropriate solvents, at the same time, the quality of pyrolysis tar can be improved and the carbon emissions could be reduced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101930"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of intake air conditions on combustion and emission performance of ammonia-diesel dual fuel engine","authors":"Huabing Wen,&nbsp;Juntao Li,&nbsp;Jingrui Li,&nbsp;Changchun Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating the intake-premixed ammonia engine reveals that it emits a significant amount of N₂O and unburned NH₃, which contradicts ammonia fuel's ability to reduce engine emissions and satisfy ever-tougher pollution regulations. To address these issues, a study utilizing CONVERGE software was conducted, and the effects of raising the intake air temperature and igniting near the Top Dead Center were examined. This study is based on the ammonia energy fraction (30%–80 %), intake air temperature (420K–480K), and O₂ ratio (80%–100 % of original). As the NH₃ energy fraction increases, the engine's combustion and emission performance significantly declines at an intake air temperature of 420 K. The effect of intake air temperature and O₂ ratio on engine performance at 70 % ammonia energy fraction was then investigated. When the intake air temperature increases from 420K to 480K, the engine's combustion performance is greatly improved, but the NOx emissions increase from 3.17g/kWh to 7.09g/kWh. Lower O₂ ratios are more effective in reducing NOx emissions and have less impact on engine performance at higher intake temperatures. Under the conditions of 70 % ammonia energy fraction, 480K intake air temperature, and 80 % of the original O₂ ratio, the indicated thermal efficiency of this engine can reach 52 %, N₂O and NH₃ emissions can be ignored, and NOx emissions are 2.01g/kWh. At this load, an efficient combustion and low-emission operating scheme is provided for the intake-premixed ammonia engine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101938"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conventional and unconventional gas emissions and particle matter emissions of methanol CI engine with different EHN addition and compression ratios","authors":"Yangyi Wu ,&nbsp;Zhixiong Huang ,&nbsp;Haifeng Liu ,&nbsp;Zunqing Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiaoteng Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao Jin ,&nbsp;Zhao Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingfa Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methanol, as a carbon-neutral resource, exhibits significant potential in the automotive sector, but its fuel characteristics are not easily compression ignited. In this experimental study, various strategies such as the preheating of the intake charge, augmentation of the compression ratio, and the introduction of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) as an additive were implemented to enhance the combustion stability of pure methanol. In this study, an investigation was conducted on the combustion, fuel economy, and emission characteristics of pure methanol in a heavy-duty diesel engine. The experimental results revealed that the compression ratio of 21.5:1 had a more significant effect in reducing the ignition delay and combustion duration than the addition of 7 % EHN. Further, the compression ratio of 21.5:1 also improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 4 %–11.9 %. In terms of emissions, with the addition of EHN in methanol under the lower compression ratio, NO and methanol emissions were higher. The peak particulate concentration and size of methanol gradually increased with load increasing. The incorporation of EHN resulted in an elevation in both the concentration and size, but still lower than those of diesel fuel. Based on the synergistic optimization of compression ratio and EHN addition ratio, the intake temperature required for achieving stable combustion was reduced, from 290 °C down to 70 °C, which was basically equivalent to 50 °C for diesel. The peak BTE of 30.19 % was achieved under the compression ratio of 21.5:1 and with the addition of 3 % EHN. This represented an 8.29 % improvement compared to the BTE of diesel fuel at the speed of 1144 rpm and the BMEP of 0.22 MPa. Thus, the pure methanol compression-ignition engine can reach the higher-efficiency, clean, and stable operation based on higher compression ratio (21.5:1) and low-ratio EHN addition (3 %), with a relatively normal intake temperature (70 °C).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101924"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of flame-wall impingement on heat transfer characteristics and soot migration in methane inverse diffusion flames","authors":"Runmin Wu ,&nbsp;Xudong Song ,&nbsp;Wenju Zhang ,&nbsp;Juntao Wei ,&nbsp;Jiaofei Wang ,&nbsp;Peng Lv ,&nbsp;Guangsuo Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flame-wall collisions are common in industrial and household applications. Therefore, it is very important to carry out detailed research of flame structure and soot generation during flame-wall impingement. In this study, the reaction characteristics and soot distribution of impinging wall flames at different equivalence ratios (λ) and impact heights (L) were studied by means of spectral diagnosis and CFD simulation. The results noted that the increase of λ causes the OH∗ peak intensities and soot concentration to rise and then decrease, reaching a maximum value at λ = 0.5. With the increase of λ, the amount of precursor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (A1-A4) decreased while the soot particles growth rate increased. When λ &gt; 0.5, the soot oxidation is faster than the soot generation, and the soot is gradually oxidized, so that the soot concentration is the highest when λ = 0.5. With the increase of L, the jet flame fully develops before the impact plate, and the flame brightness gradually increases. The increase of the L leads to a weakening of the methane-oxygen mixing and at the same time to a gradual loss of the kinetic energy of the flame along the impingement plate, which further causes an increase of the temperature and the soot content in the region where the flame jet is fully developed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101937"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of thermoacoustic instability and emission behaviors of lean premixed biogas/ammonia flame","authors":"Dongliang Wei ,&nbsp;Huaan Li ,&nbsp;Hao Fang ,&nbsp;Hao Zhou ,&nbsp;Hui Li ,&nbsp;Hongtao Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Hu ,&nbsp;Huanxiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia and biogas are promising renewable fuels that can reduce carbon emissions. This paper studies thermoacoustic instability and emission behaviors of biogas/ammonia co-firing swirl flame. The effects of CO₂ proportion in biogas (<span><math><mrow><msub><msub><mi>χ</mi><mtext>CO</mtext></msub><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>), ammonia proportion (<span><math><mrow><msub><msub><mi>χ</mi><mtext>NH</mtext></msub><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>) and equivalence ratio (Φ) on combustion characteristics were considered. A chemical reactor network (CRN) was established to advance comprehension regarding NO emission. The results show that high Φ and <span><math><mrow><msub><msub><mi>χ</mi><mtext>CO</mtext></msub><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> are more conducive to simultaneously suppressing thermoacoustic instability and NO emissions. Lower <span><math><mrow><msub><msub><mi>χ</mi><mtext>CO</mtext></msub><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> flame appears to have intense thermoacoustic instability when Φ near 0.90, and the instability intensity is significantly weakened when <span><math><mrow><msub><msub><mi>χ</mi><mtext>CO</mtext></msub><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> exceeds 20%. The CO₂ in the mixture inhibits NO formation but promotes CO formation. The CRN results show that CO₂ in biogas reduces NO emissions by inhibiting the HNO pathway and promoting the NHi pathway. This study furnishes a foundation for advancing clean and efficient low-carbon combustion systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101923"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of Cyanophyta by hydrothermal carbonization: Co-production of CO2 adsorbents and fluorescent carbon dots","authors":"Han Xu ,&nbsp;Lili Qian ,&nbsp;Wenyu Ma ,&nbsp;Yanxin Wang ,&nbsp;Dan Fang ,&nbsp;Xiao Liu ,&nbsp;Chuan Yuan ,&nbsp;Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingdong Xu ,&nbsp;Yamin Hu ,&nbsp;Yang Guo ,&nbsp;Donghai Xu ,&nbsp;Pavel A. Strizhak ,&nbsp;Shuang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2024.101916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cyanophyta</em> blooms can lead to eutrophication and generate algal toxins. To reduce their environmental risks, hydrothermal carbonization was innovatively applied to simultaneously produce activated carbon (AC) and carbon dots (CDs). AC was further used for CO₂ adsorption while CDs were for preparing fluorescent materials. Yields of AC and CDs were investigated under mild conditions of 160–240 °C and 15–240 min. Characterization results show that AC exhibited a large specific surface area of 990 m² g⁻¹ and pore volume of 1.14 cm³ g⁻¹, contributing to high CO₂ adsorption capacities of 3.26 mmol g⁻¹ (0 °C) and 2.06 mmol g⁻¹ (25 °C). Additionally, nitrogen and oxygen self-doping heteroatoms CDs, with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 2.58 %, emitted stable blue fluorescence under the ultraviolet light and were successfully applied to produce invisible ink. This work provides a paradigm for CO₂ reduction and high-value material synthesis via the thermochemical conversion of hazardous biomass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 101916"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical screening method of oxygen carriers with high lattice oxygen activity towards CO oxidation","authors":"Xiaobiao Ma,&nbsp;Jing Liu,&nbsp;Yingju Yang,&nbsp;Xue Lv,&nbsp;Xin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of oxygen carriers with superior performance is crucial for chemical looping combustion. Here, the theoretical screening method based on two reactivity descriptors was proposed via the density functional theory calculations in order to screen the transition-metal-doped perovskite-type oxygen carriers. Experiments were conducted to comprehensively investigate the effects of transition-metal doping on the reaction characteristic of LaMnO₃ oxygen carrier with CO. The theoretical results indicate that the doping of Fe, Co, Ni and Cu can reduce the formation energy of oxygen vacancy on the LaMnO₃ surface. The substitution of Co and Cu can improve the reaction rate of CO oxidation, while CO oxidation is inhibited after the doping of Fe and Ni. Among them, Co-doped LaMnO₃ has the lowest activation barrier of 51.06 kJ/mol during CO oxidation. Experimental results demonstrate that Co- and Cu-doped LaMnO₃ show better activity than undoped LaMnO₃ at the lower temperatures, which is consistent with the theoretical screening results. Co doping can still improve the reaction rate of oxygen carrier at the higher temperatures. Moreover, the doping of Co can further enhance the oxygen release property of LaMnO₃. The weight loss of LaMnO₃ increases from 8.67 % to 9.09 % after Co doping. Co-LaMnO₃ also exhibits good sintering resistance and can be used as a promising oxygen carrier during chemical looping combustion. This work paves a new way to design and screen highly efficient oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102021"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the impact of air equivalence ratio on the characteristics of lignite coal partial gasification products in fluidized bed","authors":"Bin Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhihua Tian ,&nbsp;Qinhui Wang,&nbsp;Dong Ma,&nbsp;Ruiqing Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To promote the efficient and clean utilization of inferior coals such as lignite, this study investigated the impact of air equivalence ratios (ER) on the partial gasification performance and product characteristics of lignite in a self-constructed fluidized bed reactor. The three-phase products of char, syngas and tar were characterized using GC-MS, FTIR, Raman, BET and TG. Results indicated that as ER increased from 0.06 to 0.14, the reaction of Shaerhu coal (SC) transitioned from pyrolysis to gasification. The percentage content of combustible gas components (CGC) in the syngas initially increased and then decreased, while the CGC yield continued to rise. Syngas achieved a maximum lower heating value of 2.15 MJ/Nm³ at an ER of 0.08 and a maximum gasification efficiency of 24.09 % at an ER of 0.14. The yields of char and tar decreased as ER increased. The tar was dominated by phenolic compounds and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, with heavier components (&gt;C₂₀) shifting towards lighter fractions (&lt;C₁₀). Char combustion characteristics decreased gradually with increasing ER. As ER increased from 0.06 to 0.1, the content of oxygen-containing functional groups in char increased to its peak and the char structure became most disordered. When ER exceeded 0.1, these functional groups were consumed, leading to a more ordered char structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102008"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}