Journal of The Energy Institute最新文献

{"title":"Effect of injection parameter and PODE addition on ultrafine particles of a F-T diesel engine and its distribution analysis","authors":"Zheng Jing ,&nbsp;Panpan Cai ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Yawei Lv ,&nbsp;Gang Li ,&nbsp;Chunhua Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenlong Song","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal-based Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) show significant potential in reducing particulate matter (PM) emitted from direct injection compression ignition engines. In this study, the influence of fuel properties and injection parameters on PM reduction was investigated on a common-rail six-cylinder heavy engine. The petroleum diesel (marked as D100), F-T diesel (marked as FT100) and a blend of 80 % F-T diesel and 20 % PODE (marked as FTP20) were chosen as test fuels. The results show that, compared with D100, FT100 and FTP20 have earlier ignition timing, lower premixed and milder combustion, while FTP20 has longer combustion duration due to its low heating value and high injection pulse width. With the addition of PODE, the ultrafine particles with a diameter &gt;100 nm significantly decrease, while the ultrafine particles with a diameter less than 50 nm increases, and the size of ultrafine particles from 50 to 100 nm almost decreases. As the injection timing (<em>θ</em>_<em>in</em>) advances and common-rail pressure (<em>P</em>_<em>cr</em>) increases, the distribution of particle shifts towards smaller sizes, and the bimodal distribution are observed. Furthermore, the distribution fitting of particle size is conducted using Gaussian and Gamma distribution. It is concluded that Gamma distribution can better replicate the bimodal distribution trend of UFPs under various fuels types, <em>θ</em>_<em>in</em> and <em>P</em>_<em>cr</em>, facilitating the further analysis of ultrafine particles. In summary, coupling injection parameter and PODE addition is an effective way to improve particulate emissions for F-T diesel, and Gamma distribution can be applied to predict the size distribution of UFPs and help generate control strategies under various parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102083"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview for methanol and formaldehyde unregulated emissions of methanol fueled engines","authors":"Hong Wei ,&nbsp;Ziye Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinru Zhang ,&nbsp;Fengjuan Dong ,&nbsp;Wangfang Yuan ,&nbsp;Hao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methanol can be classified into green methanol, biomass methanol, and fossil fuel derived methanol based on the abundant feedstocks, and it has been widely applied on road and marine transport vehicles. However, the utilization of methanol is favorable for reducing carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and particulate matter (PM) engine emissions, its unregulated emissions increase compared to traditional gasoline or diesel engines. The unregulated emissions include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, methanol, acetone, ethanol and etc., among which the unburned methanol and formaldehyde are predominant. The unburned methanol is mainly generated by the crevice and quenching effects, and formaldehyde by the incomplete oxidation of methanol in the exhaust system. Factors including exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), engine load and speed, intake and exhaust temperature, methanol substitution rate (MSR), and injection strategy affect the unburned methanol and formaldehyde emissions to a certain extent. Liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) measure unburned methanol and formaldehyde emissions more accurately than Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), but FTIR can detect data on unburned methanol and formaldehyde emissions in real time under variable operating conditions or online for multiple emissions simultaneously. After-treatment devices such as diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), particle oxidation catalyst (POC), or three-way catalyst (TWC) can reduce unburned methanol or formaldehyde emissions. The combination of DOC and POC is superior to a single DOC to remove the unburned methanol and formaldehyde emissions. The review provides a systemic analysis on the generation, hazard, measurement, and disposal of methanol and formaldehyde and promotes the clean application of methanol fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102089"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deactivation effect of different Pb salts over Fe/Zr-W catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3","authors":"Liang Wang ,&nbsp;Shan Ren ,&nbsp;Xiaodi Li ,&nbsp;Chi He ,&nbsp;Chunli Zheng ,&nbsp;Xinzhe Li ,&nbsp;Shouning Chai ,&nbsp;Chunbao Charles Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deactivation on NH₃-SCR catalyst surface by heavy metal species continues to hinder it long-term usage lifetime in flue gas treatment. A deeper insight into the poisoning effect of different Pb species on catalysts is crucial for designing denitrification catalysts with <em>anti</em>-Pb property. Herein, the obtained Fe/Zr-W catalyst was modified through multiple Pb salts (Pb(NO₃)₂, PbCl₂, and PbSO₄) to assess the different impact caused by various Pb species. The results showed that different Pb species led to varying levels of catalyst deactivation. Pb(NO₃)₂ and PbCl₂ caused different degrees of deactivation in the Fe/Zr-W catalyst, associated with the decrease in redox cycling capacity, acidic sites, and surface adsorption oxygen. However, PbSO₄ inversely enhanced the acidic site density of catalyst, which favored NH₃ adsorption but significantly decreased the conversion selectivity in catalytic process. Possible deactivation pathway differentiation among Pb salts over Fe/Zr-W catalyst was established. This work revealed insights into the different poisoning pathway of various Pb salts, contributing to the development of denitration catalysts with enhanced Pb tolerance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102087"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating raw bio-oil from wood chip pyrolysis as a diesel substitute: Combustion and emissions performance","authors":"Yue Yu ,&nbsp;Deqing Mei ,&nbsp;Zhixiang Yan ,&nbsp;Cheng Wang ,&nbsp;Pei Feng ,&nbsp;Ning Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyrolysis Biomass oil (Bio-oil) has disadvantages such as high water content, high corrosion, and high viscosity, so it is necessary to improve the quality of bio-pyrolysis oil. Via catalytic esterification combined with alkylation, pyrolysis bio-oil was upgraded. Bio-oil blends were prepared by mixing 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % volume of the upgraded bio-oil with diesel, respectively, and their combustion and emission performances were assessed in a practical diesel engine. The results showed that after the refining process from crude bio-oil to refined bio-oil, the acids mass fraction decreased from 12.0 % to 1.8 % and the esters mass fraction increased from 0.5 % to 9.6 %, the aldehydes and ketones mass fraction decreased from 22.3 % to 4.4 %, and the ethers mass fraction increased from 0.7 % to 37.8 %. At the same load, increasing the ratio of the upgraded fuel led to a gradual deterioration in the equivalent specific fuel consumption as well as the brake thermal efficiency. In addition, the ignition timing was advanced, and the ignition delay was shortened. The heat release rate and cylinder pressure peak in the initial combustion stage decreased, in turn, while the heat release rate and cylinder pressure peak in the main combustion stage increased. At BMEP = 0.23 MPa of 1800 rpm, the brake thermal efficiency was reduced by 2.1 %, 4.2 %, and 7.0 %, respectively, while at high load conditions, the reduction in brake thermal efficiency of mixed fuel tended to level off. At low loads, due to the small fuel amount injected per cycle, the low temperature in the cylinder inhibited the further oxidation of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO), and fewer nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and soot were generated as well. Therefore, compared with that at high loads, there was no significant difference in NO_x and particulate matter (PM) emissions between various fuels, while an obvious difference in HC and CO emissions was found.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102078"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic modeling of entrained-flow gasification of solid fuels covering biomass and coal categories: Model simplification, validation, and application","authors":"Hao Zhang,&nbsp;Jihan Yan,&nbsp;Jianyi Liu,&nbsp;Haoyang Wen,&nbsp;Haofeng Xiong,&nbsp;Kejun Sun,&nbsp;Xingli Gong,&nbsp;Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a simplified stoichiometric equilibrium model dedicated to modeling entrained-flow gasification systems was proposed. The model was then validated by comparing its predicted results with experimental data obtained from lab-scale drop tube furnace (DTF) tests conducted in this study, a pilot- and industrial-scale entrained-flow coal gasifiers documented in literature. Finally, the model was used to investigate the gasification performance of 29 solid fuels belonging to biomass and coal categories. Model validation demonstrated that the applicable temperatures for the simplified model must exceed 1200 °C for coal and 1300 °C for biomass. At this temperature, a good consistency was observed between the predicted and the experimental gas compositions, regardless of the gasifier scales. The modeling investigation for 29 solid fuels based on the simplified model revealed that under high-temperature entrained-flow gasification conditions, the CO₂ and H₂O yields produced from biomass fuels were much higher than those from coals. Consequently, biomass fuels demonstrated poor performance indicators in terms of a reduced cold gas efficiency (CGE), elevated specific fuel consumption (SFC), and increased specific oxygen consumption (SOC) compared to coals. The addition of steam positively influenced gas quality for high-rank coals; however, it appeared economically disadvantageous for law-rank coal and biomass as it led to a reduction in CGE and an increase in SFC and SOC. The results of this work are expected to provide valuable insights into the design and optimal operation of entrained-flow gasification systems for various fuel categories.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102086"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application of highly active vermiculite-based hydrotalcite-derived catalysts in methane dry reforming: The impact of promoter doping on carbon deposition","authors":"Qinrui Wang ,&nbsp;Haifeng Cheng ,&nbsp;Shengwei Yuan,&nbsp;Lu Yan,&nbsp;Zijun Wang,&nbsp;Feng Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dry reforming of methane (DRM) exhibits promising potential for the treatment and valorization of greenhouse gases; however, catalyst deactivation remains a significant challenge faced by this process. In this study, wastewater generated during the activation of vermiculite was utilized as a raw material to synthesize bimetallic layered double hydroxide (LDH) materials. Various additives such as X (La, Ce, Sm) were incorporated into the VMT-X-NiCoHTlcs catalysts using an impregnation method. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized employing techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen adsorption-desorption, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The catalytic activity was subsequently tested in a fixed-bed reactor at 750 °C under atmospheric pressure. Overall, all catalysts demonstrated excellent activity (with CH₄ conversion rates exceeding 85 % and CO₂ conversion rates surpassing 90 %) and stability over 24 h. This performance is likely attributed to the ionic level distribution of the active components Ni and Co within the layered double hydroxide structure, which can provide small particle sizes and uniform dispersion of active species through leaching during pretreatment, resulting in strong metal-support interactions. Furthermore, the incorporation of additives (X = La, Ce, Sm) significantly enhances the carbon deposition behavior of the catalyst. It has been observed that the addition of these additives facilitates the activation of CO₂ molecules, suppresses the excessive cracking of CH₄, and achieves a balance with the dissociation of CH₄, thereby reducing the formation of carbon deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102079"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlorobenzenes and PCDD/Fs emissions from a pilot-scale plasma melting incinerator of simulated radioactive waste: Impacts of waste composition and operational parameters","authors":"Wenqian Jiang ,&nbsp;Lulu Dong ,&nbsp;Minghui Tang ,&nbsp;Shengyong Lu ,&nbsp;Fanjie Shang ,&nbsp;Jie Lin ,&nbsp;Shaofu Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The efficient and safe disposal of radioactive waste remains a critical global challenge. While plasma technology is widely applied for its efficiency and safety, studies on secondary pollutant emissions remain limited. This research investigated emissions of chlorobenzenes (CBzs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) during the disposal of simulated radioactive waste from a pilot-scale high-temperature plasma melting incinerator in China under different waste conditions with rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and waste resin. Total concentrations of CBzs and PCDD/Fs in stack gas ranged from 3.445 to 117.192 μg/Nm³ and 0.006–0.408 ng TEQ/Nm³, respectively. High-chlorine wastes such as waste resin, PVC, and rubber increase the emissions of CBzs and PCDD/Fs, while co-adding PVC and rubber reduces PCDD/Fs emissions due to synergistic effect. Dominant congeners included 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, and HCBz. Furthermore, correlation analysis exhibited a markedly linear correlation between 1,4-DCBz and PCDD/Fs, and the differential pressure between the quench tower and filter correlated positively with PCDD/Fs, particular when PVC and rubber were added. This research not only explores the impact of waste type and parameters of air pollution control devices on PCDD/Fs emissions, but also provides significant data to enhance the safe disposal of radioactive waste and improves plasma technology processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102085"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical mechanism development for ammonia/n-heptane blends in dual fuel engines","authors":"Juan Ou ,&nbsp;Ruomiao Yang ,&nbsp;Yuchao Yan ,&nbsp;Junheng Liu ,&nbsp;Zhentao Liu ,&nbsp;Jinlong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (NH₃) is a carbon-free energy carrier with significant potential for sustainable transportation, particularly in heavy-duty applications such as trucks, construction machinery, agricultural equipment, locomotives, and ships. To enable the use of ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engines in these demanding applications, this study develops a reduced NH₃/n-heptane chemical kinetic mechanism, with n-heptane serving as a single-component surrogate for diesel, designed for multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The mechanism incorporates advanced sub-models for ammonia oxidation, n-heptane oxidation, and carbon-nitrogen interactions, improving predictions for both low- and high-temperature combustion phenomena. Validation against fundamental combustion data, including ignition delays and laminar flame speeds, confirms its accuracy and reliability. A key feature of this study is the further validation of the kinetic mechanism in CFD simulations using experimental engine data from ammonia port fuel injection and diesel direct injection compression ignition operation, effectively bridging fundamental research and practical applications. The simulations confirm the ability of the mechanism to predict primary engine combustion behaviors, including cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and key combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, premixed/diffusion combustion proportions, and nitrogen-based emissions trends (including unburned NH₃, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and nitrous oxide (N₂O)) across varying ammonia substitution levels. Additionally, the mechanism accurately captures the de-NOx effects of NH₃, which modulate NOx and N₂O concentrations during the late oxidation stage, with predicted emission levels closely matching experimental data. Overall, this work provides a robust and reliable tool to advance the development of high-efficiency, low-emission ammonia/diesel engine systems, thereby paving the way for cleaner and more sustainable solutions in heavy-duty transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102077"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrolysis of lignite coal and waste tires for liquid fuel production","authors":"Asif Khan ,&nbsp;Naseem Iqbal ,&nbsp;Tayyaba Noor ,&nbsp;Ali Iqtidar ,&nbsp;Najam Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A thorough evaluation of all co-pyrolysis products (pyro-oil, gas, and char) using a fixed bed reactor is required for prospective upscaling and techno-economic analysis aimed at commercializing pyrolysis and integrating it into traditional systems. The study investigated the effects of many parameters, including the waste tire to coal ratio and temperature. This study investigates the co-pyrolysis of coal and waste tires (WT) to determine its influence on products throughout a broad range of feedstock ratios (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 wt% of WT combined with coal) in a fixed bed reactor set at 500 °C. Based on the findings, it was determined that the optimal oil yield of 44 % and maximum gross calorific values of 41.00 MJ/kg were achieved with a coal to waste tires ratio of 50:50 which was slightly lower than 70:30 blending ratio. The findings demonstrated that the mass ratio of the feedstock was critical in the conversion of oxygenates into hydrocarbons (HC). Liquid yield, organic phase, aromatics, and aliphatic all increased when the WT/coal blending ratio approached 50:50. Pyro-oil output was 44 wt% with WT and coal (50:50), compared to 19 wt% with coal alone. Similarly, at comparable blend ratios, oxygenates were reduced by 65 %, and the higher heating value (HHV) of pyro-oil (41.00 MJ/kg) at 50:50 coal and WT blending ratio and matched that of WT (45.00 MJ/kg) and comparable with Petro-diesel. The incorporation of WT into coal resulted in a notable advantageous synergy for non-condensable gas. The introduction of WT augmented hydrogen (H₂) and methane (CH₄), alongside increased HCs, while diminishing carbon oxides compared to coal alone. The integration of WT into coal also enhanced the char properties, manifesting in heightened carbon content, HHV, and diminished ash content. The 50:50 blending ratio is deemed optimal following the discovery of a notable liquid yield at this proportion. Finally, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were conducted on the pyro-oil, while Gas Chromatography-Thermal Conductivity Detection (GCTD) was employed for the pyro gas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102065"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative Fe7C3/ZrO2 carbides for stable and selective olefins production via CO2-FT process: Co-operative effect of alkali-alkaline earth promoters","authors":"Nagaraju Pasupulety,&nbsp;Majed A. Alamoudi,&nbsp;Abdulrahim A. Alzahrani","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improved light olefins yield via catalytic CO₂ conversions supports circular carbon economy and also addresses global climate change effects to some extent. Present work demonstrates stable orthorhombic Fe₇C₃ formation on commercial ZrO₂ by using citric acid chelation method and its subsequent pretreatment under CO/H₂(g) = 0.93 studied in CO₂-FT process. For the first time, co-operative effect of alkaline earth promoters (AEP= Mg or Ca or Ba) with alkali metal (K) was investigated in detail on the extent of Fe⁰/Fe₇C₃ formation in FeZnK-AEP/ZrO₂ catalysts. Significant enhancement in the textural properties and iron oxide reduction were found in K-AEP duo catalysts. Essentially, XRD and H₂-TPD studies revealed improved metallic iron phase in Mg-K or Ca-K duo which resulted in greater light paraffins formation. However, Ba-K duo enhanced the carbidization of reduced iron species in the catalyst as established through Mossbauer data wherein Fe_xC_y/Fe₃O₄ ratio was 1.2 times higher than in reference FeZnK/ZrO₂ catalyst. Among the K-AEP duos, the decreasing order of light olefins space time yield found as: FeZnK-Mg/ZrO₂ (6.75 mmol g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹) &lt; FeZnK/ZrO₂ (7.39 mmol g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹) &lt; FeZnK-Ca/ZrO₂ (7.53 mmol g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹) &lt; FeZnK-Ba/ZrO₂ (9.01 mmol g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹). The greater light olefins yield was associated with surface enrichment of Fe-C species, optimized basicity and H₂ activation on FeZnK-Ba/ZrO₂ respectively noticed through XPS, CO₂ and H₂-TPD results. Therefore, FeZnK-Ba/ZrO₂ with 20h of consistent activity can serve as an alternative catalyst with an alternative active phase of Fe₇C₃ in CO₂-FT studies, unlike literature heavily loaded with Fe₃C and Fe₅C₂ bulk active phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102068"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}