Journal of The Energy Institute最新文献

{"title":"A review of applied plasma processing of heavy oil and its model compounds","authors":"Yutong Yang ,&nbsp;Bing Sun ,&nbsp;Liru Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaomei Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the growing energy demand and the continuous decline of high-quality crude oil resources, the efficient utilization of unconventional resources such as heavy oil has become increasingly important. This aids in improving the stability and sustainability of energy supply. Plasma technology demonstrates significant potential in heavy oil processing due to its unique non-equilibrium and high-energy-density properties, positioning it as an efficient heavy oil conversion approach. Many scholars have made significant efforts to improve the processing capacity of plasma and the yield of target products. This article reviews the recent research advances in the application of plasma technology for the processing of heavy oil and its model compounds. A systematic overview and comparison of different plasma devices and their experimental results is provided. The effects of different phase feedstocks, additives and catalysts on plasma processing performance were analyzed. Provide a research framework and direction for future research. Finally, factors and key challenges limiting its industrialization process are identified, with outlooks and recommendations for the future. The aim is to provide a reference for research in the field of heavy oil processing and promote the application and development of plasma technology in the energy industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 101980"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143135894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the emission characteristics of gaseous sulfur during pressurized coal gasification by experiment and ReaxFF MD stimulation","authors":"Ming Lei ,&nbsp;Yiteng Zeng ,&nbsp;Dikun Hong ,&nbsp;Yujie Hu ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Qian Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emission characteristics of gaseous sulfur in the process of gasification is crucial for developing clean coal technology. To study the release behavior of gaseous sulfur during pressurized gasification, this study employed both experimental methods and molecular dynamics simulations. The experimental results indicate that increasing the gasification temperature accelerates the sulfur in coal converting to H₂S and COS. And increasing the pressure reduces the release of gaseous sulfur by reducing H₂ and CO production. With the rise in CO₂ blending ratio, the emission of COS increases and the emission of H₂S decreases. Furthermore, the benzothiophene is chosen to examine the release of gaseous sulfur by Reactive Force Field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) method. The calculations exhibit that high temperature facilitates the removal of thiophene sulfur, while the elevated pressure diminishes the main gaseous sulfur emissions and raises the possibility of coal char sulfur formation. The increase of H₂O blending ratio contributes to an increase in H and H₂, while a decrease in OH and O. And the presence of steam can also provide active hydrogen directly, thereby promoting the migration paths of R-S/C_1-4-S→HS→H₂S, S→H₂S, and weakens the migration paths of R-S→COS, HS→S→COS. The CO₂ molecule extends the COS generation path, but the generation of COS remains dependent on the CO molecule to some extent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 101986"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the changes of molecular clusters at the interface layer of diesel droplets in methanol atmosphere under high temperature and high-pressure environment","authors":"Ruina Li ,&nbsp;Quan Hu ,&nbsp;Dahai Yang ,&nbsp;Feifan Liu ,&nbsp;Qingcheng Liu ,&nbsp;Hua Yue ,&nbsp;Yang Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the fuel injection stage, the temperature and pressure in the cylinder will exceed the fuel critical point and reach the supercritical environment, which has a great influence on the evolution of the interface layer during fuel evaporation. In this study, a molecular dynamics evaporation model was developed for diesel droplets in pure nitrogen and methanol nitrogen at high temperature and high pressure, the variation of molecular clusters in the interface layer of droplet during evaporation was analyzed, and the relationship between droplet evaporation and molecular clusters was revealed. The results show that the initial heating stage of droplets is accelerated and the quasi-static evaporation stage is slowed down by the atmosphere gas mixed with methanol. The concentration of nitrogen and methanol in the interface layer is about 55 % and 158 % respectively at 1100 K, which indicates that the interaction between diesel droplets and methanol is stronger. The change of the interface layer is strongly related to the supercritical transition of droplets. The change of the interface thickness indicates that the dominant mixing mode of droplets changes from evaporation to diffusion The number of molecular clusters increased by 37 %, but the total mass of molecular clusters was little affected by the addition of methanol in the atmosphere, a small number of small molecular clusters have little effect on the evaporation of droplets, while a large number of molecular clusters remain in the interface layer, the interaction between droplet molecules and clusters takes the dominant position after entering the interface layer, which slows down the diffusion of droplet molecules in the interface layer and slows down the evaporation process of fuel droplet.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 101985"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and catalytic performance of Pd NPs-doped polymer brushes for optimization and modeling of NaBH4 hydrolysis","authors":"Ümit Ecer ,&nbsp;Adem Zengin ,&nbsp;Tekin Şahan","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) is considered one of the most promising materials for hydrogen (H₂) production. For this, designing a high-performance and cost-effective catalyst is an important step in developing a sustainable hydrogen source. Here, firstly, cross-linked polymer brushes were grafted on the surface of pumice minerals (P4VP/PMC). Then, Pd nanoparticles were reduced on the surface using the NaBH₄ reduction method (Pd-P4VP/PMC). The composition and structure of the catalyst were analyzed using diverse techniques. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize and model the impact of the main factor interactions during the hydrolysis process. According to the quadratic model obtained, catalyst concentration 2.192 mg/mL; temperature 57.3 °C; NaBH₄ concentration 186.6 mM, and NaOH 5.435 wt% were determined to be optimum values using the matrix method. At these values, the maximum hydrogen generation rate (HGR) was 8732.85 mL H₂/(g_cat. min.) Also, reusability was tested and after five cycles the catalytic activity of Pd-P4VP/PMC was reduced by only ∼30 %. As a result, the synthesized catalyst exhibited relatively low activation energy (26.85 kj/mol) and high HGR (8732.85 mL H₂/(g_cat. min.)), clearly demonstrating the superiority of Pd-P4VP/PMC as a catalyst for hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of NaBH₄.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 101974"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon conversion mechanism of volatile gas flame based on multi-spectral analysis methods","authors":"Xiao Lin ,&nbsp;Meirong Dong ,&nbsp;Gangfu Rao ,&nbsp;Wei Nie ,&nbsp;Guangchi Zhou ,&nbsp;Jidong Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Volatile combustion is a critical process in solid fuel combustion, requiring a deeper understanding of its carbon conversion mechanisms. This study investigates the synergistic effects of different volatile fraction components CH₄, CO, C₂H₄, and H₂ on carbon conversion using a McKenna flat-flame burner. The spatial distribution characteristics of excited-state radicals in flames, namely OH∗, CH∗, and C₂∗, were qualitatively measured using image spectroscopy. Additionally, the final product H₂O concentration and flame temperature were quantitatively determined through Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS). Combined with chemical kinetics simulations, the study reveals the volatile combustion reaction pathways and the synergistic effects of multi-component co-combustion on carbon conversion. The experimental and kinetic analysis results indicate that H₂ promotes CH₂ and CH formation, thereby facilitating the production of C₂∗ and OH∗. C₂H₄ enhances C₂H formation, which promotes the production of CH∗. Additionally, H₂ increases H₂O production and raises temperature in flame, while CO inhibits both. While maintaining consistent combustible carbon content in fuel, H₂ primarily inhibits the carbon conversion from fuel to CO₂ by reducing the pathway proportions involving the main chain reactions HCO and CO, as well as the branch reactions CH₂∗ and CH₂. In contrast, CO and C₂H₄ promote carbon conversion to CO₂ by increasing the pathway proportions of the branch reactions CH₂∗ and CH₂. When multi-component co-combustion, the gain in pathway proportion is influenced by both individual component effects and complex synergistic effects, which may result in various outcomes such as synergistic promotion, synergistic inhibition, or a simple additive effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 101977"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes and application of machine learning for modelling of the process: A comprehensive review","authors":"Deepak Bhushan ,&nbsp;Sanjeevani Hooda ,&nbsp;Prasenjit Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conventional fossil fuels which primarily include coal, oil and natural gas are the major source of greenhouse gas emissions (such as methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide) into the atmosphere causing severe health consequences to human population. Different types of renewable energy feedstocks including biomass wastes are being investigated across the world. Out of various techniques for utilizing biomass, the pyrolysis has wide product profiles which can be used in different applications. Likewise, omnipresence of plastic waste, and its tremendous generation and lack of appropriate waste management system is also another environmental issue. Hence, co-pyrolysis (a thermochemical conversion) of biomass and plastic waste, presents an effective solution for the underlined issues as it not only provides a clean source of energy, but is also cost-efficient, easy to use, helps deal with the issue of plastic waste management as well as mitigate the concerns caused by the pyrolysis of single feedstock i.e., biomass. The quality of co-pyrolysis derived bio-oil can further be enhanced by incorporating catalyst. Operating condition of a pyrolysis process depends on the nature of feedstock, requirement of product distribution etc. Thus, optimization of process parameters is essential for making this process successful. Machine learning models can be utilized in the co-pyrolysis process as a tool to overcome the preceding issues by optimizing the process and also helps in process control, yield prediction and real-time monitoring. However, no prior study has conducted an in-depth review of current research scenario related to the machine learning approach in co-pyrolysis process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 101973"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143135893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel exhaust aftertreatment technology for the simultaneous elimination of NO, NO2 and NH3 of pilot-diesel-ignited ammonia engines based on the active exhaust diversion","authors":"Xinran Wang ,&nbsp;Run Chen ,&nbsp;Tie Li ,&nbsp;Shuai Huang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhou ,&nbsp;Shiyan Li ,&nbsp;Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Ze Li ,&nbsp;Guangyuan Li ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The significant release of nitrogen oxides, coupled with the emissions of unburned ammonia in ammonia engines, poses a considerable threat to the environment and hinders the widespread adoption of these engines. In this study, a novel exhaust aftertreatment technology was first proposed to eliminate NO, NO₂ and NH₃ simultaneously in the ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engine without additional reductant. Based on the conventional diesel engine aftertreatment system, which consisted of the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), diesel particulate filter (DPF), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and ammonia slip catalyst (ASC), a bypass tube was integrated into the system. Besides, two electrical valves were installed at the inlet of the bypass tube and the DOC, respectively. By manipulating the valves, the exhaust gas flow could be directed either through the DOC, DPF, SCR, and ASC, or alternatively, it can be redirected straight from the bypass tube to the SCR and ASC. The DOC helped to reduce a portion of the NH₃ emissions, while the remaining NH₃ from the bypass tube reacted with nitrogen oxides in the SCR. Experimental results showed that in this design, NH₃, NO and NO₂ emissions can be nearly eliminated simultaneously with the 40 %, 60 % and 80 % ammonia energetic ratios. However, when the exhaust gas passes through the oxidation catalyst, the NH₃ is oxidized into the N₂O, while the existing aftertreatment devices cannot effectively solve the N₂O, leading to an increment of the final N₂O emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 101981"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of lignocellulosic composition on biomass grindability for carbon-free power generation role of hemicellulose variation via pretreatment","authors":"Kyeong-Ho Kim ,&nbsp;Jae-Sung Kim ,&nbsp;Tae-Yoon Kim ,&nbsp;Seung-Mo Kim ,&nbsp;Byoung-Hwa Lee ,&nbsp;Chung-Hwan Jeon","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomass is a pivotal carbon-neutral fuel that captures carbon during plant growth and releases it upon combustion, offsetting fossil fuel use. However, biomass combustion faces challenges owing to its high moisture content, low calorific value, and low grindability, compounded by its fibrous structure that requires significant energy for pulverization. Torrefaction is a technology employed to enhance the grindability of biomass and address its inherent limitations. In this study, we aimed to predict the degree of woody biomass grinding at varying lignocellulose contents and grinding degree via torrefaction. Three wood pellet samples were subjected to torrefaction at five different temperatures (473, 493, 513, 533, and 553 K). The grindability was assessed using a Thermally Treated Biomass Grindability Index analysis. Additionally, the lignocellulose content was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis, and the relationship between grindability and lignocellulose content was explored. The results indicated that hemicellulose and cellulose contents decreased with higher torrefied temperatures, leading to increased grindability. Building on these findings, a simple regression prediction model was developed to estimate biomass grindability based solely on lignocellulosic composition and proximate analysis parameters. The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.881, underscoring its robust predictive value. This study provides essential insights for improving the grindability of biomass, supporting the broader adoption of biomass as a sustainable carbon-free fuel for power generation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 101982"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sn modulation function on active intermediate species for enhancing NH3-SCO performance of Cu/Ce0.3TiOx catalyst","authors":"You Tian ,&nbsp;Zhitao Han ,&nbsp;Xi Wu ,&nbsp;Hongzhe Zhao ,&nbsp;Qingliang Zeng ,&nbsp;Yeshan Li ,&nbsp;Dong Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the low-temperature activity of Cu/Ce_0.3TiO_<em>x</em> catalyst, a series of Cu/Ce_0.3Sn_<em>n</em>O_<em>x</em> (n = 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2) catalysts were prepared using an impregnation-precipitation method. Compared to Cu/Ce_0.3TiO_<em>x</em> catalyst, Sn doping significantly enhanced both the strong metal-support interaction between Cu species and supports and the relative concentration of chemisorbed oxygen, thereby promoting the catalytic activity of the catalysts. Cu/Ce_0.3Sn_0.8TiO_<em>x</em> catalyst demonstrated optimal catalytic activity, achieving a 90 % NH₃ conversion at 275 °C, which was significantly lower than the 309 °C required for Cu/Ce_0.3TiO_<em>x</em> catalyst. Notably, the introduction of Sn did not affect its N₂ selectivity, which remained higher than 82 % for Cu/Ce_0.3Sn_<em>n</em>T_iO_<em>x</em> catalysts over a wide temperature range of 200–400 °C. It was attributed to Cu/Ce_0.3Sn_<em>n</em>TiO_<em>x</em> catalysts retaining large specific surface area and abundant acid sites, which facilitated the reaction and adsorption of NH₃. In-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in-situ DRIFTS) indicated that the introduction of Sn promoted further dehydrogenation of amide (-NH₂) species to form imide (-NH) species, which accelerated the consumption of -NH₂ species on catalyst surface. Meanwhile, -NH could be further oxidized to nitrosyl (-HNO) species, which then reacted with active O atoms to generate NO or were reduced by -NH to form environmentally friendly N₂. It suggested that the introduction of Sn could provide a new pathway for -NH₂ species reaction and thus improve the catalytic activity. This study provided new insights into enhancing the low-temperature activity of non-noble metal NH₃-SCO catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 101976"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the effects of nanosecond pulsed discharge on combustion characteristics of C3H8/air mixtures using a rapid compression machine","authors":"Jie Tian ,&nbsp;Peng Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenge Liu ,&nbsp;Juan Tang ,&nbsp;Wei Yin ,&nbsp;Yong Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.101983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The non-equilibrium plasma generated by nanosecond pulsed discharge (NPD) effectively enhances ignition stability and accelerates the combustion process due to its unique physical and chemical properties. This investigation is conducted using a linear motor-driven rapid compression machine to investigate the effects of different nanosecond pulsed discharge parameters (pulse number: PN; pulse interval: PI) on the initial flame kernel shape, development process, and combustion characteristics of C₃H₈/air mixtures. The experiments are carried out under varying excess air coefficients and initial temperatures. The results show that the initial flame kernels mainly appear spherical and elliptical, and due to the presence of turbulence, an ‘8’ -shaped flame kernel is formed. As PN increases, the radius of the initial flame kernel enlarges and the flame propagation speed accelerates; in contrast, an increase in PI initially enlarges the flame kernel radius before causing it to decrease, with the flame propagation speed showing a trend of initially accelerating and then decelerating. Additionally, the increase in initial temperature raises the number of molecules capable of overcoming the activation energy barrier, thereby accelerating the combustion rate, which further enlarges the initial flame kernel radius and enhances flame propagation. The investigation also reveals that with an increase in PN, the peak combustion pressure rises while the ignition delay and combustion duration decrease. Conversely, the increase in PI has a negligible effect on the peak pressure and the pressure rise rate, but the combustion duration exhibits a trend of initially decreasing followed by an increase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 101983"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}