Journal of The Energy Institute最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of nano-particle emissions from gasoline direct injection engines utilizing non-thermal plasma and nickel foam technologies","authors":"Pichitpon Neamyou ,&nbsp;Sak Sittichompoo ,&nbsp;Boonlue Sawatmongkhon ,&nbsp;Nathinee Theinnoi ,&nbsp;Kampanart Theinnoi","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present investigation aims to assess the efficacy of the integration of Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP) technology with porous substrates, particularly nickel foam, for the mitigation of particulate matter (PM) emissions originating from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. GDI engines, while offering enhanced fuel efficiency, are associated with higher concentrations of ultrafine PM, which pose significant environmental and health risks. Nickel foam, selected for its high surface area, thermal stability, and catalytic properties, is utilized to enhance PM filtration. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of NTP technology with nickel foam significantly reduces both the number and mass of particles emitted by GDI engines. Specifically, PM removal efficiencies of up to 83 % were achieved at higher voltages (10 kV). However, energy consumption was found to increase substantially with voltage, emphasizing the need to optimize the balance between energy input and PM reduction. The study further reveals that increasing the thickness of the nickel foam from 0 to 6 mm enhances PM capture, but also increases the specific energy density required for PM reduction. The results showed that at lower voltages (2–4 kV), the combination of NTP and nickel foam was particularly effective, achieving significant PM reduction with lower energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102081"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview for methanol and formaldehyde unregulated emissions of methanol fueled engines","authors":"Hong Wei ,&nbsp;Ziye Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinru Zhang ,&nbsp;Fengjuan Dong ,&nbsp;Wangfang Yuan ,&nbsp;Hao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methanol can be classified into green methanol, biomass methanol, and fossil fuel derived methanol based on the abundant feedstocks, and it has been widely applied on road and marine transport vehicles. However, the utilization of methanol is favorable for reducing carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and particulate matter (PM) engine emissions, its unregulated emissions increase compared to traditional gasoline or diesel engines. The unregulated emissions include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, methanol, acetone, ethanol and etc., among which the unburned methanol and formaldehyde are predominant. The unburned methanol is mainly generated by the crevice and quenching effects, and formaldehyde by the incomplete oxidation of methanol in the exhaust system. Factors including exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), engine load and speed, intake and exhaust temperature, methanol substitution rate (MSR), and injection strategy affect the unburned methanol and formaldehyde emissions to a certain extent. Liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) measure unburned methanol and formaldehyde emissions more accurately than Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), but FTIR can detect data on unburned methanol and formaldehyde emissions in real time under variable operating conditions or online for multiple emissions simultaneously. After-treatment devices such as diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), particle oxidation catalyst (POC), or three-way catalyst (TWC) can reduce unburned methanol or formaldehyde emissions. The combination of DOC and POC is superior to a single DOC to remove the unburned methanol and formaldehyde emissions. The review provides a systemic analysis on the generation, hazard, measurement, and disposal of methanol and formaldehyde and promotes the clean application of methanol fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102089"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deactivation effect of different Pb salts over Fe/Zr-W catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3","authors":"Liang Wang ,&nbsp;Shan Ren ,&nbsp;Xiaodi Li ,&nbsp;Chi He ,&nbsp;Chunli Zheng ,&nbsp;Xinzhe Li ,&nbsp;Shouning Chai ,&nbsp;Chunbao Charles Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deactivation on NH₃-SCR catalyst surface by heavy metal species continues to hinder it long-term usage lifetime in flue gas treatment. A deeper insight into the poisoning effect of different Pb species on catalysts is crucial for designing denitrification catalysts with <em>anti</em>-Pb property. Herein, the obtained Fe/Zr-W catalyst was modified through multiple Pb salts (Pb(NO₃)₂, PbCl₂, and PbSO₄) to assess the different impact caused by various Pb species. The results showed that different Pb species led to varying levels of catalyst deactivation. Pb(NO₃)₂ and PbCl₂ caused different degrees of deactivation in the Fe/Zr-W catalyst, associated with the decrease in redox cycling capacity, acidic sites, and surface adsorption oxygen. However, PbSO₄ inversely enhanced the acidic site density of catalyst, which favored NH₃ adsorption but significantly decreased the conversion selectivity in catalytic process. Possible deactivation pathway differentiation among Pb salts over Fe/Zr-W catalyst was established. This work revealed insights into the different poisoning pathway of various Pb salts, contributing to the development of denitration catalysts with enhanced Pb tolerance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102087"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical mechanism development for ammonia/n-heptane blends in dual fuel engines","authors":"Juan Ou ,&nbsp;Ruomiao Yang ,&nbsp;Yuchao Yan ,&nbsp;Junheng Liu ,&nbsp;Zhentao Liu ,&nbsp;Jinlong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (NH₃) is a carbon-free energy carrier with significant potential for sustainable transportation, particularly in heavy-duty applications such as trucks, construction machinery, agricultural equipment, locomotives, and ships. To enable the use of ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engines in these demanding applications, this study develops a reduced NH₃/n-heptane chemical kinetic mechanism, with n-heptane serving as a single-component surrogate for diesel, designed for multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The mechanism incorporates advanced sub-models for ammonia oxidation, n-heptane oxidation, and carbon-nitrogen interactions, improving predictions for both low- and high-temperature combustion phenomena. Validation against fundamental combustion data, including ignition delays and laminar flame speeds, confirms its accuracy and reliability. A key feature of this study is the further validation of the kinetic mechanism in CFD simulations using experimental engine data from ammonia port fuel injection and diesel direct injection compression ignition operation, effectively bridging fundamental research and practical applications. The simulations confirm the ability of the mechanism to predict primary engine combustion behaviors, including cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and key combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, premixed/diffusion combustion proportions, and nitrogen-based emissions trends (including unburned NH₃, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and nitrous oxide (N₂O)) across varying ammonia substitution levels. Additionally, the mechanism accurately captures the de-NOx effects of NH₃, which modulate NOx and N₂O concentrations during the late oxidation stage, with predicted emission levels closely matching experimental data. Overall, this work provides a robust and reliable tool to advance the development of high-efficiency, low-emission ammonia/diesel engine systems, thereby paving the way for cleaner and more sustainable solutions in heavy-duty transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102077"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrolysis of lignite coal and waste tires for liquid fuel production","authors":"Asif Khan ,&nbsp;Naseem Iqbal ,&nbsp;Tayyaba Noor ,&nbsp;Ali Iqtidar ,&nbsp;Najam Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A thorough evaluation of all co-pyrolysis products (pyro-oil, gas, and char) using a fixed bed reactor is required for prospective upscaling and techno-economic analysis aimed at commercializing pyrolysis and integrating it into traditional systems. The study investigated the effects of many parameters, including the waste tire to coal ratio and temperature. This study investigates the co-pyrolysis of coal and waste tires (WT) to determine its influence on products throughout a broad range of feedstock ratios (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 wt% of WT combined with coal) in a fixed bed reactor set at 500 °C. Based on the findings, it was determined that the optimal oil yield of 44 % and maximum gross calorific values of 41.00 MJ/kg were achieved with a coal to waste tires ratio of 50:50 which was slightly lower than 70:30 blending ratio. The findings demonstrated that the mass ratio of the feedstock was critical in the conversion of oxygenates into hydrocarbons (HC). Liquid yield, organic phase, aromatics, and aliphatic all increased when the WT/coal blending ratio approached 50:50. Pyro-oil output was 44 wt% with WT and coal (50:50), compared to 19 wt% with coal alone. Similarly, at comparable blend ratios, oxygenates were reduced by 65 %, and the higher heating value (HHV) of pyro-oil (41.00 MJ/kg) at 50:50 coal and WT blending ratio and matched that of WT (45.00 MJ/kg) and comparable with Petro-diesel. The incorporation of WT into coal resulted in a notable advantageous synergy for non-condensable gas. The introduction of WT augmented hydrogen (H₂) and methane (CH₄), alongside increased HCs, while diminishing carbon oxides compared to coal alone. The integration of WT into coal also enhanced the char properties, manifesting in heightened carbon content, HHV, and diminished ash content. The 50:50 blending ratio is deemed optimal following the discovery of a notable liquid yield at this proportion. Finally, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were conducted on the pyro-oil, while Gas Chromatography-Thermal Conductivity Detection (GCTD) was employed for the pyro gas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102065"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative Fe7C3/ZrO2 carbides for stable and selective olefins production via CO2-FT process: Co-operative effect of alkali-alkaline earth promoters","authors":"Nagaraju Pasupulety,&nbsp;Majed A. Alamoudi,&nbsp;Abdulrahim A. Alzahrani","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improved light olefins yield via catalytic CO₂ conversions supports circular carbon economy and also addresses global climate change effects to some extent. Present work demonstrates stable orthorhombic Fe₇C₃ formation on commercial ZrO₂ by using citric acid chelation method and its subsequent pretreatment under CO/H₂(g) = 0.93 studied in CO₂-FT process. For the first time, co-operative effect of alkaline earth promoters (AEP= Mg or Ca or Ba) with alkali metal (K) was investigated in detail on the extent of Fe⁰/Fe₇C₃ formation in FeZnK-AEP/ZrO₂ catalysts. Significant enhancement in the textural properties and iron oxide reduction were found in K-AEP duo catalysts. Essentially, XRD and H₂-TPD studies revealed improved metallic iron phase in Mg-K or Ca-K duo which resulted in greater light paraffins formation. However, Ba-K duo enhanced the carbidization of reduced iron species in the catalyst as established through Mossbauer data wherein Fe_xC_y/Fe₃O₄ ratio was 1.2 times higher than in reference FeZnK/ZrO₂ catalyst. Among the K-AEP duos, the decreasing order of light olefins space time yield found as: FeZnK-Mg/ZrO₂ (6.75 mmol g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹) &lt; FeZnK/ZrO₂ (7.39 mmol g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹) &lt; FeZnK-Ca/ZrO₂ (7.53 mmol g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹) &lt; FeZnK-Ba/ZrO₂ (9.01 mmol g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹). The greater light olefins yield was associated with surface enrichment of Fe-C species, optimized basicity and H₂ activation on FeZnK-Ba/ZrO₂ respectively noticed through XPS, CO₂ and H₂-TPD results. Therefore, FeZnK-Ba/ZrO₂ with 20h of consistent activity can serve as an alternative catalyst with an alternative active phase of Fe₇C₃ in CO₂-FT studies, unlike literature heavily loaded with Fe₃C and Fe₅C₂ bulk active phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102068"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring 3-D morphology and mechanical properties for the soot particles produced within a transient diesel reacting jet spray flame under diesel engine-like operating conditions by using atomic force microscopy (AFM)","authors":"Yifeng Wang ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhuang ,&nbsp;Zhongwen Zhu ,&nbsp;Yanzhou Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, soot particles were directly sampled within a transient reacting jet spray flame under conditions close to practical diesel engine combustion based on the principle of the thermophoretic probe sampling. The experiments were performed in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) with five ambient oxygen concentrations (O₂: 21 %, 18 %, 15 %, 12 %, 9 %), accompanied by the subsequent 3-D atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging to examine not only to what extent the 3-D morphology of the soot particles samples but also their mechanical properties were affected by the variations in the oxygen concentration in the CVCC.</div><div>The results showed relatively larger particles were observed in the 3-D AFM images, indicating soot coagulation occurred at the very beginning of combustion process. Three different types of morphology were found for isolated particles samples. The equivalent diameter (ED) of the samples exhibited a broad distribution of about 2–100 nm. When the ambient oxygen concentration was reduced from 12 % to 9 %, similar distribution patterns of ED were found, especially over the range ED &lt; 10 nm. The population-averaged ED decreased firstly and then increased, and was found to decrease again as the oxygen concentration was gradually lowered. The distribution of sphericity ratio for the particles samples fell within the range of 0–0.35, and very low sphericity ratio values (&lt;0.1) were found for most of the isolated particles samples.</div><div>Three types of force curves were found for the particles samples. The attractive force fell within the range of 1.4–4.8 nN for all the cases studied. As the ambient oxygen concentration was lowered, the population-averaged attractive force decreased from 2.60 nN to 2.23 nN. The Van der Waals force accounted for over 65 % of the attractive force, and thus played a dominant role in the attractive force. The adhesive force mainly fell within the range of 10–24 nN. As the oxygen concentration was gradually lowered, the population-averaged adhesive force increased from 14.19 to 14.46 nN; the adhesive energy fell within the range of 0–5.1 × 10⁻¹⁶ J, and the population-averaged adhesive energy decreased initially from 1.92 × 10⁻¹⁶ J to 1.79 × 10⁻¹⁶ J, and then increased to 1.89 × 10⁻¹⁶ J. Especially, it was found that the population-averaged adhesive energy was four orders of magnitude higher than the thermal kinetic energy. The Young's modulus fell within the range of 15–520 MPa, while the population-averaged Young's modulus fell within the range of 205–235 MPa, and the population-averaged Young's modulus showed a completely opposite trend to that of the fringe separation distance as the oxygen concentration was lowered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102067"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence mechanism of AAEMs on the pyrolysis of coal density-separated fractions: Insights from combining TGA, in-situ Raman spectroscopy and in-situ EPR technique","authors":"Qichen He ,&nbsp;Zhenyi Du ,&nbsp;Honghao He ,&nbsp;Jun Xu ,&nbsp;Xu Jiang ,&nbsp;Long Jiang ,&nbsp;Kai Xu ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Sheng Su ,&nbsp;Song Hu ,&nbsp;Jun Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, in-situ Raman and in-situ Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy combining thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were developed to investigate the effects of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species (AAEMs) on the evolution of Zhundong coal (a typical AAEMs-rich coal) density-separated fractions including &lt;1.40 g/cm³, 1.40–1.45 g/cm³, 1.45–1.50 g/cm³ and &gt;1.50 g/cm³ during pyrolysis. The inherent AAEMs in the Zhundong coal mainly exist as Na and Ca. For occurrence characteristics of AAEMs, the relative amount of ion-exchangeable AAEMs is close between density-separated fractions, and the water-soluble and HCl-soluble AAEMs mainly exist in the &gt;1.50 g/cm³ fraction. The pyrolysis weight loss and the maximum mass loss rate (R_max) decrease with the increases of the fraction's density. The chemical structure and the occurrence characteristics of AAEMs of density-separated fractions have a combined effect on their pyrolysis characteristics. At the devolatilization stage of the pyrolysis, water-soluble AAEMs promote the release of active components, accelerate the formation of more stable bonds between AAEMs and char matrix and inhibit the release of the 1–2 aromatic rings in char especially for the &lt;1.40 g/cm³ fraction. In this stage, the formation of the cross-linking structures and 3–5 aromatic rings especially for the &gt;1.50 g/cm³ fraction, and the coupling of free radicals especially for the &lt;1.40 g/cm³ fraction are promoted. At the aromatization polymerization stage, the effects of water-soluble Na/K are obvious, especially for the &lt;1.40 g/cm³ fraction. The divalent AAEMs all can inhibit the condensation of aromatic rings and improve the reactivity of stable free radicals, especially for water-soluble divalent AAEMs in the &gt;1.50 g/cm³ fraction. Good correlations between pyrolysis reactivity and in-situ chemical structure were found and established. It was expected to direct the coal utilization based on integrated cascade stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102071"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study the spray and combustion of diesel and ammonia engine under cross and horizontally-opposed dual direct injection","authors":"Chunguang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhanming Chen ,&nbsp;Tao Li ,&nbsp;Pengyun Zhao ,&nbsp;Hao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia is increasingly recognized as a promising zero-carbon renewable energy source for internal combustion engines. The dual direct injection combustion method, which utilizes diesel to ignite ammonia, represents a highly effective strategy for employing ammonia as an engine fuel. This study investigates the spray and combustion characteristics of diesel and ammonia at injection angles of 90° and 180° using optical diagnostic techniques in a constant volume combustion chamber. The results indicate that, compared to the 90° injection angle, the 180° injection angle enhances the axial diffusion and evaporation rates of the collision spray while inhibiting both radial diffusion and evaporation rates. An increase in injection pressure further promotes both axial and radial diffusion and evaporation rates, significantly improving the atomization characteristics of the collision spray. At the 180° injection angle, the collision spray exhibits greater turbulence, facilitating thorough mixing of fuel and air. This results in prolonged ignition delays and combustion durations, an increased flame area, and reduced soot emissions. Specifically, compared to the 90° injection angle, soot emissions from the 180° injection angle at 60 and 100 MPa decreased by 32.03 % and 5.43 %, respectively. Similarly, while increasing injection pressure effectively mitigates soot emissions, this improvement is inhibited at the 180° injection angle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102076"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evaluation of the performance and catalytic mechanism of high-temperature-induced Ni/Al2O3 in the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin","authors":"Long-Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Fan Tang ,&nbsp;Min Li ,&nbsp;Hong-Yu Ding ,&nbsp;Xian-Yong Wei ,&nbsp;Xing-Shun Cong ,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Selectively converting lignin is advantageous for the advancement of renewable energy. Strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) in a catalyst significantly influences its catalytic activity during lignin conversion. Therefore, reasonable regulation of SMSI can effectively enhance the catalyst activity. Nickel layered double hydroxide (Ni-LDH) was prepared by in-situ method. An induced oxidation strategy, which involves regulating the surface reconstruction process of the catalyst by controlling the oxidation temperature during the oxidation stage, was also revealed. Consequently, Ni/Al₂O₃-600, featuring SMSI, was successfully prepared and demonstrated effective catalysis in the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin into cyclanes. Ni/Al₂O₃-600, prepared at the optimal calcination temperature of 600 °C, exhibits on high activity for the HDO of lignin, achieving a soluble portion yield of 95.3 %. Furthermore, the lignin-related model compound phenoxyethylbenzene (PEB) was completely converted over Ni/Al₂O₃. The frontier molecular orbital structure of the intermediates of PEB was determined by calculation with density functional theory, and a mechanism for the HDO of PEB over Ni/Al₂O₃ was also proposed. This strategy offers a theoretical framework for the value-added utilization of lignin and the expansion of liquid fuel sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102074"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}