Journal of The Energy Institute最新文献

{"title":"In-situ hydrodeoxygenation of a lignin-derived monomer using Ar dielectric barrier discharge plasma: From conversion performance to mechanism analysis","authors":"Yadi Liu,&nbsp;Yan Sun,&nbsp;Xiaojiao Wu,&nbsp;Hui Zhong,&nbsp;Yifan Peng,&nbsp;Yudong Song,&nbsp;Zixin Fu,&nbsp;Ying Sun,&nbsp;Xiaolong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-oil derived from lignin biomass serves as a promising alternative to fossil fuels. However, due to its high oxygen content and low energy density, it requires hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) to be viable as a biofuel. Non-thermal plasma, as an innovative molecular activation method, enables HDO of bio-oil under ambient conditions without catalysts. Nevertheless, the relationship between operating conditions, plasma characteristics, and product distribution remains unclear, necessitating elucidation of the underlying reaction mechanisms. Herein, we present an <em>in</em>-<em>situ</em> hydrogenation approach for the plasma-assisted conversion of a lignin monomer (guaiacol) using Ar dielectric barrier discharge plasma without an external hydrogen source. By integrating conversion experiments with reactive molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal the mechanisms governing the effects of temperature and H radical on guaiacol conversion. Results show that increasing temperature promotes demethoxylation of guaiacol, yielding cresol and phenol. Excessively high temperatures inhibit dehydroxylation while facilitating O-CH₃ bond cleavage, leading to increased formation of undesired catechol. Around 400 K represents an optimal reaction temperature. As the applied voltage increases, the concentrations of desired liquid products (cresol, phenol, anisole) first rise then decline. This occurs because while H radical concentration progressively rises with the voltage, H radical-mediated deoxygenation efficiency peaks and subsequently decreases. Thus, maintaining an optimal H radical concentration range enhances conversion efficiency. Overall, the revealed interaction mechanisms between plasma-generated H radicals and guaiacol provide novel insights and guiding principles for future bio-oil upgrading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 102344"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145327355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a copper doped iron-based oxygen carrier for hydrogen production via mid-temperature chemical looping","authors":"Yu Fang ,&nbsp;Jiquan Luo ,&nbsp;Zhulian Li ,&nbsp;Junnan Zhan ,&nbsp;Kai Liu ,&nbsp;Qibin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical looping reforming (CLR) offers a promising approach for low-carbon hydrogen production by integrating fuel conversion with inherent CO₂ separation. In this study, iron-based oxygen carriers doped with nickel and copper were synthesized to improve reactivity and cyclic stability. Structural characterization via X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDS) confirmed the formation of active phases including NiFe₂O₄ and CuFe₂O₄, which have homogeneous elemental dispersion and nanostructured morphologies. Temperature programmed reduction experiments in TGA revealed that Ni doping enhances reaction rates, while copper doping lowers the reduction temperature. Among the synthesized carriers, 1 wt%Cu–20NiFe exhibited the best overall performance in terms of methane conversion (82.45 %), hydrogen yield (74.40 mL/g_OC), and carbon monoxide yield (22.04 mL/g_OC) at 600 °C. Steam-assisted CLR experiments show that water significantly improved H₂ production, and appropriate steam flow could maximize hydrogen yield while suppressing carbon deposition. Long-term redox cycling (200 cycles) verified the structural integrity and oxygen transfer stability of 1 wt%Cu–20NiFe. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses across different reaction stages confirmed the cyclic migration of lattice oxygen and complete regeneration of the oxygen carrier. This work demonstrates that micro-doped Cu in Ni–Fe-based oxygen carriers effectively enhances CLR hydrogen production, providing a foundation for further scale-up and integration in chemical looping hydrogen systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 102361"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of mesoporous silica-supported catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx using NH3 as reducing agent","authors":"Shyam Sunder Rao,&nbsp;Rohit Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Vivek Kumar Patel,&nbsp;Abhishek Anand,&nbsp;Sweta Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the performance of newly developed MnO₂/CeO₂-KIT-6 and MnO₂/CeO₂-SBA-15 catalysts for NO reduction via the NH₃-SCR process. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized using a range of techniques, including Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy. XRD analysis revealed a cubic phase structure in both CeO₂ and MnO₂. Among the two, the MnO₂/CeO₂-KIT-6 catalyst showed the highest contents of Ce³⁺ (54.0 %), Mn⁴⁺ (71.0 %), and surface adsorbed oxygen (75.4 %). Catalytic activity tests demonstrated that MnO₂/CeO₂-KIT-6 outperformed MnO₂/CeO₂-SBA-15 across a temperature range of 50–450 °C, achieving a maximum NO conversion of 75 % and N₂ selectivity of 86 % at 250 °C. Furthermore, increasing the MnO₂ loading in the (20 wt%) MnO₂/CeO₂-KIT-6 catalyst improved NO conversion and N₂ selectivity, reaching 80 % and nearly 89 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 102386"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of NOx formation characteristics and influencing parameters in refuse derived fuel combustion using response surface methodology","authors":"Zhengming Yi ,&nbsp;Zihang Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhuo Deng ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refuse-derived fuel (RDF), a promising alternative fuel for energy recovery and waste treatment, generates nitrogen oxides (NO_<em>x</em>) during precalciner combustion. This study systematically investigates the interactive effects of three key operational parameters—combustion temperature, O₂ concentration, and CaO mass ratio—on NO_<em>x</em> generation characteristics during RDF combustion using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to develop a quadratic regression model for NO_<em>x</em> emissions, followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and model validation. The results indicate that O₂ concentration has the most significant impact on the peak NO_<em>x</em> release (Peak-NO_<em>x</em>), with a model F-statistic of 15.76 and a probability value P &lt; 0.01. An increase in O₂ concentration weakens the influence of combustion temperature on Peak-NO_<em>x</em>, while an increase in the CaO mass ratio alters the trend of temperature's effect on Peak-NO_<em>x</em>. On the other hand, combustion temperature exhibits the greatest influence on total NO_<em>x</em> generation (Total-NO_<em>x</em>), with parameter interactions being significant only within the 800 °C–900 °C range. The developed models show high goodness-of-fit, with R² values of 0.9216 for Peak-NO_<em>x</em> and 0.9835 for Total-NO_<em>x</em>. Furthermore, multi-objective optimization identified the optimal combustion parameters (884 °C, 13 % O₂, 6 % CaO), under which Peak-NO_<em>x</em> and Total-NO_<em>x</em> were reduced to 236 ppm and 0.87 mg, respectively. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for controlling NO_<em>x</em> emissions during RDF combustion in precalciners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 102403"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study and kinetic analysis of the role of H2O on CO-NH3 Co-oxidation in a plug flow reactor","authors":"Kun Li,&nbsp;Leming Cheng,&nbsp;Qifeng Yu,&nbsp;Weiguo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Co-firing of NH₃ with coal became an interesting topic due to the issues of carbon dioxide emissions. The reactivity variations of NH₃ with CO, as well as the formation of NO and N₂O under H₂O-free and H₂O-containing condition is one of the important aspects during the coal and NH₃ co-firing process. In this work, experimental and kinetic studies were conducted on the co-oxidation of CO and NH₃ in a plug flow reactor to investigate these characteristics. Influencing parameters including temperature, initial CO and H₂O concentration were examined. Results indicates that the onset temperature of NH₃ decreases and the formation of NO and N₂O increases with increasing initial CO concertation under H₂O-free conditions. The presence of NH₃ inhibits CO conversion due to their competition for OH. Under H₂O-containing conditions, H₂O reduces the onset temperature of the CO-NH₃ co-oxidation and promotes CO burnout under both fuel-lean and fuel-rich conditions. Meanwhile, H₂O inhibits NO formation while N₂O generation was enhanced. This is attributed to increased OH level through the reactions H₂O + O = 2OH and H₂O + H = OH + H₂, along with reduced concentrations of O and H radicals. These changes enhance CO reactivity in the early stages and alters NO formation pathway. The decrease in O radical suppresses the NH₂ → HNO → NO pathway, while the increase in OH radical promotes NH₂ to NH conversion. It enhances the NH₂ → NH → NO and NH₂ → NH → HNO → NO pathways. Additionally, the increased NH radical concentration favors the NH₂ → NH → N₂O pathway, which contributes to increased N₂O yields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 102369"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanochemistry: A powerful tool to engineer catalyst's functionality","authors":"Abdulhammed K. Hamzat ,&nbsp;Fawziyah Oyefunke Olarinoye ,&nbsp;Basiru O. Yusuf ,&nbsp;Abdulkadir Tanimu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanochemistry has emerged as a transformative and sustainable approach in catalysis, redefining traditional methods of catalyst synthesis and modification through solvent-free and scalable processes. This review delves into its innovative applications, showcasing how mechanochemical techniques like ball milling enable precise control over material properties, including nanostructuring, particle size reduction, and defect engineering. These advancements have paved the way for catalysts with enhanced activity, selectivity, and stability, which are crucial for emerging industrial processes such as CO₂ reforming, hydrogenation, and oxidation reactions. Despite its ground-breaking potential, challenges related to mechanistic understanding, industrial scalability, and cross-laboratory reproducibility persist. This review emphasizes that integrating advanced in-situ characterization techniques and computational modeling is vital for overcoming these barriers. By doing so, mechanochemistry can be firmly positioned as a cornerstone for future innovations in sustainable catalyst design and green chemical manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 102358"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical parametric analysis for NOx reduction and combustion performance of ammonia fuels blended with direct and cracked hydrogen","authors":"Tao Xie ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Hao ,&nbsp;Huile Jin ,&nbsp;Woo Jin Lee ,&nbsp;Jim Patel ,&nbsp;Liyuan Fan ,&nbsp;Chao'en Li ,&nbsp;Shun Wang ,&nbsp;Maorong Chai","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia possesses significant potential in clean energy applications. However, its inherently low flammability somehow confronts a major challenge for its direct applications, necessitating the utilization of effective strategies to enhance its combustion. Among these, the combustion of hydrogen-ammonia mixtures has emerged as a promising approach for improving the combustion characteristics of ammonia. Nevertheless, the presence of nitrogen, a by-product of in-line ammonia cracking, causes the two fuel systems—one with cracked hydrogen and one with direct hydrogen—to behave differently during combustion. In this study, a chemical kinetic analysis was conducted to study the combustion characteristics of hydrogen-ammonia mixtures from different sources. Key combustion parameters—including laminar burning velocity, ignition delay time, and NO_x emissions—were evaluated across a wide range of conditions: equivalence ratios (0.7–1.4), hydrogen blending ratios (0–0.3), oxygen content of oxidizer (0.21–0.71), and inlet temperatures (298–2000 K) and pressures (1–60 atm). Sensitivity analysis was also performed to identify the important reactions involved. The optimal hydrogen blending ratio was determined to be 30 vol% based on its enhancement of laminar burning velocity and its favorable NO_x emission levels, benchmarked against a baseline methane flame. Four key fundamental reactions exerted significant influence on both flame propagation and ignition. A two-stage combustion strategy demonstrated considerable advantages, with the lowest NO_x emission intensity observed when the overall equivalence ratio was 0.65 and the ratio of secondary to primary oxygen flow was maintained between 75 and 80 %. These findings provide guidance for developing efficient, low-emission combustion strategies for hydrogen-ammonia fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 102353"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of pyrolysis kinetic parameters and products of agroforestry residues: A study on corn stalk and poplar sawdust","authors":"Shuaihua Guo ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhuo Chen ,&nbsp;Xueqin Li ,&nbsp;Hongxun Zhang ,&nbsp;Tingzhou Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, developing efficient energy conversion technologies for forestry and agricultural residues is a critical strategy for reconciling the tension between economic development and reducing fossil energy consumption while mitigating environmental pollution. This study employs thermogravimetric analysis and a pyrolyzer coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to investigate the pyrolysis characteristics, kinetic behaviors, and product distribution of representative agroforestry residues, specifically poplar sawdust and corn stalk. The analysis reveals negligible differences in the volatile matter and fixed carbon content between poplar sawdust and corn stalk. However, when compared, corn stalk demonstrates a significantly higher ash content. Based on the mass conversion rate (α), the pyrolysis process of biomass can be categorized into three distinct stages: the initial stage (0 &lt;α ≤ 0.1), the pyrolysis stage (0.1&lt;α ≤ 0.9), and the final stage (0.9&lt;α &lt; 1). The thermogravimetric curves indicate that the fundamental pyrolysis of agroforestry residues is completed at 550 °C. The kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis stage (0.1&lt;α ≤ 0.9) for poplar sawdust (42.40 kJ/mol) and poplar sawdust (39.34 kJ/mol) were calculated according to the Coats-Redfern model. The differences in pyrolysis stages and reactivity revealed by kinetic analysis provide a crucial link for understanding the distribution of products subsequently detected by Py-GC/MS. Furthermore, product analysis shows that differences in the products generated by the pyrolysis of the two materials primarily arise from their distinct chemical compositions. Specifically, poplar sawdust, being rich in lignin, yields higher concentrations of acids (27.43 %) and phenols (13.13 %), whereas corn stalk, which is abundant in hemicellulose and cellulose, produces greater quantities of ketones (33.34 %) and furans (16.67 %). These research findings offer mechanistic understanding of biomass reaction pathways, and reveal the correlations between feedstock composition and pyrolysis kinetic characteristics as well as product distribution, providing critical basis for targeted design of pyrolysis process parameters and optimization of product-oriented regulation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 102426"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upgrading of bio-oil from torrefied wheat straw over Fe-Ni modified HZSM-5@MCM-41: Influence of pyrolysis temperature and catalyst-feedstock ratio","authors":"Ziwen Zhao,&nbsp;Hong Tian,&nbsp;Zhengye Chen,&nbsp;Zhangjun Huang,&nbsp;Shan Cheng,&nbsp;Siying Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employed torrefied wheat straw (260 °C) as feedstock to synthesize a bifunctional metal-modified composite zeolite catalyst through alkali treatment (NaOH), dual metal loading (Fe and Ni), and hierarchical MCM-41 construction. Catalytically assisted pyrolysis behaviour was investigated using a tube furnace and Py-GC/MS system, evaluating the effects of pyrolysis temperature and catalyst/feedstock mixing ratio on product distribution and bio-oil composition. Results indicate that at a catalyst/feedstock ratio of 3:2, bio-oil yield peaked at 28.41 % at 500 °C, concurrently achieving a maximum monocyclic aromatic content of 66.36 %. Elevating pyrolysis temperature promoted aromatic formation while significantly suppressing oxygenated compounds; notably, phenolic components decreased by 13.94 % at 500 °C, indicating the 1Ni1FeHR@M catalyst's potent deoxygenation capability. Further optimization of the catalyst/feedstock blending ratio revealed that a 3:2 ratio yielded the highest combined bio-oil and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon production (18.62 %), confirming this catalytic strategy effectively shifts the product distribution towards higher-value hydrocarbon fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 102366"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OH* chemiluminescence in non-premixed industrial natural gas/hydrogen flames under air-fuel and oxy-fuel conditions: Kinetics modeling and experimental validation","authors":"Georg Daurer ,&nbsp;Stefan Schwarz ,&nbsp;Joshua Slawatycki ,&nbsp;Martin Demuth ,&nbsp;Christian Gaber ,&nbsp;Christoph Hochenauer","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of OH* chemiluminescence diagnostics is becoming increasingly prevalent in the combustion characterization of hydrogen. As the current literature is lacking a systematic study of OH* chemiluminescence in non-premixed turbulent natural gas (NG) and hydrogen (H₂) flames, the present work was designed to address this research gap. Therefore, extensive experiments were performed on a semi-industrial burner operating at 50–100 kW in NG/H₂–Air/O₂ combustion modes, which were complemented by comprehensive numerical simulations, including 1D laminar counterflow diffusion flamelet calculations and full 3D CFD simulations of the semi-industrial furnace setup. In this way, an OH* chemistry model is presented that accurately predicts the global reaction zone characteristics and their difference between CH₄ and H₂ in air-fired and oxygen-fired flames. The comprehensive numerical approach, in conjunction with the subsequent study of different operating conditions, yielded novel insights into both combustion modeling and the underlying thermochemical phenomena, providing an essential contribution to the transition of the thermal energy sector towards hydrogen as an alternative carbon-free fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 102355"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145418671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}