Journal of psychoactive drugs最新文献_第4页

Shame, Guilt and Psychedelic Experience: Results from a Prospective, Longitudinal Survey of Real-World Psilocybin Use.

IF 2.1 4区医学

Journal of psychoactive drugs Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2025.2461997

David S Mathai, Daniel E Roberts, Sandeep M Nayak, Nathan D Sepeda, Amy Lehrner, Matthew W Johnson, Matthew X Lowe, Heather Jackson, Albert Garcia-Romeu

{"title":"Shame, Guilt and Psychedelic Experience: Results from a Prospective, Longitudinal Survey of Real-World Psilocybin Use.","authors":"David S Mathai, Daniel E Roberts, Sandeep M Nayak, Nathan D Sepeda, Amy Lehrner, Matthew W Johnson, Matthew X Lowe, Heather Jackson, Albert Garcia-Romeu","doi":"10.1080/02791072.2025.2461997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2461997","url":null,"abstract":"The classic psychedelic psilocybin has attracted special interest across clinical and non-clinical settings as a potential tool for mental health. Despite increasing attention to challenging psychedelic experiences, few studies have explored the relevance of shame-related processes with psychedelic use. This prospective, longitudinal study involved sequential, automated, web-based surveys that collected data from 679 adults planning to use psilocybin in naturalistic settings at timepoints before and after psilocybin use. State and trait shame and feelings of guilt were collected using validated measures and assessed alongside other measurements of psychological health. Acute feelings of shame or guilt during psilocybin experiences were commonly reported (68.2% of users) and difficult to predict. Ratings of participant ability to constructively work through these feelings predicted wellbeing 2-4 weeks after psilocybin use. Psilocybin on average produced a small but significant decrease in trait shame that was maintained 2-3 months after use (Cohen's dz = 0.37). Trait shame increased in a notable minority of participants (29.8%). The activation of self-conscious emotions with psychedelics deserves further attention as a challenging experience subcategory that may be relevant to psychological outcomes. Such experiences could pose a unique and context-dependent learning condition for both therapeutic and detrimental forms of shame-related memory reconsolidation.","PeriodicalId":16902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychoactive drugs","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Approach Without Liking: The Effects of Smoking-Related Settings on Implicit Liking Attitudes and Approach Tendencies Toward Smoking.

IF 2.1 4区医学

Journal of psychoactive drugs Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2025.2462004

Haide Chen, Enjin Zheng, Keying Lai, Boqiang Zhao, Tingting Wei, Lingfeng Gao, Weijian Li

{"title":"Approach Without Liking: The Effects of Smoking-Related Settings on Implicit Liking Attitudes and Approach Tendencies Toward Smoking.","authors":"Haide Chen, Enjin Zheng, Keying Lai, Boqiang Zhao, Tingting Wei, Lingfeng Gao, Weijian Li","doi":"10.1080/02791072.2025.2462004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2462004","url":null,"abstract":"Little is known about whether smokers consistently show implicit liking attitudes and approach tendencies toward smoking in various smoking-related settings. This study aimed to examine the effects of static object and dynamic action cues associated with cigarettes on the liking and approach components of implicit attitudes toward smoking. Three experiments were conducted using a modified paradigm of the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT). In each experiment, participants were required to complete both the liking-BIAT and approach-BIAT. Experiment 1 showed that smokers exhibited fewer negative attitudes and more approach tendencies toward smoking than nonsmokers. Experiment 2 showed that neither liking nor approach tendencies of implicit attitudes toward smoking differed significantly in smoking-related and neutral situations among smokers. Experiment 3 showed that smokers exhibited more approach tendencies toward smoking under dynamic action cues associated with cigarettes than that under static object cues, whereas implicit liking attitudes were not significantly different under these two settings. The present results suggested that the approach component of implicit attitudes was more sensitive to smoking-related settings, including cues of cigarette-offering action, than implicit liking attitudes, which increased the understanding of distinct activation mechanisms of different components of implicit attitudes toward smoking.","PeriodicalId":16902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychoactive drugs","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tripping into Treatment: Comparing Initial and Current Motivations for Psychedelic Use.

IF 2.1 4区医学

Journal of psychoactive drugs Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2025.2461999

Daniel J Kruger, Jeff Albrecht, Jacob S Aday, Julie Barron, Moss Herberholz, Kevin F Boehnke

{"title":"Tripping into Treatment: Comparing Initial and Current Motivations for Psychedelic Use.","authors":"Daniel J Kruger, Jeff Albrecht, Jacob S Aday, Julie Barron, Moss Herberholz, Kevin F Boehnke","doi":"10.1080/02791072.2025.2461999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2461999","url":null,"abstract":"Psychedelic drugs are currently being explored for their therapeutic potential for a variety of health conditions. The recent increased public interest in psychedelics necessitates empirical investigation into motivations for use among users as well as how motivations may change over time. We asked a large sample of participants reporting naturalistic psychedelic use (N = 1221) about their motivations for using psychedelics initially (i.e. their first time) as well as currently. We found that motivations for psychedelic use change substantially over time, with initial use typically for recreation or exploration, and later use more for therapeutic or personal growth reasons, including managing mental health conditions, growing spiritually, connecting with nature, improving creativity, and managing trauma. These results highlight the distinct and shifting motivations for engaging in psychedelic use. Although the study was limited by a retrospective design, it is the first to show that motivations for using psychedelics may change over time, with initial use focused on recreation and curiosity but subsequent use more motivated by self-improvement (e.g. enhancing relationships and health). Future prospective designs and qualitative interviews may aid in further elucidating the mechanisms underlying these shifts in motivations over time.","PeriodicalId":16902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychoactive drugs","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clinical Characteristics of Health Professions Students with Nitrous Oxide Use Disorder.

IF 2.1 4区医学

Journal of psychoactive drugs Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2025.2461992

Bernard Angerville, Alexandre Szusterman, Lisa Blecha, Amine Benyamina, Mickaël Naassila, Alain Dervaux

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics of Health Professions Students with Nitrous Oxide Use Disorder.","authors":"Bernard Angerville, Alexandre Szusterman, Lisa Blecha, Amine Benyamina, Mickaël Naassila, Alain Dervaux","doi":"10.1080/02791072.2025.2461992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2461992","url":null,"abstract":"Recreational use and misuse of nitrous oxide (N2O) have increased in recent years among young people. The objective of present study was to assess the frequency and the clinical characteristics of N2O use disorder (NUD) in a sample of health professions students. An online survey was distributed to health professions students. Age; sex; frequency (day/week/month/year/lifetime) of N2O use, DSM-5 criteria for NUD; history of mental health treatment; and current use of antidepressant medication were systematically collected. All participants completed the French version of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST). A total of 2067 students (mean age 21.7 ± 2.6 years, 74.9% female) completed the survey. A total of 38.2% (n = 790) reported lifetime N2O use. Among the 6.6% (n = 137) who fulfilled the DSM-5 criteria for current NUD, 5.5% (n = 114) had mild disorder, 0.8% (n = 16) had moderate disorder (n = 16) and 0.3% (n = 7) had severe disorder. Participants with NUD more frequently reported AUDIT scores > 12 (suggesting alcohol dependence), blackouts, a history of mental health treatment, and current use of antidepressants than did those without NUD. Longitudinal studies using structured interviews are needed to investigate potential associations between NUD and alcohol use disorders or psychiatric disorders in the general population.","PeriodicalId":16902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychoactive drugs","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143122857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Down the Rabbit Hole: A Large-Scale Survey of Psychedelic Users' Patterns of Use and Perceived Effects.

IF 2.1 4区医学

Journal of psychoactive drugs Pub Date : 2025-01-29 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2025.2452226

Carrie Cuttler, Amanda Stueber, Jonathan Simone, Leah M Mayo

{"title":"Down the Rabbit Hole: A Large-Scale Survey of Psychedelic Users' Patterns of Use and Perceived Effects.","authors":"Carrie Cuttler, Amanda Stueber, Jonathan Simone, Leah M Mayo","doi":"10.1080/02791072.2025.2452226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2452226","url":null,"abstract":"The ever-changing landscape surrounding legality and accessibility of psychedelics and their increasing popularity make it imperative to better understand the nature of psychedelic use by the general population. To this end, 1,486 eligible respondents (Mage = 29.58, 67.1% male) residing in the United States completed an online survey designed to assess the types of psychedelics used, methods of administration and dosing, frequency of use, intentions for use, context/environments in which they are used, perceived acute effects, frequency of those effects and distress about them, and their perceived residual effects and distress about them. Respondents predominantly endorsed using MDMA, LSD, DMT, and psilocybin. The predominant methods of administration were oral. Most reported using psychedelics for recreational purposes. The most endorsed acute effects were hallucinations, increased heart rate, positive mood, and visual tracers, while the most endorsed residual effects were headaches/migraine, dry mouth, nausea, hallucinations, and anxiety. Participants were most distressed by negative mood states, vomiting, and nausea when under the acute effects of psychedelics, but mean distress ratings were low. These results can help inform clinical trials, reform policy regarding legal access to psychedelics, and track changes in these metrics as sociocultural and legal landscapes continue to shift.","PeriodicalId":16902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychoactive drugs","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Oregon's Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs.

IF 2.1 4区医学

Journal of psychoactive drugs Pub Date : 2025-01-29 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474

Jason B Luoma, Kim Hoffman, Adrianne R Wilson-Poe, Ximena A Levander, Alissa Bazinet, Ryan R Cook, Dennis McCarty, Kellie Pertl, Sarann Bielavitz, Devin Gregoire, R Cameron Wolf, Don C Des Jarlais, Harland V Harrison, Christopher S Stauffer, P Todd Korthuis

{"title":"Oregon's Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs.","authors":"Jason B Luoma, Kim Hoffman, Adrianne R Wilson-Poe, Ximena A Levander, Alissa Bazinet, Ryan R Cook, Dennis McCarty, Kellie Pertl, Sarann Bielavitz, Devin Gregoire, R Cameron Wolf, Don C Des Jarlais, Harland V Harrison, Christopher S Stauffer, P Todd Korthuis","doi":"10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474","url":null,"abstract":"New legal frameworks for supervised psychedelic services are emerging, with Oregon and Colorado implementing programs to train and license psilocybin facilitators. This study describes Oregon's early psilocybin facilitator workforce and assesses state-approved training programs. The Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus (OPEN) reviewed Oregon Health Authority-approved training programs and surveyed facilitators who had completed or were enrolled in these programs between July and November 2023. Data collection included a review of public listings, contact with training programs, and facilitator survey. Results indicated that in the 16 active training programs, the mean tuition was $9,359 and half offered diversity scholarships. Survey respondents (n = 106) were relatively diverse; many had an existing healthcare license. The majority reported that training expenses were a moderate-to-severe financial strain. Most were satisfied with training. The mean planned price for a session was $1,388 and the most common areas of specialization were trauma, mental disorders, consciousness exploration, and spirituality. Facilitators requested ongoing training opportunities. In conclusion, Oregon's emerging psilocybin facilitator workforce and training programs are in early development. These findings are crucial for informing future policy and training program development to support a diverse and effective workforce.","PeriodicalId":16902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychoactive drugs","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143066372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Test of Perceptions of Psychedelics by Therapeutic and Recreational Use.

IF 2.1 4区医学

Journal of psychoactive drugs Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2025.2452231

Mackenzie T Kiniry, Renee E Magnan, Sarah N Elder, Benjamin O Ladd

{"title":"Experimental Test of Perceptions of Psychedelics by Therapeutic and Recreational Use.","authors":"Mackenzie T Kiniry, Renee E Magnan, Sarah N Elder, Benjamin O Ladd","doi":"10.1080/02791072.2025.2452231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2452231","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research on the potential therapeutic value of psychedelic substances has led to changes in media representation and drug policy in some U.S. states. Yet, little is known about lay perceptions of these substances. The current study aimed to describe health perceptions of psychedelic substances, test differences in perceptions of therapeutic vs. recreational use of psychedelic substances, and determine if such perceptions vary by use experience. Participants (N = 309) completed an online within-subjects experiment in which they responded to measures of positive and negative perceptions of therapeutic and recreational use of psychedelics. Endorsement of positive and negative health perceptions of psychedelics was moderate to strong. Recreational use was perceived as having more negative health consequences, while therapeutic use was perceived as having more positive health consequences. Participants who reported lifetime psychedelic use (40.7%) perceived both recreational and therapeutic uses as having more positive health consequences, and this pattern was consistent across most perception domains. The outcomes suggest that public perceptions of use may change based on reason for use. This information may aid in filling current gaps in knowledge and identifying potential targets for public health communications, and such approaches may benefit from considering prior use experience.","PeriodicalId":16902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychoactive drugs","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Drug use Risks in Portuguese Rural vs Urban Environments: Harm Reduction Challenges in a Progressive Drug Policy Setting. 葡萄牙农村与城市环境中的药物使用风险：在进步的药物政策设置中减少危害的挑战。

IF 2.1 4区医学

Journal of psychoactive drugs Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2025.2449913

Marta Sofia de Sousa Pinto, Cristiana Vale Pires, Helena Maria Ribeiro Moura de Carvalho, Catarina Pinto Pereira, Gabriela Almeida Pinto da Silva, Ludmila de Jesus Grilo Carapinha, Filipa Oliveira Gonçalves, Helena Valente

{"title":"Drug use Risks in Portuguese Rural vs Urban Environments: Harm Reduction Challenges in a Progressive Drug Policy Setting.","authors":"Marta Sofia de Sousa Pinto, Cristiana Vale Pires, Helena Maria Ribeiro Moura de Carvalho, Catarina Pinto Pereira, Gabriela Almeida Pinto da Silva, Ludmila de Jesus Grilo Carapinha, Filipa Oliveira Gonçalves, Helena Valente","doi":"10.1080/02791072.2025.2449913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2449913","url":null,"abstract":"Portugal is commonly recognized as one of the best drug policy examples in the world. Nonetheless, contrasts between drug use risks in rural vs urban settings in the country is an understudied topic, even if its specific challenges are commonly affirmed, both by professionals and people who use drugs (PWUD). The aim of this study was to compare rural and urban environments concerning socio-sanitary services availability; illegal drugs availability; risk behaviors related to drug use; stigma associated with illicit drug use; and social support. Additionally, specific harm reduction challenges and recommendations for improvement were explored. A qualitative study with two focus groups involving people who use drugs, outreach workers and local decision-makers was conducted. Distinct scenarios and challenges in both settings were found: In large cities, a significantly higher specialized service coverage than in rural areas was described. In rural settings, a higher number of drug-related risks, higher levels of stigma and lower availability of human and material resources were mentioned, although being associated with higher levels of informal social support and more proximal relationships with harm reduction teams. This study emphasizes the need for a harm reduction paradigm strongly focused on environmental risk determinants, as much as in individual ones.","PeriodicalId":16902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychoactive drugs","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Consuming and Thinking About Nangs: A Survey of Nitrous Oxide Use, Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions in Aotearoa New Zealand. 消费和思考Nangs：一项调查一氧化二氮的使用，知识，态度和看法在新西兰奥特罗阿。

IF 2.1 4区医学

Journal of psychoactive drugs Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2025.2452224

Jai Whelan, Taylah John, Rose Crossin, Ryan D Ward

{"title":"Consuming and Thinking About Nangs: A Survey of Nitrous Oxide Use, Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions in Aotearoa New Zealand.","authors":"Jai Whelan, Taylah John, Rose Crossin, Ryan D Ward","doi":"10.1080/02791072.2025.2452224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2452224","url":null,"abstract":"Non-medical use of nitrous oxide (N2O) is becoming increasingly popular globally, yet little data exists regarding N2O in Aotearoa New Zealand. We aimed to explore patterns of use and harm in those who consume N2O in Aotearoa, and related knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of those with and without N2O experience. A convenience sample of people with N2O experience (n = 466) and without (n = 510) completed an online survey about N2O. Most with N2O experience reported infrequent and low-dose consumption. Harm reduction behaviors were utilized by most consumers, and reports of adverse effects were relatively low. Self-reported acute or chronic harm (primarily psychological) was reported by only 5.8% of the N2O sample, whilst 9.2% reported ever experiencing persistent numbness (5.2% in the past 12 months). Self-reported knowledge about N2O varied and was greater in those with N2O experience. N2O knowledge was generally poor, although more accurate in those with N2O experience. Attitudes generally differed between those with and without N2O experience, and perceived harmfulness and experience significantly contributed to attitudes regarding N2O legality. Findings underscore the relative safety of N2O when used recreationally, but also highlight the need for greater drug education around potential risks of N2O use and harm reduction.","PeriodicalId":16902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychoactive drugs","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Managing Dual Dependencies: A Case Study of Concurrent Low-Dose Buprenorphine Induction and Rapid Phenobarbital Taper. 管理双重依赖：同时低剂量丁丙诺啡诱导和快速苯巴比妥逐渐减少的案例研究。

IF 2.1 4区医学

Journal of psychoactive drugs Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2446448

Brent Schnipke, Gayane Archer, Veronika Hanko, Brandon Hamm

引用次数: 0