Journal of Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Comparing the Yield of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Recovery with Static versus Agitated Broth Incubation.","authors":"Carol E Muenks,&nbsp;Patrick G Hogan,&nbsp;Carey-Ann D Burnham,&nbsp;Stephanie A Fritz","doi":"10.1155/2018/1462671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1462671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the lack of standardization of methodologies for microbial recovery from built environments, we sought to compare the yield of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> with a broth enrichment method when incubated in agitated versus static conditions. Five unique strains of <i>S. aureus</i> at five different concentrations were cultured to compare direct plating, agitated broth enrichment, and static broth enrichment culture methods. All samples were incubated at 35° in ambient air. The lowest concentration recovered across three replicates and five strains did not differ between culture methods (Fisher's exact test, p=0.50); notably, recovery of <i>S. aureus</i> was equivalent between static and agitated broth incubation. When broth enrichment was used (both static and agitated), the burden of <i>S. aureus</i> growth was higher (by semiquantitative assessment of 4-quadrant streaking) compared to the direct plating culture method. Optimizing strategies for microbial recovery is essential, particularly in areas of lower biomass, given the paucity of research concerning microbial communities of built environments. The results of this study, in conjunction with other experiments investigating microbiomes of built environments, can help inform protocols for standardizing culturing methods within built environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1462671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36431771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Bacteriology and Its Virulence Factors in Neonatal Infections: Threats to Child Survival Strategies.","authors":"Obiora Shedrach Ejiofor, Onyinye Mercy Ajunwa, Chijioke Elias Ezeudu, George Ogonna Emechebe, Kenneth Nchekwube Okeke, Christian Chukwuemeka Ifezulike, Ifeoma Mercy Ekejindu, Jude Nnaemeka Okoyeh, Eunice Ogonna Osuala, Angus Nnamdi Oli","doi":"10.1155/2018/4801247","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/4801247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neonatal infection refers to the infection of the newborn during the first twenty-eight days of life. It is one of the causes of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of the study is to determine the relative contribution of the different pathogens to the overall disease burden. It will also determine the mechanisms of virulence of these pathogens that cause neonatal infections at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital (COOUTH), Awka.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Biological samples were collected from 30 neonates admitted at the special care baby unit (SCBU) of COOUTH and cultured using selective media and nutrient agar. The isolates were identified using microbiological and biochemical tests. The antibiogram study was determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar. Several methods previously reported in literature were used for the characterization of the virulence factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the 30 blood samples collected, <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. (19.7%), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (23%), <i>Salmonella</i> spp. (24.6%), and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (32.8%) were isolated. Male to female ratio of study population was 1.5: 1. The isolates were 100 % resistant to ticarcillin, cephalothin, ceftazidime, and cefuroxime but appreciably susceptible to only levofloxacin (88.85%). They were moderately susceptible to ceftriaxone/sulbactam (39.05%) and azithromycin (26.46%). Common virulence factors identified among the isolates (up to 90 %) were hemolysin, biofilm formation, and acid resistance. Less common virulence factors were proteases (50 %), deoxyribonucleases (50 %), enterotoxins (63%), and lipopolysaccharide (70%). The virulence factors were found mostly among the <i>S. aureus</i> isolates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong><i>Pseudomonas</i> spp., <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> spp., and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> were implicated in neonatal infections in the center and most of them were resistant to conventional antibiotics. The organisms showed marked virulence and multidrug resistance properties. Levofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, had superior activity on the isolates compared to other antibiotics used in the study.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6077539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36397686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Prevalence and Endemicity of Multidrug Resistant <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. in Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Varanasi, India.","authors":"Tuhina Banerjee,&nbsp;Anwita Mishra,&nbsp;Arghya Das,&nbsp;Swati Sharma,&nbsp;Hiranmay Barman,&nbsp;Ghanshyam Yadav","doi":"10.1155/2018/9129083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9129083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing emergence of <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. with healthcare associated infections (HCAI) in intensive care units (ICU) is alarming. This study was a laboratory-based audit to determine the prevalence of <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. associated with HCAI in the adult ICU of a tertiary care hospital in Varanasi, north India, with special reference to antimicrobial resistance and resistance determinants over a period of 5 years. A total of 993 cases of HCAI were analyzed. Isolates were characterized as multidrug resistance and extended drug resistance (MDR/XDR) based on antimicrobial susceptibility records. Few (100) randomly selected isolates of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (<i>A. baumannii)</i> were tested for imipenem, meropenem, and polymyxin B susceptibility by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and for the presence of class A and B carbapenemases by multiplex PCR. Active surveillance of ICU environment was also performed. High prevalence of <i>Acinetobacter</i> related hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) with significant resistance to imipenem (p<0.05) and 88.02% MDR and 61.97% XDR was detected along with persistence in the ICU environment. The isolates harbored <i>bla</i>_<i>IMP</i> (89%), <i>bla</i>_<i>VIM</i> (51%), <i>bla</i>_<i>NDM</i>-1 (34%), and <i>bla</i>_OXA-23-like (93%) genes. Specific interventional measures should be adopted to control these imipenem resistant <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. which have attained the level of endemicity in our ICU setup.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/9129083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36355213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species A Rotavirus (RVA) Isolated from Sewage in Nigeria, 2014: Close Genetic Relatedness of Partial G, P, and NSP4 Gene Sequences Encoding G1 with Cogent Genes of Other Asian and African Rotaviruses.","authors":"Babatunde Olanrewaju Motayo,&nbsp;Johnson Adekunle Adeniji,&nbsp;Adedayo Omotayo Faneye","doi":"10.1155/2018/8425621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8425621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rotavirus has been identified as a major cause of gastroenteritis in Nigeria. There is limited information on the intragenotype diversity of Nigerian rotavirus isolates. We therefore investigated the molecular characteristics of some rotavirus gene sequences detected in sewage from Nigeria. Seven sewage samples, out of a total of 68, tested positive for rotavirus RNA (10.3%). Genotype G1P[4] was the most common genotype (5 isolates) and one isolate for genotypes G1P[8] and G3P[6]. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial VP7 gene of 3 G1P[4] isolates analyzed identified them as genotype G1 Lineage 2 along with Chinese strains with 99.1% to 100% amino acid similarity. Amino acid substitutions D-97→E and S-147→D/N were observed within the 7-1a and 7-2 domains of VP7 gene among the study G1P4 isolates in reference to vaccine strain RotaTeq®. Phylogenetic analysis of the G3P[6] study isolate identified it as genotype G3 Lineage 3, forming a monophyletic cluster with 100% bootstrap value with other West African strains G3 isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of GIP[4] VP4 genes identified them as P4 Lineage 5, while 3 NSP4 gene sequences belonged to genotype E1, while 1 belonged to E2. The results from this study represent phylogenetic analysis of partial gene sequences of environmental group A rotavirus (RVA) isolates from Nigeria.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/8425621","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36333853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are We Neglecting Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Just as Laboratory Contaminants? Time to Reevaluate Things.","authors":"Pooja Sharma, Digvijay Singh, Kusum Sharma, Santwana Verma, Sanjay Mahajan, Anil Kanga","doi":"10.1155/2018/8907629","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/8907629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) incidences are on the rise worldwide, including the tuberculosis endemic areas. They should be identified rapidly to the species level and should be carefully differentiated as contamination, colonization, or disease. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and clinicoepidemiological profile of mycobacteriosis cases.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Cultures were made on liquid and solid media. NTM were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction analysis (PRA) and gene sequencing. Data was analyzed using Epi-info 7.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 1042 processed specimens, 16% were positive for M. tuberculosis complex and 1.2% for clinically significant NTM. M. intracellulare was the commonest species isolated. NTM were treated mainly on outdoor basis (92%), involving more extrapulmonary system (62%) and higher age-group of 41-60 years (69%). No significant factor was seen to be associated clinically, radiologically, and biochemically with the NTM infections.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study highlights the importance of early diagnosis and differentiation among Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTM so that these NTM are not underestimated in routine diagnostic procedures merely as environmental or laboratory contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6032641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36333854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations into Isoniazid Treated <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Reveals New Insights into Its Lipid Composition.","authors":"Rahul Pal,&nbsp;Saif Hameed,&nbsp;Varatharajan Sabareesh,&nbsp;Parveen Kumar,&nbsp;Sarman Singh,&nbsp;Zeeshan Fatima","doi":"10.1155/2018/1454316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1454316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many of the earlier studies involving the effect of isoniazid (INH) treatment have solely focused on the fatty acyl (FA) category of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (MTB) lipids. This motivated us with the major interest to examine the impact of INH on various other categories of MTB lipids. Towards this, we chose to interpret our mass spectral data (LC-ESI-MS) by a standalone software, MS-LAMP, in which \"Mtb LipidDB\" was integrated. Analysis by MS-LAMP revealed that INH treatment can alter the composition of \"glycerolipids (GLs)\" and \"glycerophospholipids (GPLs)\" categories of MTB lipids, in addition to the variations to FA category. Interpretation by \"MycoMass\" database yielded similar results as that of Mtb LipidDB, except that significant alterations to polyketides (PKs) category also were observed. Probing biosynthetic pathways of certain key lipids belonging to any of GLs, GPLs, and PKs categories can be attractive target(s) for drug discovery or can be useful to identify means to overcome drug resistance or to obtain insights into the causal factors of virulence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report hinting at the influence of INH on GLs, GPLs, and PKs of MTB.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1454316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36321573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimalarial Activity of <i>Croton macrostachyus</i> Stem Bark Extracts against <i>Plasmodium berghei In Vivo</i>.","authors":"Jackie K Obey,&nbsp;Moses M Ngeiywa,&nbsp;Paul Kiprono,&nbsp;Sabah Omar,&nbsp;Atte von Wright,&nbsp;Jussi Kauhanen,&nbsp;Carina Tikkanen-Kaukanen","doi":"10.1155/2018/2393854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2393854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is an increasing need for innovative drug and prophylaxis discovery against malaria. The aim of the present study was to test <i>in vivo</i> antiplasmodial activity of <i>Croton macrostachyus</i> H. (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark extracts from Kenyan folkloric medicine. Inbred Balb/c mice were inoculated with erythrocytes parasitized with <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> (ANKA). Different doses (500, 250, and 100 mg/kg) of <i>C. macrostachyus</i> ethyl acetate, methanol, aqueous, and isobutanol extracts were administrated either after inoculation (Peters' 4-day suppressive test) or before inoculation (chemoprotective test) of the parasitized erythrocytes. All the extracts showed significant suppression of parasitemia compared to control (<i>p</i> < 0.001): for the ethyl acetate extract in the range of 58-82%, for the methanol extract in the range of 27-68%, for the aqueous extract in the range of 24-72%, and for the isobutanol extract in the range of 61-80%. Chemoprotective effect was significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and the suppression caused by the ethyl acetate extract was between 74 and 100%, by the methanol extract between 57 and 83%, and by the isobutanol extract between 86-92%. The study showed that it is possible to inhibit the growth of the parasites by various stem bark extracts of <i>C. macrostachyus</i> in Balb/c mice supporting the folkloric use of the plant against malaria.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/2393854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36293207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibody-Mediated Therapy against HIV/AIDS: Where Are We Standing Now?","authors":"Noel Jacques Awi,&nbsp;Sin-Yeang Teow","doi":"10.1155/2018/8724549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8724549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases are on the rise globally. To date, there is still no effective measure to eradicate the causative agent, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is being used in HIV/AIDS management, but it results in long-term medication and has major drawbacks such as multiple side effects, high cost, and increasing the generation rate of escape mutants. In addition, HAART does not control HIV-related complications, and hence more medications and further management are required. With this, other alternatives are urgently needed. In the past, small-molecule inhibitors have shown potent antiviral effects, and some of them are now being evaluated in clinical trials. The challenges in developing these small molecules for clinical use include the off-target effect, poor stability, and low bioavailability. On the other hand, antibody-mediated therapy has emerged as an important therapeutic modality for anti-HIV therapeutics development. Many antiviral antibodies, namely, broad neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against multiple strains of HIV, have shown promising effects <i>in vitro</i> and in animal studies; further studies are ongoing in clinical trials to evaluate their uses in clinical applications. This short review aims to discuss the current development of therapeutic antibodies against HIV and the challenges in adopting them for clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/8724549","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36285522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Using Invasive and Noninvasive Approaches.","authors":"Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi","doi":"10.1155/2018/9064952","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/9064952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)</i> as gram-negative and spiral microorganism is responsible for colonization in the gastric microniche for more than 50% of world population. Recent studies have shown a critical role of <i>H. pylori</i> in the development of peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer. Over the past decade, there has been a sharp interest to use noninvasive tests in diagnosis of the <i>H. pylori</i> infection. During the years after discovery by Marshall and Warren, it has been frequently declared that the rapid urease test (RUT) is one of the cheapest and rapid diagnostic approaches used in detecting the infection. Although the specificity and sensitivity are durable for this test, clinical experiences had shown that the ideal results are only achieved only if we take biopsies from both corpus and antrum at the same time. Given the diagnosis of the <i>H. pylori</i> in clinical samples, gastroenterologists are facing a long list of various molecular and nonmolecular tests. We need more in-depth researches and investigations to correctly generalize rapid and accurate molecular tests determining both bacterial identity and antibiotic resistance profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5987299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36264280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Regulation of <i>Escherichia coli fim</i> Genes following Binding to Mannose Receptors.","authors":"William R Schwan, Michael T Beck, Chia S Hung, Scott J Hultgren","doi":"10.1155/2018/2897581","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/2897581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regulation of the uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (UPEC) <i>fimB</i> and <i>fimE</i> genes was examined following type 1 pili binding to mannose-coated Sepharose beads. Within 25 min after mannose attachment, <i>fimE</i> expression dropped eightfold, whereas <i>fimB</i> transcription increased about two- to fourfold. Because both <i>fim</i> genes encode site-specific recombinases that affect the position of the <i>fimS</i> element containing the <i>fimA</i> promoter, the positioning of <i>fimS</i> was also examined. The <i>fimS</i> element changed to slightly more Phase-OFF in bacteria mixed with plain beads, whereas UPEC cells interacting with mannose-coated beads had significantly less Phase-OFF orientation of <i>fimS</i> under pH 7 conditions. On the other hand, Phase-OFF oriented <i>fimS</i> increased fourfold when UPEC cells were mixed with plain beads in a pH 5.5 environment. Positioning of <i>fimS</i> was also affected by <i>fimH</i> mutations, demonstrating that the FimH ligand binding to its receptor facilitates the changes. Moreover, enzyme immunoassays showed that UPEC cells had greater type 1 pili expression when mixed with mannose-coated beads versus plain beads. These results indicate that, after type 1 pilus binding to tethered mannose receptors, the physiology of the <i>E. coli</i> cells changes to maintain the expression of type 1 pili even when awash in an acidic environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/2897581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36264279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}