Journal of Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Brucellosis and Associated Risk Factors among Indigenous Breeds of Goats in Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria.","authors":"Olaolu T Olufemi, Danjuma B Dantala, Paul A Shinggu, Umesi A Dike, Gbeminiyi R Otolorin, Jivini A Nwuku, Eyiojo B T Baba-Onoja, Tenmuso D Jatau, Francis I Amama","doi":"10.1155/2018/5257926","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/5257926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in Wukari, Taraba state, Nigeria, to determine the prevalence of <i>Brucella</i> antibodies and the risk factors associated with brucellosis in indigenous breeds of goats. A total of 386 goats were sampled from three political wards: Puje, Avyi, and Hospital: harvested sera samples were subjected to Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). GraphPad Prism version 7.03 for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla California, USA) was used to analyse the association between seroprevalence of brucellosis and age, sex, breed, location, and management system by using Chi square and Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Brucellosis was detected in all three wards: Puje; 15%, Avyi; 6.6%, and Hospital; 7.6%. A prevalence rate of 2.8%, 8%, 18.7%, and 1% was recorded for <20-month, 22-35-month, 36-45-month, and ≥46-55-month age categories, respectively (P < 0.05). Only 9.5% was observed for male animals while 9.8% was observed for female animals with no statistical difference between the males and females. Breed-specific seroprevalence yielded 7.4%, 5.4% 12%, 12.8%, and 11.6%, for Cross, West Africa Dwarf, Red Sokoto, Kano Brown, and Sahel breeds of goat, respectively. There is an evidence of brucellosis (9.6%) in Wukari L.G.A, Taraba State, and age is a risk factor for the disease in the study area. There is a need to enlighten the public on the zoonotic potentials and economic impacts of brucellosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6236658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36796745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence of Aerial Conidia of <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> Produced under LED Light to <i>Ctenocephalides felis</i> (Cat Flea).","authors":"Sarayut Pittarate,&nbsp;Malee Thungrabeab,&nbsp;Supamit Mekchay,&nbsp;Patcharin Krutmuang","doi":"10.1155/2018/1806830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1806830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ctenocephalides felis</i> is an ectoparasitic flea species commonly found on dogs and cats. The current study verified the <i>in vitro</i> virulence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> produced under different color LED light (red, blue, purple, green, yellow, and white) to adults of <i>C. felis</i>. The fungal isolates were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA). Bioassay treatments used aerial conidia in test tubes. Adult fleas were obtained from a house cat in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The experiments were composed of one control and eleven treatment groups. All of the treatments with <i>B. bassiana</i> conidia caused adult mortality after an exposure of 12 h. Among the conditions used in this study, <i>B. bassiana</i> cultured under red LED and fluorescent light were the most effective in causing mortality (100 %) in adult fleas after 36 h. The experimental results indicate that these aerial conidia of <i>B. bassiana</i> have promising potential for use in control of <i>C. felis</i> adult stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1806830","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36796744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Betalactamase (ESBL) and Metallobetalactamase (MBL) Producing <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Isolated from Various Clinical Samples.","authors":"Amandeep Kaur,&nbsp;Satnam Singh","doi":"10.1155/2018/6845985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6845985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted with an objective to find the prevalence of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) and metallobetalactamase (MBL) in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>A. baumannii</i> isolates obtained from various clinical samples. It was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, over a period of two years from July 2014 to June 2016. Clinical specimens including urine, pus, blood, high vaginal swabs, respiratory samples, and various body fluids were processed and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>A. baumannii</i> isolates were identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity testing for all isolates was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Disc potentiation test was performed to check ESBL and MBL production in these bacteria. Maximum ESBL positive isolates of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were observed among pus samples and maximum MBL positive isolates were detected in tracheal aspirates. <i>A. baumannii</i> showed maximum positivity for ESBL and MBL production in endotracheal secretions. This study gives an alarming sign towards high prevalence of cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance due to production of extended spectrum betalactamases and metallobetalactamases, respectively. Early detection, stringent antibiotic policies, and compliance towards infection control practices are the best defenses against these organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/6845985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36704114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Rotavirus A in Nigeria: Molecular Diversity and Current Insights.","authors":"Babatunde Olanrewaju Motayo,&nbsp;Adedayo Omotayo Faneye,&nbsp;Johnson Adekunle Adeniji","doi":"10.1155/2018/6513682","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/6513682","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rotavirus induced acute gastroenteritis AGE has been a major disease burden in Nigeria, since it was first reported in 1985. Prevalence rates have increased with severe public health consequences particularly among children. The vaccine Rotarix® has been introduced and is commercially available in Nigeria. However routine rotavirus vaccination is yet to be introduced into the National Immunization Program. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus in Nigeria has shown the presence of various genotypes, with genotype G12P[8] being the most recent introduction. There are however gaps in molecular data on rotavirus in Nigeria. We therefore reviewed molecular data on rotavirus isolated in Nigeria and also analyzed VP4 and VP7 genes of Nigerian rotavirus strains in Genbank. We have shown that there is a distinct trend in rotavirus molecular epidemiology in Nigeria, with new genotype introductions occurring after the year 2010. We also observed from our analysis the emergence of genotype G12 Lineage III as a dominant genotype. This information elucidates rotavirus molecular epidemiology in Nigeria and gives insight to the expanding landscape of rotavirus genotypes. We recommend the institution of molecular surveillance country wide, before considering the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination into the National Immunization Program in Nigeria, in other to monitor evolution of divergent or recombinant strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/6513682","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36609657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Taste Receptors as Sentinels of Innate Immunity in the Upper Airway.","authors":"Neil N Patel,&nbsp;Alan D Workman,&nbsp;Noam A Cohen","doi":"10.1155/2018/9541987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9541987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence is emerging that shows taste receptors serve functions outside of taste sensation of the tongue. Taste receptors have been found in tissue across the human body, including the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, brain, and airway. These extraoral taste receptors appear to be important in modulating the innate immune response through detection of pathogens. This review discusses taste receptor signaling, focusing on the G-protein-coupled receptors that detect bitter and sweet compounds in the upper airway epithelium. Emphasis is given to recent studies which link the physiology of sinonasal taste receptors to clinical manifestation of upper airway disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/9541987","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36609616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Metabolism in Staphylococci: Survival and Persistence in Environmental and Clinical Settings.","authors":"Laura A Onyango,&nbsp;Mousa M Alreshidi","doi":"10.1155/2018/1092632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1092632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Staphylococci are highly successful at colonizing a variety of dynamic environments, both nonpathogenic and those of clinical importance, and comprise the list of pathogens of global public health significance. Their remarkable survival and persistence can be attributed to a host of strategies, one of which is metabolic versatility-their ability to rapidly alter their metabolism in the presence of transient or long-term bacteriostatic and bactericidal conditions and facilitate cellular homeostasis. These attributes contribute to their widespread dissemination and challenging eradication particularly from clinical settings. The study of microbial behaviour at the metabolite level provides insight into mechanisms of survival and persistence under defined environmental and clinical conditions. This paper reviews the range of metabolic modulations that facilitate staphylococcal acclimatization and persistence in varying terrestrial and host conditions, and their public health ramifications in these settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1092632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36589941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene among Community Acquired <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>: A Real-Time PCR Study.","authors":"Amit Karmakar, Debarati Jana, Kunal Dutta, Parimal Dua, Chandradipa Ghosh","doi":"10.1155/2018/4518541","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/4518541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Panton-Valentine leukocidin (<i>luk-pv</i>) is a cytotoxin that causes leukocyte destruction and tissue necrosis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the <i>pv1</i>, <i>mecA</i>, and <i>nuc</i> genes in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> isolates obtained from anterior nares and superficial infection sites of skin in a slum population of West Bengal, India. Expression level of <i>pv1</i> gene was also analysed. Twenty-two <i>S. aureus</i> strains were isolated, and phenotype and genotype specific examinations for <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were carried out. Molecular identification was done by PCR using species-specific 16S rRNA primer pairs and finally 22 isolates were found to be positive as <i>S. aureus</i>. The antibiotic responsiveness of all these isolates and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MRSA isolates were determined using the broth dilution method with vancomycin. Antibiogram analysis of isolated <i>S. aureus</i> strains with respect to different antimicrobial agents revealed antibiotic resistance ranging from 27 to 91%. The results of MIC for vancomycin showed 95% of strains to be VSSA and 5% to be VISA. 68% isolates were resistant to methicillin. All the isolates were subjected to detection of <i>pv1, mec</i>A, and <i>nuc</i> genes, and 9%, 68%, and 27% were found to harbour <i>pvl, mec</i>A, and <i>nuc</i> genes, respectively. All the MRSA strains produced high to moderate levels of biofilm. <i>pvl</i> gene expression was carried out <i>in vitro</i> by Real-Time PCR. The low ∆Ct value (0.493) was indicative of high expression of <i>pvl</i> in one <i>S. aureus</i> strain. Thus, detection of <i>pvl</i> gene in community acquired <i>S. aureus</i> indicates the emergence of pathogenic <i>S. aureus</i> in community setup in the studied region. The existing exploration is extremely imperative and informative for the high level multi-drug resistant <i>S. aureus</i> infections inclusive of MRSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6139182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36518785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propagation and Molecular Characterization of Bioreactor Adapted Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolates of Malaysia.","authors":"Nafi'u Lawal,&nbsp;Mohd Hair-Bejo,&nbsp;Siti Suri Arshad,&nbsp;Abdul Rahman Omar,&nbsp;Aini Ideris","doi":"10.1155/2018/1068758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1068758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two Malaysian very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) strains UPM0081 (also known as B00/81) and UPM190 (also known as UPM04/190) isolated from local IBD outbreaks in 2000 and 2004, respectively, were separately passaged for 12 consecutive times in 11-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route. The CEE passage 8 (EP8) isolates were passaged once in BGM-70 cell line yielding UPM0081EP8BGMP1 and UPM190EP8BGMP1, while the EP12 isolates were passaged 15 times in BGM-70 cell line yielding UPM0081EP12BGMP15 and UPM190EP12BGMP15 using T25 tissue culture flask. These isolates were all propagated once in bioreactor using cytodex 1 as microcarrier at 3 g per liter (3 g/L) yielding UPM0081EP8BGMP1BP1, UPM190EP8BGMP1BP1, UPM0081EP12BGMP15BP1, and UPM190EP12BGMP15BP1 isolates. The viruses were harvested at 3 days after inoculation, following the appearance of cytopathic effects (CPE) characterized by detachment from the microcarrier using standard protocol and filtered using 0.2 <i>μ</i>m syringe filter. The filtrates were positive for IBDV by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Sequence and phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the isolates were of the vvIBDV strains and were not different from the flask propagated parental viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1068758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36518784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Asymptomatic <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Infection in Charcoal Producers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Kaase, Ghana.","authors":"Benjamin Kwame Senya,&nbsp;Nketiah Bernard Anim,&nbsp;Bright Segu Kobena Domson,&nbsp;Patrick Adu","doi":"10.1155/2018/9094803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9094803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Charcoal production is a significant economic activity in Ghana. However, there is scarcity of data on the risk of acquiring <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> infection among charcoal producers in Ghana, even though persistent smoke exposure is a known predisposition factor.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study recruited 40 charcoal producers: 6 males and 34 females. Two sets of early morning sputum samples were collected from each participant and examined for the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) using fluorescent microscopy. Structured questionnaires were used to retrieve demographic data from each participant. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and presented as frequencies and proportions. Categorical variables were compared using Chi-square test. Significant difference was identified as <i>p</i> < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 2/40 (5%) of the participants demonstrated AFB in their sputum. All participants with AFB positive sputum were females and had 6-10 years of experience in charcoal production. Whereas coughing was the most self-reported symptom by the charcoal producers, none complained of blood in sputum. Also, only 9/40 (22.5%) had knowledge about the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-infection risk associated with charcoal production. Moreover, 62.5% (25/40) of participants had no formal education.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Education on personal protection equipment must be a public health priority in these charcoal producers in Ghana as sawdust and smoke exposure may predispose charcoal producers to acquisition of tuberculosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/9094803","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36434330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dermatopathology of Orf Virus (Malaysian Isolates) in Mice Experimentally Inoculated at Different Sites with and without Dexamethasone Administration.","authors":"Jamilu Abubakar Bala,&nbsp;Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan,&nbsp;Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah,&nbsp;Tay Kimmy,&nbsp;Yusuf Abba,&nbsp;Ramlan Bin Mohamed,&nbsp;Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse,&nbsp;Abd Wahid Haron,&nbsp;Mustapha Mohamed Noordin,&nbsp;Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus,&nbsp;Idris Umar Hambali,&nbsp;Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila","doi":"10.1155/2018/9207576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9207576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orf is a clinical manifestation of parapoxvirus infection often fatal in goats and sheep especially when they are under stress or influenced by unfavorable environment. This study investigated the pathogenicity of two Orf virus isolates (ORFV UPM1/14 and UPM2/14) and host response in mouse model by using different inoculation sites with/without prior exposure to dexamethasone. Treatments with dexamethasone served as an immunosuppressant that may mimic stress situation in affected animals. Groups of five mice were given intradermal injection of 0.2 mL of tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID₅₀) of UPM1/14 (Group 1) and UPM2/14 (Group 2) at the dorsum (Group 1A; Group 2A), ear pinna (Group 1B; Group 2B), and labial commissure (Group 1C; Group 2C). An inoculum 0.2 mL of UPM1/14 was administered to animals treated with dexamethasone (n=5; 5 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally) and nondexamethasone (n=5) groups at the dorsum, ear pinna, and labial commissure. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the mean lesion scores among the groups of different inoculation sites or between dexamethasone-treated and nontreated groups. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean stratum thickness of affected skin following inoculation with UPM2/14 isolate at the ear pinna and labial commissure. Histopathology examination revealed keratosis, acanthosis, and ballooning degeneration in the skin of affected mice. Orf virus DNA was detected in the skin samples by targeting F1L and B2L virus-specific genes in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Intradermal inoculation with UPM1/14 or UPM2/14 isolate produced a mild skin lesion in mice, and there was no significant difference in orf disease manifestation despite variation of inoculation sites. Similarly, short-term dexamethasone administration gave no adverse effects on pathogenicity of orf virus isolates.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/9207576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36434331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}