Journal of Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating Antiplasmodial and Antimalarial Activities of Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) Seed Extracts on <i>P. falciparum</i> Parasite Cultures and <i>P. berghei</i>-Infected Mice.","authors":"Kevin Nyandwaro,&nbsp;Job Oyweri,&nbsp;Francis Kimani,&nbsp;Amos Mbugua","doi":"10.1155/2020/7605730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7605730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Plasmodium</i> parasite resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) calls for development of new, affordable, safe, and effective antimalarial drugs. Studies conducted previously on soybean extracts have established that they possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancerous, and antioxidant properties. The activity of such extracts on <i>Plasmodium</i> parasite resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) calls for development of new, affordable, safe, and effective antimalarial drugs. Studies conducted previously on soybean extracts have established that they possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancerous, and antioxidant properties. The activity of such extracts on.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine the antiplasmodial activity of soybean extracts using <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> cultures, followed by an <i>in vivo</i> evaluation of safety and antimalarial activity of the extracts in <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> ANKA strain-infected mice.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Aqueous, methanol, and peptide extracts of soybean seeds were prepared. An <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of the extracts for antiplasmodial activity was carried out using two <i>P. falciparum</i> strains: D6, a chloroquine-sensitive Sierra Leone 1 strain and W2, a chloroquine-resistant Indochina 1 strain. Following the <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of the extracts for antiplasmodial activity was carried out using two <i>in vivo</i> evaluation of safety and antimalarial activity of the extracts in <i>P. berghei</i> ANKA strain. The two extracts were tested for their therapeutic potential (curative test). The peptide extract was further assessed to determine whether it could prevent the establishment of a <i>P. berghei</i> ANKA strain. The two extracts were tested for their therapeutic potential (curative test). The peptide extract was further assessed to determine whether it could prevent the establishment of a <i>P. berghei</i> ANKA strain. The two extracts were tested for their therapeutic potential (curative test). The peptide extract was further assessed to determine whether it could prevent the establishment of a.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Peptide and methanol extracts showed good activity with IC₅₀ of 19.97 ± 2.57 <i>μ</i>g/ml and 10.14 ± 9.04 <i>μ</i>g/ml and 10.14 ± 9.04 <i>μ</i>g/ml and 10.14 ± 9.04 <i>μ</i>g/ml and 10.14 ± 9.04 <i>P</i> < 0.001) in suppression with lower doses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results show the presence of antimalarial properties in soybean extracts with higher curative activity when compared to the prophylactic activity. However, more research needs to be conducted on this plant to possibly establish lead compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2020 ","pages":"7605730"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/7605730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37717475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlamydia and Its Many Ways of Escaping the Host Immune System","authors":"W. Wong, J. Chambers, Rishein Gupta, B. Arulanandam","doi":"10.1155/2019/8604958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8604958","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing number of new cases of Chlamydia infection worldwide may be attributed to the pathogen's ability to evade various host immune responses. Summarized here are means of evasion utilized by Chlamydia enabling survival in a hostile host environment. The pathogen's persistence involves a myriad of molecular interactions manifested in a variety of ways, e.g., formation of membranous intracytoplasmic inclusions and cytokine-induced amino acid synthesis, paralysis of phagocytic neutrophils, evasion of phagocytosis, inhibition of host cell apoptosis, suppression of antigen presentation, and induced expression of a check point inhibitor of programmed host cell death. Future studies could focus on the targeting of these molecules associated with immune evasion, thus limiting the spread and tissue damage caused by this pathogen.","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2019 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/8604958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42262696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial Isolates and Drug Susceptibility Pattern of Sterile Body Fluids from Tertiary Hospital, Northern Ethiopia: A Four-Year Retrospective Study.","authors":"Ephrem Tsegay,&nbsp;Aregawi Hailesilassie,&nbsp;Haftamu Hailekiros,&nbsp;Selam Niguse,&nbsp;Muthupandian Saravanan,&nbsp;Mahmud Abdulkader","doi":"10.1155/2019/5456067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5456067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted in Ayder comprehensive specialized Hospital, Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia, to determine the bacterial profiles and drug susceptibility pattern from body fluids. A total of 218 patients were investigated, of which 146 (67%) were males. The age of the study subjects ranged from 2 days to 80 years with 96(44%) in the age group of 15 years and above. The overall bacterial infection was 44 (20.2 %) of which gram positive bacteria were prevalent, 23 (52.3%) than gram negative bacteria 21 (47.7%). The predominantly isolated bacteria were <i>S. pneumonia,</i> followed by <i>K.pneumoniae, S. aureus</i>, and <i>E coli.</i> Multidrug resistance was observed in 12 (100%) of the isolated gram positive bacteria and in 6 (75%) of the isolated gram negative bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2019 ","pages":"5456067"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/5456067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37381946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular and Molecular Level Mechanisms against Electrochemical Cancer Therapy.","authors":"Yeun-Hwa Gu, Takenori Yamashita, Tota Inoue, Jin-Ho Song, Ki-Mun Kang","doi":"10.1155/2019/3431674","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2019/3431674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrochemical treatment (ECT) is a promising new way to induce tumor regression by flowing direct current into the cancer tissue. ECT was applied to different kinds of tumors in clinical studies and showed good results. In addition, basic research has almost not been done in the field of evaluation of efficacy, dose-response, and cytotoxicity. Therefore, the objective is to study the cellular mechanism in the antitumor effect of ECT and to contribute data of basic research of ECT. In the cell-level study, tumor cells (Sarcoma-180, Scc-7, Ehrlich Carcinoma) were studied using ICR mice and C3H mice. In the study group, pH values of control, 10mA × 150secs, 10mA × 300secs, and 10mA × 600secs groups were measured five times each. In histological level studies, ECT was performed on tumors inoculated on the upper part of the right foot of C3H mice. In each group, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation 6, 12, and 24 hrs after ECT treatment, and tumors were removed. The excised tumor was fixed in tissue with 10% formalin, and HE staining and apoptosis antibody staining were carried out from the obtained tissue section and observation. In the study at the cellular level, statistically significant differences were observed in all ECT groups in Sarcoma in the tumor growth measurement study compared with the control group. Statistically significant differences were also observed in Scc-7 in all ECT groups compared to the control group. In the intratumoral pH measurement study, there was a statistically significant difference between the anode and the cathode in each group compared to the control group. In the examination at the histological level, microscopic observation of a slide stained with apoptosis antibody with a magnification of 400 times showed that 6hrs after ECT it was stronger and then decreased. By performing ECT, a weak current flows in the living body. As a result, changes in tissue pH, generation of gas, etc. occur. In this study, it was also confirmed that the intratumor pH value becomes strongly acidic on the anode side and strongly alkaline on the cathode side. In addition, this study confirmed the occurrence of gas during treatment of ECT. Changes in the pH and the like cause changes in the environment in the cell, denaturation of proteins, apoptosis, and necrosis. In this study, a significant increase in apoptosis was confirmed in each ECT group compared to the control group. Treatment effects by ECT were also observed in tumor growth measurement studies and tumor weight measurement studies. From these research results, ECT is considered to be effective as a tumor treatment method.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2019 ","pages":"3431674"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6487119/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37258535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress as Indicators of Fungi Environmental Pollution in Balb/c Albino Mice Monitored from South West, Nigeria.","authors":"Adeyinka Odebode, Adedotun Adekunle","doi":"10.1155/2019/6561520","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2019/6561520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presence and detection of common airborne fungi in an area are important for the prevention and treatment of allergic fungal diseases. Because of the ubiquitous nature of fungi, the effect of four different fungal species in production of antioxidant and reactive oxygen species production in balb/c albino mice was investigated. Fifty-four balb/c mice were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 6) and a normal control group. Four different fungal plates, comprising <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, <i>Aspergillus penicillioides</i>, <i>Penicillium citrinum,</i> and <i>Penicillium chrysogenum,</i> which were the most abundant fungi species sampled in the environment were cultured for one week to make 2.3 x 10⁷ and 3.2 x 10⁵ spores and injected intranasally in sterile saline into the nostrils of each of the mice. Results showed that all fungal inoculated organism produced statistically (P<0.05) significant reactive oxygen species while antioxidant parameters were significantly decreased in a dose dependent manner compared with normal control mice. It is therefore concluded that <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, <i>Aspergillus penicillioides</i>, <i>Penicillium citrinum,</i> and <i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i> can alter and decrease immune function in balb/c mice. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the most common airborne fungal species present in Southwest Nigeria and to study their allergic reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2019 ","pages":"6561520"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6475542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37235841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OmpA-Like Proteins of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> Mediate Resistance to the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37.","authors":"Toshi Horie,&nbsp;Megumi Inomata,&nbsp;Takeshi Into","doi":"10.1155/2018/2068435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2068435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subgingival bacteria are continually exposed to gingival crevicular fluids that are derived from serum, which contain various bactericidal agents. The periodontopathic bacterium <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> has been demonstrated to possess a variety of abilities to resist bactericidal agents, due to which it is able to propagate in the subgingival environment. We previously demonstrated that the major surface glycoproteins of <i>P. gingivalis</i>-Pgm6 and Pgm7, also called outer membrane protein A-like proteins (OmpALPs)-mediate resistance to the bactericidal activity of human serum, but their precise role remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the sensitivity of the wild-type and Pgm6/Pgm7-deficient <i>P. gingivalis</i> strains toward major antimicrobial peptides in the oral cavity, human <i>β</i>-defensins (hBDs) 1-3, and human cathelicidin LL-37. hBDs showed a considerably weak bactericidal activity against both bacterial strains. LL-37 also showed a weak activity against the wild-type strain; however, it showed a significant activity against the Pgm6/Pgm7-deficient strain. In the Pgm6/Pgm7-deficient strain, LL-37 remarkably accumulated on the bacterial cell surface, which may result in the destruction of the outer membrane. Additionally, the bactericidal activity of hBDs against the Pgm6/Pgm7-deficient strain was found to be synergistically promoted in the presence of LL-37. Our results suggest that OmpALPs specifically protect <i>P. gingivalis</i> from the bactericidal activity of LL-37; thus, <i>P. gingivalis</i> may adeptly survive in LL-37-producing subgingival environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2018 ","pages":"2068435"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/2068435","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36946248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimalarial Activity of Kaempferol and Its Combination with Chloroquine in <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> Infection in Mice.","authors":"Voravuth Somsak,&nbsp;Awatsada Damkaew,&nbsp;Pinanong Onrak","doi":"10.1155/2018/3912090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3912090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The search for new antimalarial drugs has become an urgent requirement due to resistance to the available drugs and the lack of an effective vaccine. In this respect, the present study aimed to evaluate the antimalarial activity of kaempferol against <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> infection in mice as an <i>in vivo</i> model. Chronic toxicity and antimalarial activities of kaempferol alone and in combination with chloroquine were investigated in <i>P. berghei</i> ANKA infected ICR mice using standard procedures. The results showed that chronic administration of 2,000 mg/kg of kaempferol resulted in no overt signs of toxicity as well as no hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, or hematotoxicity. Interestingly, kaempferol exerted significant (<i>P</i> < 0.05) chemosuppressive, chemoprophylactic, and curative activities in a dose-dependent manner. The highest antimalarial activity was found at a dose of 20 mg/kg which resulted in a significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.05) prolonged survival of infected mice. Moreover, combination treatment of chloroquine and kaempferol also presented significant (<i>P</i> < 0.05) antimalarial effects, although the effects were not significantly different from the chloroquine treated group. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that kaempferol possesses acceptable antimalarial activities. However, further investigation should be undertaken on the mechanism responsible for the observed antimalarial activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2018 ","pages":"3912090"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/3912090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36896642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Brucellosis and Associated Risk Factors among Indigenous Breeds of Goats in Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria.","authors":"Olaolu T Olufemi, Danjuma B Dantala, Paul A Shinggu, Umesi A Dike, Gbeminiyi R Otolorin, Jivini A Nwuku, Eyiojo B T Baba-Onoja, Tenmuso D Jatau, Francis I Amama","doi":"10.1155/2018/5257926","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/5257926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in Wukari, Taraba state, Nigeria, to determine the prevalence of <i>Brucella</i> antibodies and the risk factors associated with brucellosis in indigenous breeds of goats. A total of 386 goats were sampled from three political wards: Puje, Avyi, and Hospital: harvested sera samples were subjected to Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). GraphPad Prism version 7.03 for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla California, USA) was used to analyse the association between seroprevalence of brucellosis and age, sex, breed, location, and management system by using Chi square and Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Brucellosis was detected in all three wards: Puje; 15%, Avyi; 6.6%, and Hospital; 7.6%. A prevalence rate of 2.8%, 8%, 18.7%, and 1% was recorded for <20-month, 22-35-month, 36-45-month, and ≥46-55-month age categories, respectively (P < 0.05). Only 9.5% was observed for male animals while 9.8% was observed for female animals with no statistical difference between the males and females. Breed-specific seroprevalence yielded 7.4%, 5.4% 12%, 12.8%, and 11.6%, for Cross, West Africa Dwarf, Red Sokoto, Kano Brown, and Sahel breeds of goat, respectively. There is an evidence of brucellosis (9.6%) in Wukari L.G.A, Taraba State, and age is a risk factor for the disease in the study area. There is a need to enlighten the public on the zoonotic potentials and economic impacts of brucellosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2018 ","pages":"5257926"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6236658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36796745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence of Aerial Conidia of <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> Produced under LED Light to <i>Ctenocephalides felis</i> (Cat Flea).","authors":"Sarayut Pittarate,&nbsp;Malee Thungrabeab,&nbsp;Supamit Mekchay,&nbsp;Patcharin Krutmuang","doi":"10.1155/2018/1806830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1806830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ctenocephalides felis</i> is an ectoparasitic flea species commonly found on dogs and cats. The current study verified the <i>in vitro</i> virulence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> produced under different color LED light (red, blue, purple, green, yellow, and white) to adults of <i>C. felis</i>. The fungal isolates were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA). Bioassay treatments used aerial conidia in test tubes. Adult fleas were obtained from a house cat in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The experiments were composed of one control and eleven treatment groups. All of the treatments with <i>B. bassiana</i> conidia caused adult mortality after an exposure of 12 h. Among the conditions used in this study, <i>B. bassiana</i> cultured under red LED and fluorescent light were the most effective in causing mortality (100 %) in adult fleas after 36 h. The experimental results indicate that these aerial conidia of <i>B. bassiana</i> have promising potential for use in control of <i>C. felis</i> adult stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2018 ","pages":"1806830"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1806830","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36796744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Betalactamase (ESBL) and Metallobetalactamase (MBL) Producing <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Isolated from Various Clinical Samples.","authors":"Amandeep Kaur,&nbsp;Satnam Singh","doi":"10.1155/2018/6845985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6845985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted with an objective to find the prevalence of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) and metallobetalactamase (MBL) in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>A. baumannii</i> isolates obtained from various clinical samples. It was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, over a period of two years from July 2014 to June 2016. Clinical specimens including urine, pus, blood, high vaginal swabs, respiratory samples, and various body fluids were processed and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>A. baumannii</i> isolates were identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity testing for all isolates was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Disc potentiation test was performed to check ESBL and MBL production in these bacteria. Maximum ESBL positive isolates of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were observed among pus samples and maximum MBL positive isolates were detected in tracheal aspirates. <i>A. baumannii</i> showed maximum positivity for ESBL and MBL production in endotracheal secretions. This study gives an alarming sign towards high prevalence of cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance due to production of extended spectrum betalactamases and metallobetalactamases, respectively. Early detection, stringent antibiotic policies, and compliance towards infection control practices are the best defenses against these organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2018 ","pages":"6845985"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/6845985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36704114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}