Journal of Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2, Early Entry Events.","authors":"James P Chambers, Jieh Yu, James J Valdes, Bernard P Arulanandam","doi":"10.1155/2020/9238696","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2020/9238696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and host cell entry is the first step in the viral life cycle. The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) entry process into susceptible host tissue cells is complex requiring (1) attachment of the virus via the conserved spike (S) protein receptor-binding motif (RBM) to the host cell angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, (2) S protein proteolytic processing, and (3) membrane fusion. Spike protein processing occurs at two cleavage sites, i.e., S₁/S₂ and S₂'. Cleavage at the S₁/S₂ and S₂' sites ultimately gives rise to generation of competent fusion elements important in the merging of the host cell and viral membranes. Following cleavage, shedding of the S₁ crown results in significant conformational changes and fusion peptide repositioning for target membrane insertion and fusion. Identification of specific protease involvement has been difficult due to the many cell types used and studied. However, it appears that S protein proteolytic cleavage is dependent on (1) furin and (2) serine protease transmembrane protease serine 2 proteases acting in tandem. Although at present not clear, increased SARS-CoV-2 S receptor-binding motif binding affinity and replication efficiency may in part account for observed differences in infectivity. Cleavage of the ACE2 receptor appears to be yet another layer of complexity in addition to forfeiture and/or alteration of ACE2 function which plays an important role in cardiovascular and immune function.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2020 ","pages":"9238696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7707962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38355937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxin Production and Resistance of <i>Staphylococcus</i> Species Isolated from Fermented Artisanal Dairy Products in Benin.","authors":"Majoie Géroxie Tohoyessou, Wassiyath Mousse, Haziz Sina, Fernique Kona, Tania Azanghadji, Nathalie Guessennd, Farid Baba-Moussa, Thomas Dadie, Adolphe Adjanohoun, Lamine Baba-Moussa","doi":"10.1155/2020/7938149","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2020/7938149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Staphylococcus</i> species are considered as one of the major pathogens causing outbreaks of food poisoning. The aim of this work was to assess the toxinogenic and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the strains of <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp isolated from three types of fermented dairy products (yoghourt, millet <i>dêguê</i>, and couscous <i>dêguê</i>). The isolation of the <i>Staphylococcus</i> strains was performed on selective media, and their identification was done using biochemical and molecular methods. The susceptibility at 15 antibiotics tested was assessed using the disc diffusion method. The immunodiffusion method was used to evaluate the toxin (luk-E/D, luk-S/F, ETA, and ETB) production. Biofilm formation was qualitatively researched on microplates. Less than half (42.77%) of the collected samples were contaminated with <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. The yoghourt and millet <i>dêguê</i> samples collected in the afternoon were more contaminated than those collected in the morning. The <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>S. capitis,</i> and <i>S. xylosus</i> strains, respectively, were the most present. <i>S. aureus</i> was the only coagulase-positive species identified in our samples. The highest resistance to antibiotics was observed with penicillin (100%) irrespective of the nature of the sample. <i>S. aureus</i> strains were highly (71.4%) resistant to methicillin. The <i>S. aureus</i> strains were the most biofilm-forming (27.6%), followed by <i>S. capitis</i> strains. Panton and Valentine's leukocidin (luk-S/F) was produced by only <i>S. aureus</i> strains at a rate of 8.33%. Only coagulase-negative <i>Staphylococcus</i> (CNS) produced Luk-E/D. The high rates of <i>Staphylococci</i> contamination indicate bad hygiene quality during the production and distribution of dairy products. It is, therefore, necessary to improve the quality of fermented milk products.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2020 ","pages":"7938149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38623564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stopping the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review on the Advances of Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control Measures.","authors":"Md Hasanul Banna Siam, Nahida Hannan Nishat, Ahsan Ahmed, Mohammad Sorowar Hossain","doi":"10.1155/2020/9121429","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2020/9121429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the continued spread of COVID-19 across the world, rapid diagnostic tools, readily available respurposable drugs, and prompt containment measures to control the SARS-CoV-2 infection are of paramount importance. Examples of recent advances in diagnostic tests are CRISPR technology, IgG assay, spike protein detection, and use of artificial intelligence. The gold standard reverse transcription polymerase chain (RT-PCR) has also been upgraded with point-of-care rapid tests. Supportive treatment, mechanical ventilation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remain the primary choice, while therapeutic options include antivirals, antiparasitics, anti-inflammatories, interferon, convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibody, hyperimmunoglobulin, RNAi, and mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Different types of vaccines such as RNA, DNA, and lentiviral, inactivated, and viral vector are in clinical trials. Moreover, rapidly deployable and easy-to-transport innovative vaccine delivery systems are also in development. As countries have started easing down on the lockdown measures, the chance for a second wave of infection demands strict and rational control policies to keep fatalities minimized. An improved understanding of the advances in diagnostic tools, treatments, vaccines, and control measures for COVID-19 can provide references for further research and aid better containment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2020 ","pages":"9121429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/9121429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38554083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasion of Epithelial Cells Is Correlated with Secretion of Biosurfactant via the Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) of <i>Shigella flexneri</i>.","authors":"Duchel Jeanedvi Kinouani Kinavouidi,&nbsp;Christian Aimé Kayath,&nbsp;Etienne Nguimbi","doi":"10.1155/2020/3062821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3062821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biosurfactants are amphipathic molecules produced by many microorganisms, usually bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. They possess the property of reducing the tension of the membrane interfaces. No studies have been conducted on <i>Shigella</i> species showing the role of biosurfactant-like molecules (BLM) in pathogenicity. The aim of this study is to assess the ability of <i>Shigella</i> environmental and clinical strains to produce BLM and investigate the involvement of biosurfactants in pathogenicity. Our study has shown that BLM are secreted in the extracellular medium with EI24 ranging from 80% to 100%. The secretion is depending on the type III secretion system (T3SS). Moreover, our results have shown that <i>S. flexneri</i>, <i>S. boydii,</i> and <i>S. sonnei</i> are able to interact with hydrophobic areas with 17.64%, 21.42%, and 22.22% hydrophobicity, respectively. BLM secretion is totally prevented due to inhibition of T3SS by 100 mM benzoic and 1.5 mg/ml salicylic acids. <i>P. aeruginosa</i> harboring T3SS is able to produce 100% of BLM in the presence or in the absence of both T3SS inhibitors. The secreted BLM are extractable with an organic solvent such as chloroform, and this could entirely be considered a lipopeptide or polypeptide compound. Secretion of BLM allows some <i>Shigella</i> strains to induce multicellular phenomena like \"swarming.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2020 ","pages":"3062821"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/3062821","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38268452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Role of Mucin as Frontline Defense of Mucosal Surfaces against <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> Subsp. <i>hominissuis</i>.","authors":"Jessica Bechler,&nbsp;Luiz E Bermudez","doi":"10.1155/2020/9451591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9451591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mycobacterium avium</i> is a human and animal pathogen that infects the host through the mucosal surfaces. Past work has demonstrated that the bacterium can interact with both the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Those surfaces in the body are covered by a bilayer of a glycoprotein, mucin, which works as a physical barrier and a gel which contains antibacterial and antivirus properties. This current work shows that different strains of <i>M</i>. <i>avium</i>, in contrast to <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, are not able to bind to mucins, MUC2 and MUC5b, the main mucins in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, respectively. The lack of binding is due to the characteristics of the cell wall and is impaired by altering lipids, proteins, or glycolipids. <i>M</i>. <i>avium</i>, in contrast to <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>, interacts with epithelial cells equally in the presence or absence of the mucin, suggesting that the cell wall of the pathogen can facilitate the bacterial movement through the mucin layer, towards the mucosal wall. In conclusion, the study has shown that <i>M</i>. <i>avium</i> can avoid the mucin barrier, which explains its ability to interact with the mucosal epithelium, even in absence of motion-related structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2020 ","pages":"9451591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/9451591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38160554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Diabetic Foot Infection of Patients from Bandar Abbas District, Southern Iran.","authors":"Arman Ahmadishooli,&nbsp;Parivash Davoodian,&nbsp;Saeed Shoja,&nbsp;Bita Ahmadishooli,&nbsp;Habib Dadvand,&nbsp;Hosein Hamadiyan,&nbsp;Reza Shahriarirad","doi":"10.1155/2020/1057167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1057167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic foot infection is among the most common complications of diabetes mellitus which significantly causes hospitalization and is the most prevalent etiology of nontraumatic amputation worldwide. The current study aimed at assessing the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of diabetic foot infection of patients from the Bandar Abbas area, in the south of Iran. In this study, a total of 83 diabetic patients with diabetic infected foot wounds referring to Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Bandar Abbas, from 2017 to 2018 were assessed. Samples were obtained from wound sites and evaluated by aerobic culture and also an antibiogram test for antibiotic susceptibility. Factors including age, sex, type of diabetes, the medication used for diabetes, previous history of diabetic foot infection, duration of wound incidence, fever, and laboratory indices were recorded for each subject. The most prevalent detected bacteria were <i>Escherichia coli</i> (20.5%), <i>Enterococcus sp.</i> (16.9%), <i>Klebsiella sp.</i> (12%), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (8.4%), <i>Enterobacter sp.</i> (7.2%), and <i>Acinetobacter sp.</i> (6%). The results of antibiogram tests revealed the most and the least antibiotic sensitivity for <i>E. coli sp.</i> as meropenem and ciprofloxacin, for <i>Enterococcus sp.</i> as gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, for <i>Klebsiella sp.</i> as amikacin and cotrimoxazole, and for <i>Enterobacter sp.</i> as cotrimoxazole and both amikacin and ciprofloxacin. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> was sensitive to vancomycin and doxycycline, and <i>Acinetobacter sp</i>. was 100% resistant to all antibiotics except amikacin and gentamycin. A significant statistical association was found between the C-reactive protein and the patients' diabetic foot infection organisms (<i>P</i>=0.019). Findings of the study revealed <i>E. coli sp.</i> as the most common bacteria which are infecting the foot lesions in the studied population. The highest antibiotic susceptibility was seen for vancomycin, linezolid, and carbapenem.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2020 ","pages":"1057167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/1057167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38068406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Associated Risk Factors among Patients with Wound Infection at Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia.","authors":"Yeterefwork Tsige,&nbsp;Senait Tadesse,&nbsp;Tsehaynesh G/Eyesus,&nbsp;Mulugeta Mihrete Tefera,&nbsp;Anteneh Amsalu,&nbsp;Marta Alemayhu Menberu,&nbsp;Baye Gelaw","doi":"10.1155/2020/3168325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3168325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The spectrums of infections due to methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> are manifold and are associated with worse outcomes. A study on the prevalence of these pathogens and their sensitivity patterns will give updated information which is very helpful for health personnel responsible in the management of patients and timely monitoring of the emergence of resistant bacteria. Hence, the study aimed at assessing the prevalence of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and associated factors among patients with wound infection at Dessie Referral Hospital.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 266 patients at Dessie Referral Hospital from February to May 2016. Wound swab samples were collected aseptically using Levine's technique and transported to Dessie Regional Laboratory by using brain-heart infusion transport media. Isolation of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> was done based on cultural and biochemical profiles. Drug susceptibility test was performed using the disc diffusion technique as per the standard and interpreted based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong><i>Staphylococcus</i> isolates from 266 processed wound swabs were 92 (34.58%). Of these, 26 (28.3%) were identified as methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> and 66 (71.7%) were methicillin-sensitive <i>S. aureus</i>. The overall prevalence of methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> among the study population was 9.8%. The isolated methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> showed full resistance to penicillin (100%) followed by erythromycin and ciprofloxacin (16, 61.5%) and cotrimoxazole and gentamicin (14, 53.8%). From the total <i>S. aureus</i> isolates, 20 (21.7%) of them showed multidrug resistance. Of these methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>, 18 (69.8%) showed high multidrug resistance. Patients who are farmers in occupation (AOR = 6.1, 95% CI (1.086-33.724)), admitted in the hospital (AOR = 3.56, 95% CI (1.429-8.857)), and have low BMI (<18.5) (AOR = 13.89, 95% CI (4.919-39.192)) were among the risk factors significantly associated with wound infection due to methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were 100% resistant to penicillin and showed high multidrug resistance. Therefore, antibiotic susceptibility test should be performed prior to treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2020 ","pages":"3168325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/3168325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38068407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Actin-1 Expression in Wild Caught <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i>-Infected Mosquito Vectors.","authors":"Moses Edache Entonu,&nbsp;Aliyu Muhammad,&nbsp;Iliya S Ndams","doi":"10.1155/2020/7912042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7912042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis transmitted by mosquito vectors. In the vector-parasite interaction and among other proteins, actin-1 has been implicated for successful transmission of the pathogen in laboratory-controlled experiments. However, validation of this finding from the pathogen's natural environment is required.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study is aimed at evaluating actin-1 expression upon <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> infection in mosquito vectors collected during an epidemiology study in Tsafe Local Government Area of Zamfara State, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mosquitoes were collected and identified using morphological keys, which include length of maxillary palps, pale spots on the wings, and scale patterns on the abdomen. This was followed by detection of the 188 bp <i>SspI</i> marker of <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mRNA levels of the <i>actin-1</i> gene were evaluated in the infected <i>Anopheles gambiae sl</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> and their controls, which were adult reared from the larvae in the study area.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mosquitoes were identified to be <i>Anopheles gambiae sl</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>, while infection by <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> was confirmed by amplification of the 188 bp <i>SspI</i> marker. A 4.85 and 4.09 relative fold increase in <i>actin-1</i> gene expression in <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i>-infected <i>Anopheles gambiae sl</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> was observed. Thus, for the first time we reported that the <i>actin-1</i> gene in wild caught mosquito vectors (<i>Anopheles gambiae sl</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>) infected with <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> is upregulated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The <i>actin-1</i> gene is upregulated and similarly expressed during <i>W. bancrofti</i> infection in mosquito vectors in the study area and this may likely serve as a biomarker and viable strategy for the control of parasite transmission in endemic areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2020 ","pages":"7912042"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/7912042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38596083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of LEI0258 Marker Alleles and Susceptibility to Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Infection in Kuroiler, Sasso, and Local Tanzanian Chicken Embryos.","authors":"Fulgence Ntangere Mpenda,&nbsp;Christian Keambou Tiambo,&nbsp;Martina Kyallo,&nbsp;John Juma,&nbsp;Roger Pelle,&nbsp;Sylvester Leonard Lyantagaye,&nbsp;Joram Buza","doi":"10.1155/2020/5187578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5187578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Newcastle disease (ND) control by vaccination and an institution of biosecurity measures is less feasible in backyard chicken in developing countries. Therefore, an alternative disease control strategy like the genetic selection of less susceptible chicken genotypes is a promising option. In the present study, genetic polymorphism of LEIO258 marker and association with susceptibility to virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in Kuroilers, Sasso, and local Tanzanian chicken embryos were investigated. Samples from high (15%) and less (15%) susceptible cohorts were genotyped by sequencing of LEI0258 marker. A total of 75 DNA sequences comprised of 29 Kuroiler, 29 local Tanzanian chickens, and 17 Sasso were analyzed. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees were constructed to depict the clustering of LEI0258 marker alleles and relationship with susceptibility. Alleles with frequency ≥3 were considered for association with susceptibility by the use of the inference technique. The present findings suggest that some LEI0258 marker genetic polymorphisms apart from LEI0258 marker allelic based on sizes may be linked with chicken MHC-B haplotypes that confer chickens variability in resistance or susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, these results demonstrate the presence of relationship between LEI0258 marker polymorphisms and variations in chicken susceptibility to NDV infection, which could be utilized in breeding programs designed to improve chicken disease resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2020 ","pages":"5187578"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/5187578","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37867102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial Isolates and Drug Susceptibility Pattern of Sterile Body Fluids from Tertiary Hospital, Northern Ethiopia: A Four-Year Retrospective Study.","authors":"Ephrem Tsegay,&nbsp;Aregawi Hailesilassie,&nbsp;Haftamu Hailekiros,&nbsp;Selam Niguse,&nbsp;Muthupandian Saravanan,&nbsp;Mahmud Abdulkader","doi":"10.1155/2019/5456067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5456067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted in Ayder comprehensive specialized Hospital, Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia, to determine the bacterial profiles and drug susceptibility pattern from body fluids. A total of 218 patients were investigated, of which 146 (67%) were males. The age of the study subjects ranged from 2 days to 80 years with 96(44%) in the age group of 15 years and above. The overall bacterial infection was 44 (20.2 %) of which gram positive bacteria were prevalent, 23 (52.3%) than gram negative bacteria 21 (47.7%). The predominantly isolated bacteria were <i>S. pneumonia,</i> followed by <i>K.pneumoniae, S. aureus</i>, and <i>E coli.</i> Multidrug resistance was observed in 12 (100%) of the isolated gram positive bacteria and in 6 (75%) of the isolated gram negative bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":16788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pathogens","volume":"2019 ","pages":"5456067"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/5456067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37381946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}