Journal of NeuroVirology最新文献

{"title":"Arboviral infections of the central nervous system: Mechanisms of invasion and long-term consequences.","authors":"Olayinka M Olajiga, Andrew G MacLean, Brandon J Beddingfield","doi":"10.1007/s13365-026-01328-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-026-01328-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arboviruses are a diverse group of vector-borne viruses that cause significant global morbidity and mortality. Beyond classical systemic and febrile symptoms, many arboviruses can induce a spectrum of neurological complications, ranging from mild encephalopathy to severe neuroinvasive disease. This review summarizes current knowledge on major arboviruses from the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Peribunyaviridae, and Reoviridae families, emphasizing mechanisms of CNS invasion, neurological manifestations, and relevant case studies or outbreaks. Mechanisms of central nervous system (CNS) invasion are highlighted, including direct viral neurotropism, blood-brain barrier crossing such as Trojan horse-mediated leukocyte trafficking and immune-mediated neuropathology. Clinical syndromes, including encephalitis, myelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and movement disorders, are discussed alongside relevant case studies and outbreak reports. This review provides an integrated perspective on arbovirus-induced neurological disease for clinicians, researchers, and public health professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":"32 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13518404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the integrity of a human blood-brain barrier model in the absence of infection.","authors":"Habib Jmii, Ruth Haverty, Keith D Rochfort, Nicola F Fletcher","doi":"10.1007/s13365-026-01337-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-026-01337-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurological symptoms are recognized in patients with COVID-19, and include anosmia, ageusia, cognitive impairments as well as more severe complications including encephalitis and ischemic strokes. Furthermore, persistent cognitive impairment including 'brain fog' is recognised as part of the long COVID syndrome. While SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to infect cells of the central nervous system (CNS) in vitro and in vivo, it is unclear whether direct infection of the CNS or indirect mechanisms including activation of the coagulation cascade or immune activation are the key drivers of COVID-19 neuropathology. We investigated whether inactivated SARS-CoV-2, or spike protein, can disrupt the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and characterised neuroinflammation in the absence of infection. Using an in vitro model of the BBB composed of primary human microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes and microglia, we observed BBB disruption following exposure of the model to SARS-CoV-2 or spike protein. Importantly, loss of BBB integrity was observed in response to luminal (mimicking 'blood side') or abluminal ('brain side') exposure to inactivated virus or spike protein. Transcriptional upregulation of a range of chemokines, inflammatory cytokines and adhesion factors, and release of inflammatory cytokines from BBB models was also observed in response to luminal or abluminal SARS-CoV-2 or spike protein exposure. These data indicate that BBB disruption and immune activation in vitro occurs in response to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of infection, highlighting the importance of the host immune system in BBB disruption during SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":"32 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13518450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chandipura virus encephalitis: an emerging pediatric neurotropic threat in india-virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and public health challenges.","authors":"Abdul Rahim, Md Nasiruddin Khan, Sidharth Mehan, Zuber Khan, Mustak Ahamad, Injamamul Haque","doi":"10.1007/s13365-026-01335-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-026-01335-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging neurotropic RNA virus and member of the Rhabdoviridae family, causing outbreaks of acute encephalitis in India, mostly in children under 15 years of age. The manuscript reviews in detail the virology, genetics, clinical features, epidemiology, transmission, immunopathogenesis, and treatment of CHPV. CHPV rapidly infects neuronal tissue and activates the extrinsic pathways of neuronal apoptosis through Fas-mediated apoptosis, resulting in rapid neuronal degeneration within 24-48 h. The recent re-emergence of CHPV is another significant re-emergence in Gujarat in 2024, with the distribution of cases by space and time further suggesting CHPV is seasonal, adds new districts, and is still a threat to children. Outbreaks of CHPV typically coincide with monsoonal flooding, and Phlebotomus sandflies primarily spread the disease. The monsoonal flooding and environmental degradation that occurred during the breeding season, rendering sandflies more susceptible to outbreaks, are remarkable. Differentiation of other encephalitic viruses, such as Japanese encephalitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and dengue, is important for clinical diagnosis and also because of the rapid progression of CHPV. Several points to consider are low CSF pleocytosis and the neuroimaging characteristics that are identifiable. The immune response after infection is marked by a cytokine storm, followed by lymphocyte apoptosis and reduction in CNS viral clearance. Over the past decade, laboratories in India have developed in the realm of diagnosis and treatment of CHPV with the advent of molecular diagnostics such as real-time RT-PCR and IgM ELISA. However, a lack of a licensed vaccine and antivirals would make this new infectious disease more difficult to manage. This review highlights the critical importance of further surveillance, vector control, public health preparedness, and vaccine development/therapeutics for CHPV.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":"32 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oropouche virus infection and neurological involvement: a hypothesis-generating neuroimmune framework.","authors":"Nohora Cristina Ayola-Serrano, Christian Ayola","doi":"10.1007/s13365-026-01331-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-026-01331-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oropouche virus (OROV), an emerging orthobunyavirus in the Americas, has historically been associated with self-limited febrile illness in endemic Amazon basin regions. However, recent epidemiological updates from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and World Health Organization (WHO) document a marked increase in case counts and geographic expansion, with over 16,000 confirmed cases reported in 2024 and continued transmission across multiple countries in 2025, including regions where transmission had not been previously recognized. The detection of cases in the Caribbean, Central America, and imported infections in North America and Europe underscores its evolving epidemiological profile and growing global relevance. In parallel with this expansion, neurological involvement-including meningitis and encephalitis-has been reported in a subset of patients. Experimental and ex vivo studies demonstrate neural permissiveness and suggest the capacity for interaction with central nervous system (CNS) tissue. Based on established principles of viral neuroimmunology, a conservative conceptual framework is proposed linking acute neuroimmune activation during OROV infection to potential neurological manifestations. Although long-term neurological sequelae have not been systematically characterized, existing clinical observations and biological mechanisms provide plausibility for further investigation. This framework is intended to generate testable hypotheses and guide prospective studies rather than establish causality.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148620415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report: rare progressive cavitary lesion in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.","authors":"Mindy Hoang, Richard Hc Lai","doi":"10.1007/s13365-026-01326-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-026-01326-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by reactivation of John Cunningham (JC) virus in a subset of immunocompromised individuals. This case report describes a rare case of progressive cavitary lesion in PML with only one other documented case in the world. The patient is a 63-year old male with medical history of microscopic polyangiitis who had previously undergone cyclophosphamide treatment and was on chronic immunosuppression with mycophenolate and high dose prednisone who presented to the emergency department with stroke-like symptoms. A series of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a non-enhancing multifocal lesion in his frontal lobe that progressed into a cavitary lesion. PML was diagnosed using imaging presence of periventricular white matter lesions and positive JC virus in the cerebrospinal fluid. Stereotactic biopsy followed by histological staining of the samples and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis. We emphasize cavitary lesions as an extremely rare, but potential development of PML that appears to correlate with aggressive neurocognitive decline and has no identified associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148620278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic challenges in HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma initially presenting with multifocal neurological symptoms.","authors":"Motohiro Okumura, Kenichi Sakuta, Yui Shiozawa, Yuichiro Muraoka, Yuri Mizuno-Shojima, Shota Nakagawa, Ai Iwauchi, Hideki Uryu, Yasuyuki Iguchi","doi":"10.1007/s13365-026-01330-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-026-01330-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 46-year-old male initially presented with multifocal neurological symptoms including leptomeningeal involvement, multiple cranial nerve palsies, myeloradiculopathy, myelopathy, and cauda equina syndrome. On admission, the patient tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Based on the initial physical examination, which suggested Guillain-Barré syndrome, plasma exchange was initiated; however, clinical improvement was limited. Further evaluation, including histopathological analysis of the ileocecal mass and flow cytometry of the cerebrospinal fluid, revealed Burkitt lymphoma with widespread involvement of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Despite the early initiation of chemotherapy, the patient died. This case illustrates the diagnostic complexity of neurological presentations in patients with HIV infection and suggests that Burkitt lymphoma may be included in the differential diagnosis of rapidly progressive multifocal neurological symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148620461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between graded short-term lymphocyte count decline and epilepsy risk in HIV-positive patients: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Khalid Mohamed, Chimezie Amaefuna, Huda Al-Bana, Ronak Bhatia, Aman Shahzad, Faiza Chowdhury, Anand Deonarine, Nicholas Azinge, Mekdem Bisrat, Elizabeth Beyene, Miriam Michael","doi":"10.1007/s13365-026-01329-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-026-01329-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To evaluate whether varying degrees of lymphocyte count decline in HIV-positive adults are associated with increased short-term incidence of epilepsy or convulsions. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TriNetX global research network. HIV-positive patients with a lymphocyte count ≥ 1.2 × 10³/µL were categorized based on subsequent decline within 3 months: mild (1.01-1.19), moderate (0.81-1.0), or significant (0.61-0.8). Risk analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed and patients with prior diagnosis of epilepsy (G40) or convulsions (R56.9) were excluded. The risk of developing epilepsy or convulsions increased with greater lymphocyte decline. Compared to patients with stable counts, the odds ratios were 1.073 for the mild group, 2.222 for the moderate group, and 3.189 for the significant drop group. Hazard ratios followed a similar trend, reaching 3.24 in the 0.61-0.8 group. Only the mild drop group did not show a statistically significant difference in risk or survival curves. Kaplan-Meier analysis at 1 year showed significant separation between survival curves for all groups except the mild group (p = 0.6973). Among HIV-positive adults, greater short-term lymphocyte count decline is associated with a higher short-term risk of epilepsy or convulsions. These findings suggest that lymphocyte trends may serve as an early signal for neurologic vulnerability. Further investigation is warranted to clarify the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148620307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note: Neurotoxic effects of the HCV core protein are mediated by sustained activation of ERK via TLR2 signaling.","authors":"Amy D Paulino, Kiren Ubhi, Edward Rockenstein, Anthony Adame, Leslie Crews, Scott Letendre, Ronald Ellis, Ian P Everall, Igor Grant, Eliezer Masliah","doi":"10.1007/s13365-026-01332-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-026-01332-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148603934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The emerging role of circular RNAs in neurodegenerative diseases and viral infections.","authors":"Finley Medina, Anna Bellizzi","doi":"10.1007/s13365-026-01324-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-026-01324-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a class of highly stable, covalently closed RNA molecules increasingly recognized as important regulators of brain aging and neurodegenerative disease. Growing evidence also implies circRNAs in viral infection, suggesting a potential intersection between viral neuropathogenesis and neurodegeneration. However, no studies have yet directly integrated circRNAs, neurotropic viral infections, and neurodegenerative disorders within a single mechanistic framework. To date, specific circRNAs have been linked to the progression of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where they regulate central pathological processes including amyloid-β clearance, neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, neuronal apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Moreover, it has been established that both host cells and viruses produce circRNAs during infection. Virus-derived circRNAs can enhance viral replication, promote immune evasion, and support latency. In contrast, host circRNAs contribute to antiviral defense by acting as microRNA sponges, interacting with viral proteins, or encoding peptides with antiviral activity, mechanisms particularly explored in viral oncogenesis. In this review, we will evaluate the most updated research evidence on the role of circRNAs in major neurodegenerative diseases and neurotropic viral infections. Considering the growing concern regarding the long-term neurological consequences of viral infections, including chronic neuroinflammation, viral reactivation, and post-viral syndromes, dysregulated circRNAs may represent a mechanistic link between viral infection and associated neurodegenerative processes. Finally, we will discuss future directions for identifying circRNAs-based biomarkers and developing circRNAs-targeted therapeutic strategies for age-related and virus-associated neurological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13350144/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148421273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HSV-1 and VZV co-reactivation: implications for worsening neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.","authors":"Christy S Niemeyer, Maria A Nagel, Diego Restrepo, Andrew N Bubak","doi":"10.1007/s13365-026-01323-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13365-026-01323-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) are neurotropic human alphaherpesviruses that establish lifelong latency in peripheral ganglia. While traditionally studied in isolation, increasing evidence indicates that co-reactivation of these viruses may be clinically significant, especially in the context of aging and immunosuppression, and underdiagnosed. Recent studies show that both viruses can reside in the same trigeminal ganglion (TG) and interact synergistically to potentiate and exacerbate neurological and neurodegenerative disease. This review summarizes emerging insights into the clinical, immunological, and neuropathological implications of HSV-1 and VZV co-reactivation, with a particular emphasis on VZV-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of immune suppression and enhancers of secondary HSV-1 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":16665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of NeuroVirology","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13346214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148405267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}