{"title":"Outcome of photodynamic therapy with Rose Bengal in conjunction with topical PHMB and chlorhexidine combination in Acanthamoeba keratitis.","authors":"Bhupesh Bagga, Lakshminarayanan Gowtham, Lalit Kishore Ahirwar, Debkuntal Sen, Saumya Jakati, Md Hasnat Ali, Savitri Sharma","doi":"10.1186/s12348-025-00466-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-025-00466-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report the outcome of Acanthamoeba keratitis, with early addition of Photo-dynamic antimicrobial therapy with Rose Bengal (PDAT-RB) to the medical treatment (combination of 0.02% Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PH)and 0.02% chlorhexidine(CH)).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients were recruited based on the infiltrate size being < 8 mm and limited to the mid stroma, < 300µ, and confirmed microbiological diagnosis. Along with the continuation of PHMB + CH, patients were also treated with PDAT-RB twice with a gap of one week using 0.1% w/v RB and green LED (525 nm) array immediately after the confirmation of diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 14 patients were enrolled. All the enrolled patients received adjuvant PDAT-RB within 5 (2.5 to 11) days of diagnosis. The average diameter and median depth of the infiltrate were 5.7 ± 1.56(V), 5.9 ± 1.38(H) mm, and 250 (250 to 300)µ, respectively. The mean LogMAR visual acuity at the time of presentation was 2.52 ± 0.95. Out of 14 enrolled patients, infection was resolved in 12 (85.7%) patients, whereas 2 (14.3%) patients needed TPK. The median days to resolve were 110 (67 to 150) days. The final mean LogMAR Visual acuity at the end of the follow-up was 1.60 ± 1.3.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrates the effective resolution of Acanthamoeba keratitis when treated with early adjuvant photodynamic antimicrobial therapy using Rose Bengal (PDAT-RB).</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"15 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11883065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammed A Fenjan, Furkaan Majied Hamied, Ahmed Sermed Al Sakini, Hamzeh Khorsheed, Sandra Thair Al-Aish
{"title":"Preoperative conjunctival flora and antibiotic susceptibility in cataract surgery patients at Ibn Al-Haitham teaching eye hospital in Baghdad, Iraq.","authors":"Mohammed A Fenjan, Furkaan Majied Hamied, Ahmed Sermed Al Sakini, Hamzeh Khorsheed, Sandra Thair Al-Aish","doi":"10.1186/s12348-025-00471-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-025-00471-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endophthalmitis is a rare but severe eye inflammatory disorder caused by bacterial infection that can occur after cataract surgery. Most bacteria are part of the patient's natural flora, and even with antibiotic treatment, it causes considerable ocular morbidity and vision loss.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the preoperative conjunctival flora and their antibiotic susceptibility in patients undergoing cataract surgery at Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital, a tertiary ophthalmology center in Baghdad, Iraq.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional, single-center study based on conjunctival swabs of patients prior to cataract surgery and cultured using blood agar, chocolate agar, MacConkey agar, and Sabouraud agar. Bacterial isolates were identified using Gram staining and biochemical tests, and antibiotic sensitivity was determined using the disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Statistics Version 23.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 200 patients (200 conjunctival swabs of consecutive 200 eyes) scheduled for cataract surgery were included. Positive cultures were found in 45 (24%) patients. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequently isolated microorganism (75% of isolates), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (14.58%), Aspergillus species (6.25%), and E. coli (4.17%). S. epidermidis showed the highest sensitivity to ofloxacin (97.2%) and chloramphenicol (94.4%) and the lowest sensitivity to fusidic acid (11.1%) and ceftazidime (5.6%). S. aureus exhibited the highest sensitivity to chloramphenicol (100%) and tobramycin (85.7%) but was completely resistant to ceftazidime and fusidic acid (100% resistance). E. coli isolates were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and chloramphenicol.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study revealed conjunctival microbial colonization in 24% of cataract surgery candidates, with S. epidermidis being the most prevalent isolate. Chloramphenicol, ofloxacin, Tobramycin, and Ciprofloxacin showed high sensitivity. Fusidic acid and Ceftazidime exhibited negligible sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"15 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11867984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Soleimani, Omid Behjati Najafabadi, Mehrnaz Atighehchian, Alireza Razavi, Zohreh Abedinifar, Seyed Ali Tabatabaei, Hassan Asadigandomani
{"title":"Microbial contamination of therapeutic contact lenses after photorefractive keratectomy: a prospective analysis.","authors":"Mohammad Soleimani, Omid Behjati Najafabadi, Mehrnaz Atighehchian, Alireza Razavi, Zohreh Abedinifar, Seyed Ali Tabatabaei, Hassan Asadigandomani","doi":"10.1186/s12348-025-00469-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-025-00469-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The objective of this study was to examine bacterial contamination in therapeutic contact lenses (TCLs) utilized following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and to identify factors correlated to positive culture outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective study comprised 120 eyes from 60 patients who underwent bilateral PRK surgery at Farabi Eye Hospital in 2022. TCLs, applied postoperatively, were collected between the fifth and seventh days, placed in sterile containers with culture media, and analyzed for microbial growth. The documentation included patient demographic information, refractive status, preoperative conditions, culture results, and antibiotic susceptibility data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated microbial growth was detected in seven lenses, which accounts for 5.8% of the total number of lenses (120 TCLs). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (4 lenses, 2 methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS)), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (1 lens), diphtheroid (1 lens), and micrococcus species (1 lens) were the isolated organisms. The patients did not experience any instances of microbial keratitis during the study period. Patients with positive cultures demonstrated a significantly higher mean age (35.00 ± 7.09 years, P-value = 0.036). No significant gender disparities were identified (P-value = 0.263).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The incidence of microbial contamination in postoperative TCLs following PRK was minimal, with no occurrence of microbial keratitis. Older ages correlated with positive culture outcomes, highlighting the necessity for customized postoperative care approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"15 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143502137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sahar Saad Eldeen Mohamed Shaban, Hend Mohammed Safwat, Abeer Mohammed Abdelmohymen, Donia Ahmed Hassan, Mona Nabeh Mansour, Hanan Said Mohammed, Nora Seliem, Shahinaz El Attar, Doaa Refaat Amin, Seham Kamal Ahmed Khirala, Aya Ahmed Ghamry, Mona Gamal El Din Al Anany, Shaymaa Fathy Mohammed
{"title":"Quantitative levels of interferon gamma as a biomarker in the aqueous and serum samples of infectious and noninfectious uveitis patients.","authors":"Sahar Saad Eldeen Mohamed Shaban, Hend Mohammed Safwat, Abeer Mohammed Abdelmohymen, Donia Ahmed Hassan, Mona Nabeh Mansour, Hanan Said Mohammed, Nora Seliem, Shahinaz El Attar, Doaa Refaat Amin, Seham Kamal Ahmed Khirala, Aya Ahmed Ghamry, Mona Gamal El Din Al Anany, Shaymaa Fathy Mohammed","doi":"10.1186/s12348-025-00461-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-025-00461-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To study the utility of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) as a differentiating biomarker by assessing the aqueous humour and serum of patients with infectious and noninfectious uveitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 40 patients with acute uveitis were divided into 2 groups (18 patients with infectious uveitis and 22 patients with noninfectious uveitis). All the subjects underwent a full ophthalmological examination. Aqueous humour (AqH) and serum samples were collected from uveitis patients. The quantitative levels of IFN-γ in aqueous medium and serum were measured by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The quantitative level of IFN-γ in the aqueous humour was significantly greater (87.5 ± 81) (pg/ml) in infectious uveitis patients than in noninfectious uveitis patients (37.3 ± 9.9) (pg/ml) (p value = 0.006). However, the serum IFN-γ level (pg/ml) did not significantly differ between these groups (p value = 0.279). Thus, the IFN-γ level in the aqueous humour can be used to discriminate between infectious and noninfectious uveitis with 33.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Aqueous IFN-γ can be used as a biomarker for differentiating between infectious and noninfectious uveitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"15 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143502155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammed Falah Aljasir, Dhoha Mohammed Alhamad, Shahad Salah Alsubhi, Assaf Mohammad Almalki
{"title":"Sudden bilateral vision loss: a case report of frosted branch angiitis following pentavalent vaccination in a 2-year-old boy.","authors":"Mohammed Falah Aljasir, Dhoha Mohammed Alhamad, Shahad Salah Alsubhi, Assaf Mohammad Almalki","doi":"10.1186/s12348-025-00455-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-025-00455-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Frosted branch angiitis (FBA) is a rare form of retinal vasculitis that can lead to significant vision loss. This case report presents a unique case of idiopathic FBA in a 2-year-old boy following pentavalent vaccination.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A previously healthy 2-year-old Emirati boy presented with sudden painless bilateral vision loss for one day. His mother noted difficulty walking and a lack of interest in visual stimuli. A few days prior, the child had received a pentavalent vaccination and experienced upper respiratory tract symptoms. Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral dilated pupils, anterior chamber inflammation, and extensive retinal vascular sheathing. Investigations were unremarkable. The patient was treated with oral Prednisolone and Acyclovir. Within two weeks, the vision improved significantly, with complete resolution of retinal vasculitis observed within one month. Over the course of one year, the patient showed no recurrence of symptoms, and only small, stable retinal scars were noted.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case highlights the potential association between pentavalent vaccination and the onset of idiopathic FBA. The pathophysiology behind this association remains speculative, with potential mechanisms including immune dysregulation and molecular mimicry. Prompt recognition and treatment with systemic steroids can lead to favorable outcomes, emphasizing the importance of monitoring visual symptoms in pediatric patients following vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"15 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143502156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chloe Depraetere, Ciel De Vriendt, Dimitri Roels, Elke O Kreps, Virginie G S Ninclaus
{"title":"Recurrent orbital inflammatory syndrome as a presenting sign of multiple myeloma: a case report.","authors":"Chloe Depraetere, Ciel De Vriendt, Dimitri Roels, Elke O Kreps, Virginie G S Ninclaus","doi":"10.1186/s12348-025-00463-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-025-00463-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Orbital inflammation has a variety of underlying causes and warrants comprehensive work-up including extensive blood work and imaging studies. This case report highlights a rare presentation of multiple myeloma presenting as recurrent orbital inflammatory syndrome.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 61-year-old woman experienced brief episodes of recurrent orbital inflammation, as documented by MRI. Work-up revealed a high-risk smoldering myeloma without sufficient evidence of plasma cell-mediated orbital inflammation on the first biopsy samples. The CRAB criteria (hyperCalcemia, Renal insufficiency, Anemia, Bone lesions) were not met, nor were there formal criteria for myeloma. The appearance of crystalline keratopathy allowed for a diagnosis of multiple myeloma, as this ocular involvement demonstrated organ damage. Myeloma treatment led to a complete and ocular remission.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This case emphasizes the importance of conducting a thorough systemic work-up and the need for repeated comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluations with each flare-up of recurrent orbital inflammation. Subtle but rare changes observed during follow-up can provide critical information that may alter the diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"15 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861820/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143492388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hadeel Seraj, Hanan A Alshalan, Reham Alemam, Mohammed A Omair
{"title":"Recurrent strokes as the sole manifestation of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis in a patientwith panuveitis: a case report.","authors":"Hadeel Seraj, Hanan A Alshalan, Reham Alemam, Mohammed A Omair","doi":"10.1186/s12348-025-00454-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-025-00454-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) are a heterogeneous group of rare, autoimmune conditions characterized by widespread, multisystemic inflammation of small to medium-sized blood vessels. We present a case report of a 46-year-old male with a history of prior ischemic strokes and recurrent bilateral non-granulomatous panuveitis associated with a strongly positive cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (c-ANCA) titer. Initial treatment with steroids, methotrexate, and rituximab were ineffective, but the condition responded moderately to cyclophosphamide. This case underscores the importance of considering AAV in patients with unexplained ocular inflammation and highlights the role of c-ANCA testing in diagnosing and managing such cases, even in the absence of classic systemic symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"15 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11842660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Soleimani, Albert Y Cheung, Amir Rahdar, Artak Kirakosyan, Nicholas Tomaras, Isaiah Lee, Margarita De Alba, Mehdi Aminizade, Kosar Esmaili, Natalia Quiroz-Casian, Mohamad Javad Ahmadi, Siamak Yousefi, Kasra Cheraqpour
{"title":"Diagnosis of microbial keratitis using smartphone-captured images; a deep-learning model.","authors":"Mohammad Soleimani, Albert Y Cheung, Amir Rahdar, Artak Kirakosyan, Nicholas Tomaras, Isaiah Lee, Margarita De Alba, Mehdi Aminizade, Kosar Esmaili, Natalia Quiroz-Casian, Mohamad Javad Ahmadi, Siamak Yousefi, Kasra Cheraqpour","doi":"10.1186/s12348-025-00465-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-025-00465-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Microbial keratitis (MK) poses a substantial threat to vision and is the leading cause of corneal blindness. The outcome of MK is heavily reliant on immediate treatment following an accurate diagnosis. The current diagnostics are often hindered by the difficulties faced in low and middle-income countries where there may be a lack of access to ophthalmic units with clinical experts and standardized investigating equipment. Hence, it is crucial to develop new and expeditious diagnostic approaches. This study explores the application of deep learning (DL) in diagnosing and differentiating subtypes of MK using smartphone-captured images.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The dataset comprised 889 cases of bacterial keratitis (BK), fungal keratitis (FK), and acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) collected from 2020 to 2023. A convolutional neural network-based model was developed and trained for classification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study demonstrates the model's overall classification accuracy of 83.8%, with specific accuracies for AK, BK, and FK at 81.2%, 82.3%, and 86.6%, respectively, with an AUC of 0.92 for the ROC curves.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The model exhibits practicality, especially with the ease of image acquisition using smartphones, making it applicable in diverse settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"15 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11825435/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143408842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joana Santos-Oliveira, Ana Maria Cunha, Ana Filipa Moleiro, Margarida Ribeiro, Sónia Torres-Costa, Cláudia Oliveira-Ferreira, Ana Catarina Pedrosa, Joana Araújo, Luís Figueira, Marta Silva
{"title":"Retinitis linked to human herpesvirus type 6: a case study in a splenectomised patient.","authors":"Joana Santos-Oliveira, Ana Maria Cunha, Ana Filipa Moleiro, Margarida Ribeiro, Sónia Torres-Costa, Cláudia Oliveira-Ferreira, Ana Catarina Pedrosa, Joana Araújo, Luís Figueira, Marta Silva","doi":"10.1186/s12348-025-00460-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-025-00460-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a member of the HHV family and is a rare cause of infectious uveitis. We report a case of a splenectomised patient, hospitalised due to invasive pneumococcal disease, who was diagnosed with retinitis in the right eye, with good visual acuity (0.1 LogMAR). Given the presence of HHV-6 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the cerebrospinal fluid and the serum and the coexistence of a severe central nervous system infection, the ophthalmological features were attributed to the HHV-6 infection. He was treated with topical corticosteroid eyedrops, cyclopentolate, and prednisolone acetate ointment and systemically with intravenous ganciclovir 5 mg/kg bid for 14 days and then oral valganciclovir 900 mg bid for 4 weeks. The diagnosis was promptly presumed, enabling the early initiation of appropriate treatment and contributing to the preservation of the good visual acuity initially observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"15 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11811316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}