Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection最新文献

{"title":"A rare case of multisystem autoimmune disease presenting with retinopathy and alopecia post COVID-19 vaccination.","authors":"Srinivasan Sanjay, Samanthila Waduthantri, Manju Chandran, Soon-Phaik Chee","doi":"10.1186/s12348-026-00605-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-026-00605-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a case of autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) with multiple systemic involvement RESULTS: A 45-year-old Asian Indian male presented with progressive blurring of vision in the right eye for five years. Initial best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/80 in RE and 20/25 in LE. Clinical evaluation was normal except for a few pigmentary alterations in the periphery. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) later revealed ellipsoid zone loss, and fundus fluorescein angiography showed peripheral venular leakage. Uveitis workup was negative except for a positive T-spot TB; Anti-tubercular therapy for nine months didn't improve the symptoms, with BCVA declining to 20/400 in RE. Fundus autofluorescence demonstrated hypo-autofluorescence in the macula surrounded by hyper-autofluorescence. Review of history revealed dermatological features, including alopecia areata and scalp vitiligo, followed by ocular disease and systemic autoimmune abnormalities. The history also indicated onset about two months after COVID-19 vaccination. Antiretinal and other systemic antibodies were positive. The patient was diagnosed with auto immune retinopathy (AIR) and treated with mycophenolate mofetil, escalating to 1.5 g twice daily. At final follow-up 6 months later, BCVA improved to 20/200 in RE and remained stable in LE, with reduced autofluorescence abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We report a case of multi system autoimmune disease initially presenting with dermatological features, followed by ocular and other systemic features which may have been triggered following COVID-19 vaccination in an otherwise healthy Indian male. We propose it could be a temporal event and are unable to prove a causal factor. A combination of multimodal imaging with multi-disciplinary approach helped us to come to a final diagnosis in this arduous journey for the patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13538326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148199316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sarcoidosis presenting as fulminant bilateral multifocal choroiditis.","authors":"Jason Tan, Ben Clark, Jordan Nizamovski, David Cordeiro Sousa","doi":"10.1186/s12348-026-00604-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-026-00604-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a case of fulminant bilateral multifocal choroiditis as the presenting manifestation of sarcoidosis despite normal serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and unremarkable thoracic imaging.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>An immunocompetent 32-year-old man was admitted with a systemic inflammatory illness and peripheral lymphadenopathy. Given the acute systemic symptoms and recent international travel to Southeast Asia, an infectious cause was initially suspected. Two days after admission, he developed rapidly progressive bilateral central scotomas, floaters, and photophobia. Examination demonstrated bilateral granulomatous keratic precipitates, anterior chamber and vitreous inflammation, and multifocal yellowish deep retinal lesions with indistinct margins involving the posterior pole and midperiphery. Fundus autofluorescence demonstrated hypoautofluorescent lesions with surrounding hyperautofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed retinal thickening with outer retinal disorganization, subretinal and intraretinal fluid, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) hyperreflectivity and elevation, and choroidal thickening. Infectious investigations, neuroimaging, serum ACE, and thoracic imaging were unrevealing. Although vision deteriorated despite intensive topical therapy, it improved rapidly after high-dose systemic corticosteroids. Excisional biopsy of a palpable inguinal lymph node showed well-formed non-necrotizing granulomas with negative fungal and mycobacterial stains, findings considered in keeping with sarcoidosis. Methotrexate was commenced as steroid-sparing therapy. Quiescence was achieved within three weeks, and visual acuity recovered to 20/20 bilaterally by two months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sarcoidosis may present as fulminant bilateral multifocal choroiditis even when serum ACE and thoracic imaging are normal. Careful general examination for peripheral lymphadenopathy, including inguinal nodes, may help identify an accessible extrathoracic biopsy target, facilitating timely tissue confirmation and early immunosuppression.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13457833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148176031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aspergillus keratitis presenting with an immune ring: a case report and literature review.","authors":"Mehrnaz Atighehchian, Mehran Zarei-Ghanavati, Zohreh Abedinifar, Marzieh Shizari","doi":"10.1186/s12348-026-00600-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-026-00600-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and management of fungal keratitis (FK) caused by Aspergillus spp. presenting with a delayed immune-like ring infiltrate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We report a case describing the clinical course, diagnostic workup, and treatment of a patient with FK initially misdiagnosed as herpes simplex keratitis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 68-year-old woman presented with a three-week history of decreased vision and ocular pain in the right eye. She had previously been treated with topical chloramphenicol 0.5%, frequent topical betamethasone, and oral acyclovir for presumed herpes simplex keratitis. Despite two weeks of treatment, the corneal findings progressed. At presentation to our center, a yellow-white stromal infiltrate with a surrounding immune-like ring in the inferonasal periphery was observed, along with stromal thinning and signs of impending perforation. Corneal scraping confirmed Aspergillus spp. Topical betamethasone was discontinued, and topical voriconazole 1% with chlorhexidine 0.2% was initiated. Cyanoacrylate glue was applied to manage stromal melting. Following antifungal therapy and withdrawal of topical corticosteroids, the condition stabilized.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Immune-like ring formation may be observed in FK due to immune-mediated mechanisms. Despite this immune component, topical corticosteroids should not be used empirically, as they may exacerbate fungal infection and worsen clinical outcomes. It is essential to perform corneal sampling and microbiological confirmation before initiating steroids in cases of immune-like ring lesions. This helps rule out infectious causes, especially FK.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13457898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148176072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with increased risk of allergic conjunctivitis: a multicenter cohort study.","authors":"Natan Lishinsky-Fischer, Daniel Burg, Shoham Kubovsky, Yossi Eshel, Jaime Levy","doi":"10.1186/s12348-026-00607-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-026-00607-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, Th2-driven inflammatory esophageal disease frequently associated with atopic disorders. However, ocular comorbidities in EoE, particularly allergic conjunctivitis, have not been well characterized. In this study, we compare the incidence of ocular outcomes, with a focus on allergic conjunctivitis, between patients with EoE and matched controls with gastroesophageal reflux disease with esophagitis (GERD-E).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective, propensity score-matched cohort study using the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network, including 23,488 patients with EoE and 23,488 matched GERD-E controls. Eligible patients had at least one ophthalmology encounter ≥ 30 days after the index diagnosis. The primary outcome was allergic conjunctivitis; secondary outcomes included dry eye syndrome, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, and uveitis. Kaplan-Meier analyses, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) over a 3-year follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>EoE was associated with a higher 3-year risk of allergic conjunctivitis compared with GERD-E (HR 1.42; 95% CI [1.20,- 1.69]; p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed for dry eye syndrome, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, or uveitis. Positive and negative control outcomes supported internal validity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with EoE have an elevated risk of allergic conjunctivitis compared with GERD-E, consistent with the systemic Th2 inflammatory profile of EoE. Other ocular comorbidities were not significantly increased. These findings highlight the importance of multidisciplinary, allergy-aware care in patients with EoE.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148150193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presumed sarcoid choroiditis: referral pathways, demographic characteristics and disease phenotypes.","authors":"Supawat Trepatchayakorn, Carolina Bernal-Morales, Cristina Arpa, Jose Carlo M Artiaga, Harry Petrushkin","doi":"10.1186/s12348-026-00595-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-026-00595-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To audit the current clinical process whereby patients with presumed sarcoid choroiditis are referred for systemic investigation. To describe demographic and phenotypic heterogeneity of patients clinically diagnosed with presumed sarcoid choroiditis, and to compare between those who were concordant and non-concordant to the 2019 International Workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS) diagnostic criteria.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Retrospective audit of patients clinically diagnosed with presumed sarcoid choroiditis evidenced by the presence of hypo-fluorescent dark dots (HDDs) on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). Cases with serologic evidence of tuberculosis were excluded. A target of six months was set between diagnosis and referral to a sarcoidosis clinic. Demographic data, intra-ocular clinical signs, and systemic investigations-as outlined by IWOS criteria-were analysed and compared between IWOS-concordant and IWOS-non-concordant groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-one cases of suspected sarcoid choroiditis based on clinical diagnosis plus HDDs on ICGA and negative serological tests for tuberculosis were included. Following referral, 56.8% of patients were systemically investigated by a sarcoidosis specialist within six months. Mean age was 46.6 ± 17.1 years, 54.1% were male, and 44.3% Caucasian. 72% (72%) of eyes fulfilled IWOS diagnostic criteria, while 28% did not. Patients who met IWOS criteria were significantly more likely to have a systemic diagnosis of sarcoidosis versus the IWOS non-concordant group (41.2% vs. 0%, p = 0.010).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Approximately half of patients with presumed sarcoid choroiditis were referred for systemic evaluation within 6 months. Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is a useful diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of sarcoid choroiditis. ICGA may help identify systemic sarcoidosis in those who do not meet the IWOS criteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148150170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of sarcoidosis-associated uveitis and idiopathic uveitis.","authors":"Sarah Plavonil, Robin Jacquot, Arthur Bert, Yvan Jamilloux, Laurent Kodjikian, Pascal Seve, Thomas El-Jammal","doi":"10.1186/s12348-026-00598-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-026-00598-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Uveitis is a major cause of blindness in developed countries, and adverse effects associated with long-term use of topical or systemic steroids and immunosuppressive agents are notable. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in sarcoidosis-associated uveitis (SAU) and idiopathic uveitis (IdU).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This monocentric retrospective study included 42 patients with SAU and 15 patients with IdU treated with HCQ for at least six months between March 2003 and December 2022. All types of uveitis were included. Most patients had chronic bilateral granulomatous SAU or IdU. Efficacy was determined by the success rate of HCQ at 6 and 12 months, and at the last visit and was defined as having control of inflammation, no more than 5 mg prednisone daily and less than or equal to 2 drops of dexamethasone phosphate 0.1%, and no treatment failure due to safety. Biomicroscopic data, best-corrected visual acuity, inflammation grading (SUN criteria) and optionally data from optical coherence tomography and fluorescein or indocyanine green angiography were assessed. The Fisher's exact test and the Wilcoxon rank test were used for the comparison of qualitative data and quantitative data respectively. Prednisone dose was compared using a mixed model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median [IQR] duration to the last visit was 19.5 [11-44.8] months in SAU patients and 18 [13-38] months in IdU patients. At the last visit, 55% of patients with SAU (including 70% of anterior SAU and 77% of intermediate SAU) and 40% patients with IdU (including 27% of anterior IdU) were successfully treated with HCQ ; the median [IQR] prednisone dose decreased from 10 [8.0-27.5] to 4 [2.5-5.75] mg/day and from 15.5 [12.5-19.5] to 3.0 [3.0-5.0] mg/day in SAU and IdU patients, respectively. The reduction in median prednisone dose was significant in patients with SAU (p = 0.002). The incidence rate ratio of flare was 0.73 (p = 0.143) in SAU patients and 0.26 (p < 0.001) in IdU patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HCQ could be an interesting therapeutic option for specific types of SAU and IdU. Additionally, HCQ decreased the incidence of flare-ups and the need for oral prednisone in these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13407791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148042537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis: ocular and systemic clinical features and outcomes.","authors":"Charles Zhang, Mariam Tadross, Sujin Kang, Nicolas A Yannuzzi, Thomas A Albini, Harry W Flynn","doi":"10.1186/s12348-026-00593-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-026-00593-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report the clinical presentation, systemic associations, microbiologic spectrum, management strategies, and treatment outcomes of patients with culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review of medical records was conducted of patients with culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis between 2013 and 2024. Data collected included demographics, systemic and ocular findings, culture results, imaging studies, management strategies, and treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 50 eyes from 41 patients were identified. Of these, 30/41 (73%) presented in an outpatient setting. The most common presenting symptom was blurred vision in 36/41 (88%) with only 16/41 (39%) presenting with systemic symptoms. Vitreous cultures disclosed fungal organisms in 19/41 (46%) of cases and bacterial in the remainder. Blood cultures were positive in 23/41 (56%). A systemic source of infection was identified in 23/41 (56%), most often associated with indwelling medical devices in 7/23 (30%). Intravenous drug use was present in 7/41 (17%). All patients received intravitreal antimicrobials and 25/50 (50%) underwent vitrectomy. Death associated with systemic infection occurred in only 3/41 (7%) of patients. Evisceration was performed in 2/50 (4%) eyes. Visual acuity at last follow up was ≥ 20/400 in 26/50 (52%) of eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Endogenous endophthalmitis was associated with a fungal source in 46% of cases and was not associated with systemic symptoms in 61% of cases. In the current study, indwelling medical devices remain an important source of infection. Despite prompt treatment, visual outcomes were generally poor.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148016083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PCR-confirmed severe geographic HSV-1 keratitis associated with systemic JAK inhibitor therapy.","authors":"Dimitri Roels, Elke O Kreps, Isabeau Houben, Anke Delie, Hilde Lapeere, Bart P Leroy, Ilse Claerhout, Tessa Kerre","doi":"10.1186/s12348-026-00601-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-026-00601-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) are successfully used for the treatment of refractory systemic autoimmune diseases. However, JAK-inhibition is known to increase the risk of infection. Herpes Zoster reactivation is the most recognised infectious complication of JAKi. Events involving herpes simplex are reported less frequently than zoster and have generally received less attention. Our goal is to raise awareness of JAKi-associated herpes simplex keratitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This paper describes four cases of severe herpes simplex keratitis in patients treated with oral JAK inhibitors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All patients presented with a geographic epithelial keratitis. One patient presented with bilateral involvement. Viral PCR of corneal swabs demonstrated the presence of HSV-1 and absence of VZV in all patients, confirming the diagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis. The patients were treated with various oral JAK inhibitors (baricitinib, upadacitinib, ruxolitinib and abrocitinib), which demonstrated an underlying class effect. Finally, the time lapse also supports an association between the use of oral JAKi and herpetic keratitis, as evidenced by the development of HSV1-related keratitis shortly after the start of oral JAKi in 3 of the 4 patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Clinicians should be aware of the association between the use of oral JAKi and herpes simplex keratitis. Not only can HSV1-related keratitis manifest itself in this patient group as a severe geographic keratitis, it can also occur bilaterally. An urgent ophthalmological evaluation is recommended for patients taking oral JAKi who present with unilateral or bilateral red, painful eye(s), even in the absence of periocular signs of Herpes Zoster infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13376322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148005584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endophthalmitis caused by gram-negative bacteria: etiologies, antibiotic susceptibilities, and treatment outcomes.","authors":"Brandon Pham, Charles Zhang, Victor Sanchez, Harry W Flynn, Darlene Miller","doi":"10.1186/s12348-026-00597-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-026-00597-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To report the etiologies, antibiotic susceptibilities, and treatment outcomes of patients with culture-proven endophthalmitis associated with gram-negative organisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A single-center retrospective chart review of patients with positive vitreous cultures for gram-negative organisms who presented to a referral center from January 2014 to May 2025.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 46 patients (mean age 69.5 years; 58.7% male). The most common isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19/46, 41.3%), Haemophilus influenzae (8/46, 17.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3/46, 6.5%), Morganella morganii (3/46, 6.5% and Serratia marcescens (3/46, 6.5%). The most common etiologies were post-operative (20/46, 43.5%), followed by bleb-associated (9/46, 19.6%), corneal ulcer (6/46, 13.0%), trauma (5/46, 10.9%), endogenous (4/46, 8.7%), and suture-related (2/46, 4.3%). Most tested organisms were susceptible to amikacin (32/34, 94.1%), gentamicin (33/36, 91.7%), ceftazidime (36/37, 97.3%), tobramycin (33/35, 94.3%), and ciprofloxacin (34/37, 91.9%). Lower susceptibility rates were observed for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (12/18, 66.7%) and ceftriaxone (13/15, 86.7%). All tested organisms were susceptible to meropenem (30/30, 100%). At the last follow-up, only 13.0% (6/46) of patients had a visual acuity of 20/800 or better, and 30.4% (14/46) of patients had no light perception. Enucleation or evisceration was performed in 28.3% of patients (13/46).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the current study, there were generally favorable susceptibilities to commonly used intravitreal antibiotics, but overall patients had poor visual outcomes regardless of specific causative organisms and etiologies. Despite appropriate treatment with intravitreal antibiotics and/or pars plana vitrectomy, enucleation and evisceration were common.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13376072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148005520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical profile of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in healthy individuals of China -new species and neglected risk factors.","authors":"Yingnan Xu, Xuguang Sun, Shanshan Xu, Shijing Deng, Yang Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12348-026-00596-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-026-00596-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To characterize microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis (MKC) in immunocompetent individuals in Mainland China, including novel etiologies and risk factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective analysis of 20 MKC patients in 2025, including clinical features, pathogens (via corneal scrapings and metagenomic sequencing), risk factors and etc. RESULTS: All patients were misdiagnosed for a median of 1 month. Patients (mean age 28.5 years, 13 F) showed Encephalitozoon hellem (65.0%), E. bieneusi (15.0%, first reported in MKC), and Vittaforma corneae (15.0%). Key risks included bird contact (70.0%, mostly psittacines), contact lens use (40.0%), and water exposure (15.0%). The most common symptom was redness (85.0%); limbal fluorescein positivity occurred in 65.0%. Topical 0.02% PHMB cured 90.0% of 20 cases; one recurrence followed treatment stop. Some E. hellem cases linked to parrots showed potential zoonotic transmission.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MKC in China involves E. bieneusi and parrot-associated E. hellem. Limbal staining aids diagnosis; PHMB is effective. Zoonotic risks related to Psittacine birds and contact lens use require clinical attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13469015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147987837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}