Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection最新文献

{"title":"Preliminary exploration of metagenomic sequencing for pathogenic identification in infectious uveitis.","authors":"Jinxia Yu, Yane Gao, Hongsheng Bi, Youhua Zhang, Kai Tang, Dadong Guo, Xiaofeng Xie","doi":"10.1186/s12348-024-00449-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-024-00449-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the advantages and clinical utility of metagenomic sequencing (MGS) in diagnosing infectious uveitis pathogens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted on 20 infectious uveitis patients (20 eyes) who received treatments at the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from May 2020 to February 2021. Anterior aqueous humor of the patients was collected and analyzed using MGS. Then, pathogenic microorganisms that cause uveitis were identified through bioinformatic analyses based on the sequencing data of MGS. Finally, the pathogens identified by MGS were verified using both enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative PCR (qPCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MGS was used to detect viral pathogens in four patients, bacterial pathogens in two patients, and viral and bacterial pathogens in one patient. Among these seven subjects, five were verified by either ELISA or qPCR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MGS holds significant value and promising potential in diagnosing infectious uveitis pathogens. However, it cannot completely replace the traditional diagnostic techniques and still needs to be integrated with conventional methods to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of pathogen detection. As a pioneering technology, MGS will advance the field of pathogen diagnosis in infectious uveitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"14 1","pages":"70"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral primary vitreoretinal lymphoma masquerading as fungal endophthalmitis- a case report.","authors":"Manisha Agarwal, Alankrita Muralidhar, Tanya Jain, Prashant Katre, Arpan Gandhi, Priyanka Gupta, Charu Gupta, Shishir Narain","doi":"10.1186/s12348-024-00426-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-024-00426-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a case of bilateral primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) masquerading as endophthalmitis in a patient with a history of bilateral cataract surgery and COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Observation: </strong>A 60-year-old male patient presented with diminution of vision in both the eyes. There was a history of bilateral cataract surgery done 2 months back at a gap of one week and COVID-19 infection treated with high dose systemic corticosteroids. Patient presented with dense vitritis with yellowish sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deposits in both the eyes six weeks after cataract surgery. It was clinically suspected to be endophthalmitis. Diagnostic vitrectomy was done in both the eyes and vitreous sample was negative on microbiological and cytological examination. Multimodal imaging along with sub retinal biopsy helped in confirming the diagnosis. Management was done using multiple intravitreal methotrexate injections and remission was achieved.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Vitritis with sub-RPE yellowish deposits may be mistaken for infectious endophthalmitis specially in a patient with a history of intraocular surgery or immunosuppression. PVRL is a great masquerader and is to be kept in mind while diagnosing a middle-aged patient with infectious or non-infectious uveitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"14 1","pages":"69"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11683031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rare case of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia endogenous endophthalmitis in pediatric age group.","authors":"Tanya Jain, Alankrita Muralidhar, Arpan Gandhi","doi":"10.1186/s12348-024-00431-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-024-00431-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We report a unique case of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia-related pediatric endogenous endophthalmitis.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 10-year-old male presented with redness and loss of vision in his right eye for two weeks. Clinical examination and ultrasound features were suggestive of endophthalmitis, most likely endogenous due to the absence of a history of trauma or intraocular intervention. Following vitrectomy and appropriate intravitreal antibiotics, the vision improved to 20/80. Vitreous culture revealed a gram-negative bacillus Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Timely recognition of this pathogen and management as per antibiotic sensitivity can help salvage functional vision in this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"14 1","pages":"68"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid, multiplex and automated detection of bacteria and fungi in endophthalmitis via a microfluidic real-time pcr system.","authors":"Siyu Wang, Yiteng Liu, Yingqi Li, Yibo Gao, Zhongliang Zou, Na Xu, Qi Song, Fangyan Liu, Yihong Song, Xian Wang, Zixin Fan","doi":"10.1186/s12348-024-00446-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-024-00446-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endophthalmitis is an ophthalmologic emergency requiring accurate and rapid diagnosis for treatment. Currently, the diagnosis commonly relies on culture and molecular biology, which falls short of clinical rapid diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a self-build Microfluidic Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) System for rapidly identifying potential pathogens of endophthalmitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 22 patients who presented to Shenzhen Eye Hospital and the Ophthalmology Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University in China between January 2023 and March 2024. The samples were cultured using conventional methods and underwent Microfluidic RT-PCR and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Microfluidic RT-PCR System identified pathogens in 11 of 22 cases (50.00%), compared with 40.91% for microbiology culture. 14 cases (63.64%) had concordant results, and 5 cases were positive for the microfluidic system only. The agreements between culture and microfluidic system, as well as culture and mNGS were 100.00% (6/6) and 50.00% (3/6), respectively. The average waiting time for the microfluidic system was about 30 min if excepting DNA extraction time, which was much shorter than 2.88 days for culture and 1.57 days for mNGS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The microfluidic-based RT-PCR system was preliminarily proved to be a sensitive, easy-to-operate, and rapid in-hospital technology. It is expected to become a rapid diagnostic platform for endophthalmitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"14 1","pages":"64"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142853899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demography in Swiss paediatric uveitis: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Jeanne Martine Gunzinger, Alice Kitay, Fabio Meier, Christian Böni, Seraina Palmer Sarott, Brigitte Simonsz-Tóth, Christina Gerth-Kahlert","doi":"10.1186/s12348-024-00448-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-024-00448-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Paediatric uveitis is a rare disease. It can affect any segment and have various etiologies, including infectious, autoimmune, and masquerade diseases. The pupose of this study is to analyse and present the demographic data in paediatric uveitis in a Swiss cohort. Knowledge of local demography may guide targeted work up and treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Single center retrospective study from January 2012 to June 2022. Patients under 18 years of age with uveitis were eligible for inclusion. Demographics (age at first presentation, sex), ocular signs (affected eye segment, laterality, visual acuity; VA, Snellen, decimal, clinical course), and systemic finding were analysed. Frequencies and descriptive statistics were computed, non-parametric tests and odds ratio were applied for sample comparisons. Local ethics committee approved this study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 93 of 133 identified patients were available. 51% were female, mean age at first presentation was 12 years, 60% had bilateral disease. 68% were of non-infectious etiology. Most common identified etiology was toxoplasmosis (20%), followed by JIA (8%) and herpetic (8%). No associated infectious cause or systemic disease was found in 44% of the cases. Most presented with anterior uveitis (50%), followed by posterior (28%), intermediate (20%), and panuveitis (2%). 80% of anterior uveitis were non-infectious; 81% of posterior uveitis were infectious. Bilateral disease was strongly associated with non-infectious uveitis (93%), whereas unilateral disease was more likely to be of an infectious cause (70%); odds ratio = 31. Mean VA of affected eyes at first presentation was 0.79. VA was significantly worse in cases with infectious uveitis compared to non-infectious uveitis (p = 0.007). Nearly a third of affected eyes showed at least one complication. This did not differ between in non-infectious and infectious uveitis cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bilateral disease is strongly suggestive of non-infectious uveitis. Unilateral and posterior disease is suggestive of an infectious cause, with toxoplasmosis being the most often diagnosed cause of uveitis in this cohort. Knowledge of demography is important for specialists to target workup and introduce treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"14 1","pages":"65"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142853302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wide-field fluorescein angiography findings in active anterior scleritis.","authors":"Juan C Romo-Aguas, Miguel Zavaleta-Mercado, Rashel Cheja-Kalb, Claudia Hubbe-Tena, Luz Elena Concha-Del-Río","doi":"10.1186/s12348-024-00439-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-024-00439-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Describe the proportion of patients with wide-field fluorescein angiographic (WFFA) findings in patients with active anterior scleritis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study of the WFFA findings of patients with active anterior scleritis including nodular, diffuse, or necrotizing involvement was performed. Studies were performed with the Heidelberg Spectralis module (102º). Images were saved and assessed by two masked co-authors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-nine eyes from 39 patients, 31 (79%) females with a mean age of 50.5 years ± 13.98. Mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 0.1343 ± 0.2475 logMar or 20/27. WFFA findings were observed in 39.58% of eyes with active scleritis and in 16.66% of eyes without scleritis. Systemic association was present at 50%, with ANCA-associated vasculitis being the most prevalent. WFFA findings were more frequent in cases of anterior diffuse scleritis and correlated with scleritis severity when central and peripheral leakage (p < 0.022) and cystoid macular edema (p < 0.013) were present.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Almost 40% of eyes with anterior scleritis have WFFA findings of vascular leakage and 16% of eyes without scleritis. Retinal vascular leakage needs to be explored as a sign of local and/or systemic activity in patients with anterior scleritis and may have implications for disease severity and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"14 1","pages":"67"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subconjunctival dirofilariasis in a healthy subject: a case report.","authors":"Amirhossein Aghajani, Mohammad Taher Rajabi, Seyed Mohsen Rafizadeh, Elham Rahmanikhah, Reza Samiee, Mohammad Reza Abdol Homayuni, Amin Zand","doi":"10.1186/s12348-024-00447-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-024-00447-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a case of subconjunctival dirofilariasis presenting as an inflammatory mass-like lesion in a healthy individual.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 20-year-old male with a recent history of wildlife exposure in a rural village presented with an inflammatory subconjunctival mass in his left eye. The lesion was surgically excised, and histopathological examination confirmed the presence of an immature nematode of Dirofilaria immitis. The patient was treated with oral ivermectin for two weeks postoperatively. After two months, the lesion had almost completely resolved, and no recurrence was observed during the 6-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Given the rarity of ocular dirofilariasis and its diverse presentations in different ocular and adnexal structures, prompt and complete excision followed by meticulous histopathological evaluation is crucial to guide appropriate management and achieve favorable outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"14 1","pages":"66"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choroidal vasculitis as a biomarker of inflammation of the choroid. Indocyanine Green Angiography (ICGA) spearheading for diagnosis and follow-up, an imaging tutorial.","authors":"Ioannis Papasavvas, William R Tucker, Alessandro Mantovani, Lorenzo Fabozzi, Carl P Herbort","doi":"10.1186/s12348-024-00442-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-024-00442-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is the gold standard to diagnose, evaluate and follow up choroidal inflammation. It allows clinicians to precisely determine the type and extension of choroidal vasculitis in the two main choroidal structures, the choriocapillaris and the choroidal stroma. The presence of choroidal vasculitis is often overlooked by the physician who often does not include ICGA in the investigation of posterior uveitis.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe choroidal vasculitis by analysing its ICGA signs in order to investigate and follow choroiditis and determine the pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammation of choroidal vessels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The tutorial is presenting the normal findings in a non-inflamed choroid and the semiology of diverse choroidal vasculitis conditions, followed by practical illustrations using typical cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The two identified patterns of choroidal vasculitis corresponded on one side to choriocapillaritis appearing as areas of hypofluorescence depicting the involvement and extension of choriocapillaris inflammatory non-perfusion. The vasculitis of the choriocapillaris goes from limited and reversible when distal endcapillary vessels are involved such as in Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS) to more severe involvement in Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE), Multifocal Choroiditis (MFC) or Serpiginous Choroiditis (SC) with more pronounced non-perfusion causing scars if not treated diligently. On the other side, stromal choroidal vasculitis is characterised by leaking hyperfluorescent vessels that appear fuzzy and at the origin of late diffuse choroidal hyperfluorescence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Choroidal vasculitis is present in almost all patients with inflammatory choroidal involvement, occlusive in case of choriocapillaritis and leaky in stromal choroiditis causing vessel hyperfluorescence, fuzziness of the choroidal vessels and late diffuse stromal hyperfluorescence on ICGA. Systemic vasculitis entities produce occlusive vasculitis of large choroidal vessels.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"14 1","pages":"63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11618284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142780389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic measurement of choroidal thickness with swept-source optical coherence tomography in chronic Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: 3 years' follow-up.","authors":"Liria Yamamoto-Rodríguez, Alexander Anduaga-Beramendi, Roger Mediavilla-Vallespín, Olaia Subirà, Pere Garcia-Bru, Xavier Solanich-Moreno, Luis Arias, Josep M Caminal, Olga García-García","doi":"10.1186/s12348-024-00445-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-024-00445-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The course of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is typically assessed qualitatively using indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). However, a quantitative approach could improve accuracy and objectivity. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical value of the automated measurement capabilities of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) to measure choroidal thickness (quantitative approach) in chronic VKH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective, longitudinal case-control study at a tertiary university hospital involving 23 chronic VKH patients (9 convalescent and 14 quiescent) and 17 age-matched controls. Choroidal thickness was automatically measured with SS-OCT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Choroidal thinning and improved vision were associated with treatment while increasing thickness and worsening vision were associated with posterior relapse. Overall, 41.6% of asymptomatic (no change in visual acuity) recurrences in the convalescent group and 25% of recurrences in the quiescent group were detected by SS-OCT. All recurrences diagnosed by SS-OCT showed signs of inflammation on ICGA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Automatic measurement of choroidal thickness with SS-OCT is a rapid, non-invasive method of detecting posterior segment recurrences and treatment response in VKH patients, and could reduce the need for angiography to monitor this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"14 1","pages":"62"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11612052/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term effects of tocilizumab on retinal and choroidal inflammation in Birdshot uveitis.","authors":"Lynn S Zur Bonsen, Daniel Schulze, Steffen E Künzel, Anne Rübsam, Uwe Pleyer, Dominika Pohlmann","doi":"10.1186/s12348-024-00443-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12348-024-00443-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tocilizumab (TCZ), an interleukin-6 receptor antagonist, is approved for treating rheumatic diseases and has demonstrated efficacy in managing refractory non-infectious uveitis (NIU). This retrospective study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of TCZ on inflammation in the retinal and choroidal compartments in Birdshot NIU.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight patients (16 eyes) received TCZ and were included in the analysis. The primary outcomes measured were inflammatory activity in the retina and choroid, assessed by fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) using the Angiography Scoring for Uveitis Working Group at baseline, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean follow-up time with TCZ treatment was 33 months. At baseline, the median FA score was 14 (quartiles: 10.25, 15.25), which significantly decreased over time (at 36 months: 8 (5.5, 11); p = 0.004). In contrast, the ICGA score significantly increased within the first year (median at baseline: 5 (4.75, 7.25); at 6 months: 7 (6, 9.25); at 12 months: 7 (6.5, 9.25); p = 0.002), but returned to baseline levels after two years (at 24 months: 5 (5, 6.5); at 36 months: 5.5 (4, 7.5)). Central retinal thickness (CRT) improved significantly after 6 months (median at baseline: 295 µm (275, 322); at 6 months: 275 µm (251, 308); p = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TCZ is effective in reducing retinal vasculitis and CRT in refractory Birdshot uveitis over time, but might be less effective in managing choroidal inflammation. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal treatment strategies for TCZ therapy in NIU.</p>","PeriodicalId":16600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","volume":"14 1","pages":"61"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11582289/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}