Journal of Medical Primatology最新文献

{"title":"Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Common Marmoset: First Report and a Brief Review of Nonhuman Primate Literature","authors":"Taysia Battee,&nbsp;Olga Gonzalez,&nbsp;Phil S. Medlin,&nbsp;Edward J. Dick Jr,&nbsp;Vinay Shivanna","doi":"10.1111/jmp.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a malignant form of urogenital cancer that arises from renal tubular epithelial cells. Here, we describe a case of renal cell carcinoma in a common marmoset (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positive reactivity for PAX8 and CD10 in the renal neoplasm. We review 115 cases of spontaneous renal tumors in nonhuman primates (NHP) reported in the literature and from the Southwest National Primate Research Center records. Across all NHPs, malignant renal neoplasms were more frequent than benign. There appears to be a male sex predilection for renal tumors in baboons. This is the first reported case of renal cell carcinoma in a marmoset.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16439,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Primatology","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome-Metabolomics Analysis of the Impacts of Balantidium Coli Infection in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)","authors":"Heling Li,&nbsp;Long Zhang,&nbsp;Faliang Zong,&nbsp;Baohong Tian,&nbsp;Xinglong Chen,&nbsp;Hong Wang","doi":"10.1111/jmp.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Balantidium coli</i> (<i>B. coli</i>) is a prevalent intestinal parasite in monkeys, significantly impacting their health. Previous studies have demonstrated that <i>B. coli</i> infection in pigs leads to severe dysregulation of the gut microbiota. However, there has been no report on the alterations in fecal microbiota and metabolites in rhesus monkeys infected with <i>B. coli</i>. In order to investigate the differences in gut microbiota and metabolites between healthy rhesus monkeys and those infected with <i>B. coli</i>, we conducted gene sequencing and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of fecal samples from 6 healthy rhesus monkeys and 5 rhesus monkeys infected with <i>B. coli</i>. The results revealed significant differences in the composition of gut microbiota between rhesus monkeys infected with <i>B. coli</i> and healthy ones (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). The abundance of <i>Campylobacterota</i> was significantly increased (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), while the abundance of <i>Bacteroidota</i> was significantly decreased (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). <i>Prevotella</i> 9 was the dominant genus in both groups, showing a significant increase in the infected group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). At the species level, <i>Brachyspira hampsonii</i> was significantly increased in the infected group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), whereas <i>Prevotella copri</i>, which was the dominant species in both groups, showed a significant decrease in the infected group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Metabolomics studies indicated a significant decrease in levels of metabolites such as dihydrolipoamide, 9(Z),11(E)-Conjugated Linoleic Acid, and 8,9-DiHETrE within fecal samples from rhesus monkeys infected with <i>B. coli</i> (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Correlation analysis of the microbiome and metabolome suggested a close relationship between differential microbiota and metabolites. In conclusion, this study suggests that the colonization of <i>B. coli</i> is associated with dysbiosis of the monkey gut microbiota. This study provides a new insight that using intestinal microbes instead of antibiotics to treat balantidiosis can also serve as a reference for further research on the relationship between gut microbiota and metabolomics in host infections by other protozoa.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16439,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Primatology","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hematological Profile of Naturally Infected Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) With Plasmodium Inui in Ex Situ Captivity Prior to Ex Vivo Cultivation","authors":"Risqa Novita,&nbsp;Agik Suprayogi,&nbsp;Andria Agusta,&nbsp;Arifin Budiman Nugraha,&nbsp;Huda Shalahudin Darusman","doi":"10.1111/jmp.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Anemia, characterized by low hemoglobin, is a key malaria indicator. Malaria in non-human primates (NHPs) is often asymptomatic, requiring laboratory tests and microscopy for diagnosis. Hematological profiles are crucial for understanding NHP clinical conditions and supporting ex vivo <i>Plasmodium</i> culture for antimalarial testing. This study examines hematological changes in <i>Macaca fascicularis</i> naturally infected with <i>Plasmodium inui</i> and provides hematocrit guidelines for ex vivo culture.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ten <i>M. fascicularis</i> were diagnosed with <i>Plasmodium inui</i> in 2023 and subsequently re-screened in this study through microscopic and molecular analyses. Two monkeys (M4, M10) with the highest parasitemia and one negative control (M6) were analyzed. Hematological, albumin, and glucose levels were measured.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>M4 and M10 showed 34.5% and 30.2% hematocrit values, with hemoglobin levels of 10.5 and 8.6 g/dL. M10 exhibited anemia and thrombocytopenia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>M10 showed hematological signs of malaria, while all macaques exhibited microcytic hypochromic anemia. High hematocrit levels are recommended for ex vivo culture.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16439,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Primatology","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143530495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cor Pulmonale and Secondary Pulmonary Arteriolar Hypertension in a Red Howler (Alouatta seniculus) Associated With Klebsiella pneumoniae Pneumonia","authors":"Kavita Sant,&nbsp;Jenelle Johnson,&nbsp;Rod Suepaul,&nbsp;Ignacio Corradini","doi":"10.1111/jmp.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A captive red howler (<i>Alouatta seniculus</i>) monkey developed right-sided heart failure and pulmonary arteriolar hypertension associated with a <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> pneumonia and typhlocolitis. Clinical signs of right-sided heart failure, along with a low-grade diastolic heart murmur and diarrhea, were present.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16439,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Primatology","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Throughput DNA Metabarcoding for the Gut Microbiome Assessment of Captive White-Handed Gibbon and Siamang","authors":"Badrul Munir Md-Zain,&nbsp;Wan Ainin Sofiya Wan-Mustafa,&nbsp;Roberta Chaya Tawie Tingga,&nbsp;Millawati Gani,&nbsp;Abd Rahman Mohd-Ridwan","doi":"10.1111/jmp.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The gut microbiota plays a vital role in primates' overall health and well-being, including small apes (Hylobatidae). The symbiotic relationships between bacteria and the gut aid food digestion, maintain host health, and help them adapt to their environment, including captive conditions. Despite being listed as endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list category, molecular studies on the small ape's gut microbiome are limited compared to other primates. This study aimed to characterize the gut microbiota of captive small apes at Zoo Taiping and Night Safari, Peninsular Malaysia, by evaluating their microbial communities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seven fecal samples from Hylobatidae (white-handed gibbon and siamang) were collected, and the bacteria therein were successfully isolated and subjected to high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The acquired amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were successfully classified into 17 phyla, 82 families, 164 genera, and 43 species of microbes. Each small ape exhibited a unique gut microbiota profile. The phyla Bacteroidota and Firmicutes were dominant in each individual. Environmental conditions and host genetics are among the factors that influence the small ape's gut microbiome composition.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings provide valuable insights into the gut microbiota composition of small apes at Zoo Taiping and Night Safari, thus contributing to the health management and welfare efforts of small apes in captivity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16439,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Primatology","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioconvergence and Non-Human Primate Models in Human Metapneumovirus Research","authors":"Taeho Kwon","doi":"10.1111/jmp.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) poses a significant global health threat. While nonhuman primates (NHPs) remain crucial models, ethical and economic limitations necessitate complementary approaches. Advanced bioconvergence technologies, including organoids, artificial intelligence (AI), and quantum computing, offer scalable, cost-effective, and ethical solutions, enhancing HMPV research, antiviral development, and future clinical applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16439,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Primatology","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of A Combination of Ketamine and Dexmedetomidine as A Field Anesethetic Protocol for Immobilization of Golden-Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata palliata)","authors":"Shannon B. Nodolf,&nbsp;Joseph A. Smith,&nbsp;Kurt A. Volle,&nbsp;Sofía Bernal-Valle,&nbsp;Maraiah Russell","doi":"10.1111/jmp.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The golden-mantled howler monkey (<i>Alouatta palliata palliata</i>) is an endangered primate experiencing acute population declines for reasons not fully identified. Health and disease monitoring are critical factors for understanding animal and ecosystem health, yet limited research has been achieved in this species due to difficulties in successful immobilization and sample collection. The purpose of this research is to investigate the efficacy of combined ketamine and dexmedetomidine in providing safe field anesthesia for golden-mantled howler monkeys (<i>A. palliata palliata</i>) to perform physical examinations and biological data collection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eighteen free-ranging golden-mantled howler monkeys from the Marino las Baulas National Park in Costa Rica received a remote intramuscular injection of a ketamine-dexmedetomidine combination. Anesthetic timing intervals, cardiorespiratory parameters, and venous blood gases were evaluated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Successful anesthesia was induced with mean doses of ketamine 8.65 mg/kg (±0.9) and dexmedetomidine 0.043 mg/kg (±0). Recoveries after reversal administration were rapid and smooth, with all animals successfully reintroduced to their colonies within 49 min (mean 38 min) of reversal administration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ketamine-dexmedetomidine combination is effective at inducing the appropriate anesthetic plane required for field work in this species and should be considered for in situ capture of free-ranging mantled howler monkeys.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16439,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Primatology","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profiling the Gut Microbiome of Hylobatidae and Cercopithecinae: Insights Into the Health of Primates in Captivity","authors":"Roberta Chaya Tawie Tingga,&nbsp;Abd Rahman Mohd-Ridwan,&nbsp;Azroie Denel,&nbsp;Badrul Munir Md-Zain","doi":"10.1111/jmp.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A healthy gut microbiome is essential for digestion in primates, for developing the gut immune system, and for defense against pathogen invasion. Next-generation sequencing allows for determining the microbiome composition and enables the continuous monitoring of primate health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To comprehensively analyze the gut microbiome diversity of three endangered primate species at Matang Wildlife Centre—<i>Hylobates abbotti</i>, <i>Macaca fascicularis</i>, and <i>Macaca nemestrina</i>, using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 18 phyla, 84 families, 188 genera, and 46 species were successfully classified. <i>H. abbotti</i> exhibited the highest microbial diversity with a distinct microbiome profile from the <i>Macaca</i> species. The presence of <i>Treponema</i> (nonpallidum), <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> is critical for gut health, promoting digestion and maintaining the microbial balance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study highlights the importance of monitoring microbial diversity in captive primates to better understand their health and facilitate the early detection of potential pathogens. This also offers insights into microbiome-based strategies for improving overall animal welfare.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16439,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Primatology","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Minimum Alveolar Concentrations of Isoflurane and Effective Plasma Concentration of Propofol in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)","authors":"Kanako Muta,&nbsp;Makoto Koizumi,&nbsp;Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki,&nbsp;Yusuke Sotomaru,&nbsp;Asako Nobukiyo,&nbsp;Hiroki Ohta,&nbsp;Hirotaka James Okano,&nbsp;Masatoshi Kamata,&nbsp;Dai Nagakubo,&nbsp;Ryohei Nishimura","doi":"10.1111/jmp.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Common marmosets (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>) have been widely used as laboratory animals; However, limited sedation and anesthetic protocols have yet to be established. In this study, the minimum alveolar concentration of an inhalant (isoflurane) and effective predicted plasma concentration of an injectable anesthetic (propofol) were measured for optimization of sedation and anesthetic protocols in marmosets.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The minimum alveolar concentrations (MACs) for several stimulations (nociceptive stimulation, endotracheal intubation, and non-painful direct stimulation), MAC-noci, MAC-extb, and MAC-awake, respectively, were measured for isoflurane with the up-and-down method from four healthy marmosets. Predicted plasma concentrations 50 (Cp50s), which are equivalent to MACs of isoflurane, Cp50-noci, Cp50-extb, and Cp50-awake, respectively, were measured for propofol.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>MAC-noci and MAC-extb of isoflurane in marmosets were 1.91% and 1.38%, respectively. MAC-awake was not determined owing to technical difficulties. Cp50-noci, Cp50-extb, and Cp50-awake were 9.45, 7.21, and 3.54 μg/mL, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The obtained results refined existing isoflurane and propofol for sedation and anesthesia in marmosets.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16439,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Primatology","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jmp.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Field-Based Assessment of Disease Symptoms and Physical Wounds in Endangered Shennongjia Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanahubeiensis) Colonies: Implications for Conservation","authors":"Muhammad Zaman,&nbsp;Fangyi Wei,&nbsp;Mei Chen,&nbsp;Luwei Chen,&nbsp;Hui Yao,&nbsp;Zuofu Xiang","doi":"10.1111/jmp.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Globally, approximately 60% of primate taxa are in danger of extinction and the population of 75% of primate species are declining in their natural habitats. The Endangered <i>R. roxellana hubeiensis</i> monkeys in Shennongjia National Park face threats due to their limited genetic diversity and restricted habitat.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study aimed to assess the health of these monkeys through focal animal sampling observations of 90 individuals from June 2023 to July 2024. Additionally, we compared the prevalence of health concerns on days with and without snow. We identified health issues in 32 individuals (46%), including wounds, signs suggesting disease, and deaths.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nine lactating females one juvenile and one infant had eye injuries. We noticed three females and one male exhibiting symptoms of eye diseases. We observed that one adult male and three females showed signs of respiratory disease, while three females exhibited signs of skin disease. We found that one adult male and three females indicated signs of respiratory disease and three females showed signs of skin disease. We found that seven monkeys of different ages, including adults, juveniles and infants, died from injuries, diseases and unknown causes. Respiratory and skin disease symptoms were more common on snowy days than on non-snowy days. Additionally, physical and eye injuries were also more prevalent on snowy days.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In general, our study investigated the health status of Shennongjia golden snub-nosed monkeys and found signs of disease, wounds, and death. Our study also highlighted health issues in monkeys, which can help guide conservation efforts to ensure their survival in their natural habitats.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16439,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Primatology","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143431248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}