Journal of Intellectual Disability Research最新文献

{"title":"Parent/Caregiver Perspectives on the Healthcare Decision-Making Involvement of Young People With Intellectual Disability: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Jessica Keeley, Zhenmei Yeap, Thomas Nevill, Rachel Skoss, Aasta Abbott, Sandra Thompson, Sophie Haywood, Rachel Collins, Katherine Langdon, Jenny Downs","doi":"10.1111/jir.70165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Young people with intellectual disability often have complex healthcare needs. Parent/caregivers can enhance their child's involvement in healthcare decision-making to improve treatment adherence and health outcomes. Healthcare decision-making is embedded within health literacy skillsets, and for people with intellectual disability additional time and assistance are needed to ensure preferences are included. This study aims to explore parent/caregiver perspectives on the different ways that young people with intellectual disability participate in healthcare decision-making and factors that influence involvement to inform future support resources.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-three interviews were conducted with parent/caregivers of 26 females and 27 males with intellectual disability aged 10-25 years. Interviews took place online and were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim after informed consent was provided. Interviews explored decision-making involvement at home and in healthcare settings. A conventional content analysis was conducted using NVivo.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings are organised into three overarching categories including the primary finding of the 'Ladder of decision-making involvement', which describes the different levels of participation in the decision-making process from active to passive, as described by parent/caregivers. Secondary findings include the 'Facilitators and barriers of decision-making involvement', which centre on five key areas (information, opportunities and experiences, communication, relationships, accommodations and support) and 'Parent/caregiver influences and experiences', which include reflections on the value (in terms of the young person's rights and agency), challenges and contextuality of decision-making. Some parent/caregivers did not consider it possible to involve their child in healthcare decision-making due to a perceived lack of capacity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This research makes an important contribution to the literature by mapping parent/caregiver perspectives on the scope of involvement and outlining key factors and influences that shape involvement opportunities, skills and experiences. Findings can inform the resources that support parent/caregivers to develop and assist decision-making skills with their child across levels of involvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenic Genetic Variants, Comorbid Autism and Adaptive Developmental Quotient as Independent Predictors of Intellectual Disability in Children With Global Developmental Delay: An Interpretable Machine Learning Model With Calibrated Risk Estimation.","authors":"Wang Yiwen, Yuan Junying, Zhu Dengna","doi":"10.1111/jir.70164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70164","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Global developmental delay (GDD) frequently precedes intellectual disability (ID), but no validated multivariable prognostic tool exists to support individualised counselling during the initial diagnostic work-up. Existing risk indicators are typically considered in isolation, and their joint contribution within an interpretable predictive framework remains uncertain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We retrospectively analysed 2453 children diagnosed with GDD between January 2014 and December 2023 at a provincial tertiary children's rehabilitation centre, all followed to a minimum age of 60 months. Twenty-eight candidate predictors covering perinatal, developmental, neuroimaging, electrophysiological, genetic and comorbidity domains were retained after multiple imputation, multicollinearity screening with random-forest importance protection and standardisation. Five algorithms-L2- and L1-regularised logistic regression, random forest, XGBoost and LightGBM-were trained on a stratified 70% training partition with class-weight rebalancing; no synthetic minority over-sampling was applied. Probabilities from the L2 model were post hoc recalibrated by Platt scaling. We evaluated discrimination, calibration (slope and intercept after Platt scaling), Brier score and net benefit on the held-out 30% test set, with 1000 bootstrap confidence intervals. Sensitivity analyses excluded post-baseline candidate predictors, and we benchmarked the full model against parsimonious one-, three- and five-feature regressions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Of the cohort, 2037 children (83.0%) progressed to ID, reflecting the referral profile of a tertiary centre. The Platt-calibrated L2 logistic regression achieved an AUC of 0.783 (95% CI 0.735-0.828) with calibration slope 1.01 and intercept -0.005, and a Brier score of 0.113 (95% CI 0.097-0.130). All five algorithms performed within a 0.015 AUC band. The strongest independent risk factors were pathogenic genetic variant pathogenicity (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.86-2.44), comorbid autism spectrum disorder (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.41-2.03) and EEG epileptiform discharges (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.18-1.74); higher Gesell adaptive developmental quotient was the strongest protective factor (OR 0.45 per standardised unit, 95% CI 0.34-0.60). At the Youden-optimal threshold of 0.85, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 66.1%, 76.8%, 93.3% and 31.7%, respectively. Removal of early intensive intervention from the model lowered AUC by only 0.012 (95% CI - 0.002 to 0.026), indicating that retrospective treatment information was not the primary driver of model performance. A parsimonious five-feature model achieved AUC 0.762, recovering most of the discriminative signal. Discrimination was robust to strict exclusion of post-baseline predictors (AUC 0.769), to complete-case analysis (0.839) and to restriction to genetically tested children (0.864).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Amon","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Well-Being in First Person: A Relational Construction of Psychological Well-Being Among Young People With Intellectual Disabilities.","authors":"Javier Piñeiro-Cossio, Paz Cancino, Ignacia Celis, Saray Santana","doi":"10.1111/jir.70166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psychological well-being (PWB) has become a central construct in contemporary psychology; however, young people with intellectual disabilities (ID) remain largely underrepresented in well-being research. Much of the available evidence relies on proxy reports from caregivers or professionals, limiting understanding of how young people with ID themselves conceptualize and experience well-being. This qualitative study explores the meaning of psychological well-being from a first-person perspective among young people with mild intellectual disabilities.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Thirteen participants (six women and seven men, aged 15-29) took part in semi-structured interviews complemented by mind maps to support expression, organization of ideas and accessible communication. Data were analyzed inductively through line-by-line coding and constant comparison, allowing an emergent thematic structure to develop.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings portray psychological well-being as a relational, dynamic and everyday experience, closely linked to feeling accompanied, recognized and capable. Four interrelated dimensions emerged: (1) relationships as a foundation of emotional security and belonging; (2) positive interdependence, in which autonomy is enacted through supported decision-making rather than absolute independence; (3) action, including physical and sporting activities, as a pathway for emotional regulation, competence and identity affirmation; and (4) purpose and recognition, whereby goals acquire meaning through social contribution and validation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>When contrasted with Ryff's eudaimonic model, which positions individual autonomy as its core dimension, an important tension emerges: in this study, autonomy is experienced in relational and interdependent ways. The findings support the need to broaden traditional models of psychological well-being by incorporating relational and contextual perspectives that more accurately reflect how young people with intellectual disabilities experience, construct and sustain well-being in their everyday lives.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148794163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Phenotypic Correlates and Predictive Factors of Catatonia in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder.","authors":"Rahime Duygu Temelturk, Esra Yurumez, Banu Kaymak, Yağmur Özgür Karabıyıkıoglu, Nisa Didem Zengın, Didem Behice Öztop","doi":"10.1111/jir.70158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Catatonia, a psychomotor syndrome increasingly recognized in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), remains frequently underdiagnosed due to symptom overlap, particularly in adolescent populations where data remain limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, clinical correlates and predictive factors of catatonia in adolescents with ASD, focusing on sociodemographic, behavioural and affective characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 107 adolescents aged 12-20 years with ASD were evaluated at a tertiary child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic. The diagnosis of catatonia was established using DSM-5 criteria and the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS). ASD severity, repetitive behaviours and internalizing symptoms were assessed using the Global Assessment Scale, the Autism Behaviour Checklist (ABC), the Repetitive Behaviour Scale-Revised (RBS-R) and the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Parent version (RCADS-P). Group comparisons, correlation analyses and binary logistic regression were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Catatonia was identified in 21.5% of participants. The most frequent symptoms were stereotypy (73.8%), impulsivity (37.4%), echolalia (36.4%), verbigeration (30.8%) and agitation/excitement (30.8%). Female sex, greater ASD severity, depressive symptoms and separation anxiety were significantly associated with catatonia. The catatonia group demonstrated higher scores on the ABC-Relationship Building, RBS-R-Stereotyped Behaviour and RCADS-P-Depression subscales. Logistic regression revealed that female gender and clinically significant separation anxiety symptoms were independent predictors of catatonia (Nagelkerke R² = 0.26, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the importance of targeted screening for catatonia in ASD populations, particularly in females and individuals with co-occurring separation anxiety symptoms. Early recognition and intervention may mitigate functional deterioration and improve clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148794160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frailty in Adults With Down Syndrome: Cognitive, Functional and Biomarker Associations.","authors":"Georg Nübling, Lena Marth, Katja Sandkühler, Anna Stockbauer, Elisabeth Wlasich, Alexander Jäck, Olivia Wagemann, Julia Kustermann, Steffen Halbgebauer, Hayrettin Tumani, Günter Höglinger, Johannes Levin","doi":"10.1111/jir.70162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Down syndrome (DS) entails widespread age-related functional decline affecting multiple organ systems, including genetically determined early-onset Alzheimer disease (DSAD), resulting in an increased vulnerability to frailty early in life. We investigated the relationship between frailty, cognition and intellectual disability (ID) in adults with DS and explored biomarkers associated with frailty.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study investigated 148 consecutive patients at a DSAD outpatient clinic. We applied correlation analyses and hierarchical linear models to determine associations of the Frailty Index for people with Intellectual Disabilities-short form (ID-FI_SF) with measures of cognition (Cambridge cognitive assessment, CAMCOG-DS), adaptive function (short adaptive behaviour scale, SABS), motor function (SPES/SCOPA), a screening tool (dementia screening questionnaire in individuals with intellectual disabilities, DSQIID-G) for dementia-related change in ADL (activities of daily living) performance, and ID severity (DSM-5). Patients were stratified as cognitively healthy, DS-MCI, DSAD dementia, secondary cognitive decline (CD) or CD of unknown cause. Exploratory analyses included blood biomarkers, bioimpedance measurements and indirect calorimetry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both baseline ID severity (β = 0.093, p = 0.014) and cognitive performance (CAMCOG-DS, β = -0.0033, p < 0.001) were independently associated with ID-FI_SF scores. Acquired cognitive decline was associated with (pre)frailty irrespective of aetiology. After adjustment for ID severity and cognition, ID-FI_SF scores were associated with adaptive function (SABS: β = -0.0033, p < 0.001), motor function (SPES-SCOPA: β = 0.015, p < 0.001), change in ADL performance (DSQIID-G: β = 0.0061, p < 0.001) and medication burden (β = 0.016, p < 0.001). Exploratory biomarker analyses identified associations with ID-FI_SF scores for markers of neurodegeneration, inflammation, body composition, cardiac function and cellular stress signalling.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Frailty in DS is associated with both ID severity and acquired cognitive decline. Future studies should determine whether severe baseline ID increases susceptibility to frailty or primarily influences frailty measurement through lower baseline functional abilities, potentially necessitating ID-adapted frailty thresholds. Biomarker associations further support a multifactorial model of frailty involving neurodegeneration, inflammation and sarcopenia-related processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148794357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Organisational and Managerial Interventions in Formal Care Settings on Aggressive Behaviour in Adults With Intellectual Disability or Autistic Adults. A Systematic Scoping Review.","authors":"Yuliya Bodryzlova, Ashley J Lemieux, Evelyne Robert Berger, Marie-Joëlle Braconnier, Geneviève Pinard, Diane Morin, Anne G Crocker","doi":"10.1111/jir.70157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aggressive behaviour in formal care settings for persons with intellectual disability or autistic adults poses significant challenges. Individual-level interventions have shown limited efficacy, highlighting the need to explore organisational and systemic approaches. However, research remains scarce on how organisational and managerial practices affect aggressive behaviours in care settings.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This project aimed to review service organisation and managerial practices affecting aggression towards others and objects in adults with intellectual disability or autism in formal care settings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic scoping review was conducted, focusing on the concepts of \"Intellectual Disability/Autism Spectrum Disorder,\" \"Aggressive Behaviour,\" and \"Care Organisation\". Academic databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Medline) and grey literature sources (Google Scholar, government sites) were searched for studies published between 1994 and 2023 in English and French. Selected articles were categorised by intervention type and a narrative synthesis was conducted for each category.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Of 4426 references, 12 publications were selected for narrative synthesis. The following interventions demonstrated positive effects on the frequency and severity of aggressive behaviour in formal care settings: enhanced services and revised care pathways, improved provider accountability, staff support and more livable, homelike physical environments. No effect was found for case grouping.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Interventions addressing organisational and managerial practices may help reduce aggressive behaviour in formal care settings. Ecological models of health may guide the efforts of decision-makers and practitioners in this endeavour.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148759521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tablet Assessment of Cognition in Down Syndrome: Comparison of Researcher and Caregiver Administration.","authors":"Emily K Schworer, Emily K Hoffman, Anna J Esbensen","doi":"10.1111/jir.70160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Identifying flexible and rigorous methods to administer assessments in Down syndrome research is critical for limiting participation burden. Tablet assessments have the potential to be presented remotely, but consistency between researcher and caregiver administrations is unknown.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were 24 children with Down syndrome aged 10-17 years and their caregivers. Children completed two sessions: one administered by their caregiver and one administered by research staff. Tablet measures were selected from the NIH Toolbox and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences between child performance on researcher-administered compared to caregiver-administered NIH Toolbox Flanker, CANTAB RTI and CANTAB PAL measures. Floor effects impacted additional measures with high agreement (NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Task completion did not differ across administrators, demonstrating evidence for parents' ability to facilitate assessments. Inconsistent agreement statistics warrant future work in larger samples and additional understanding of child tablet assessment performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148760135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gap Between Humanistic Ideals and Everyday Direct Support for Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: Reflections of Young Volunteers in Residential ID Services.","authors":"Ran Neuman","doi":"10.1111/jir.70161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Humanistic and rights-based approaches emphasize dignity, autonomy, self-determination and meaningful participation in community life for adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). Yet, in many ID services, everyday support is often shaped by risk-averse routines, safeguarding responsibilities and normalization-oriented expectations, creating tensions between declared commitments and daily practice. This study focuses on a year-long residential volunteer programme in which Generation Z young adults live and volunteer alongside adults with ID in a residential community. Their close involvement in everyday life, combined with their absence of formal professional responsibilities, offers a unique vantage point for re-examining how autonomy, protection and expectations of progress are negotiated in everyday support.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using a qualitative design, the study drew on focus-group data collected over 6 months with 12 young volunteers aged 18-19 in a year-long residential programme within a professionally guided residential ID service. The discussions explored volunteers' reflections on everyday support relationships, autonomy, protection, social inclusion and the meanings they attributed to volunteering. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed manually using reflexive thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings are organized according to the study's three research questions. Volunteers perceived the goals of support as extending beyond functional independence towards authentic dialogue, supported challenge and a more flexible understanding of progress. They also described volunteering as a developmental encounter that reshaped their self-perceptions through vulnerability, responsibility and relational acceptance. Finally, they viewed social change as dependent on everyday exposure to people with ID, through which their presence becomes familiar, ordinary and less stigmatized.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Volunteers' reflections offer a distinctive lens for examining how humanistic commitments are translated into everyday residential support. Their accounts illuminate the relational and ethical tensions involved in balancing autonomy, protection, normalization and expectations of independence. The findings suggest the value of strengthening reflective practice in ID services and of re-examining how 'progress' is defined in everyday support, beyond functional goals and standardized expectations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148706802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behaviours That Challenge in Special Schools: Heterogeneity of Profiles Among Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Implications for Educational Support.","authors":"Zakaria Mestari, Severine Pradel, Aline Veyre, Rachel Sermier Dessemontet","doi":"10.1111/jir.70155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to examine the types and frequency of challenging behaviours (CB) among students with intellectual and developmental disabilities in special education schools and identify profiles among them.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected from 239 special school staff members, who reported information on 635 students via an online survey. A multilevel latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of students based on the type and frequency of CB while controlling for respondent nesting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to respondents, among students in their classrooms (M = 6.02, SD = 2.54) about half displayed persistent CB (M = 2.88, SD = 2.08). Oppositional and socially inappropriate behaviours were the most frequently reported, displayed by over 90% of students with CB and occurring daily. Group 1 (n = 169, M = 11.00 years) exhibited the most severe and frequent CB across nearly all categories, mainly physical and verbal aggression and destructive behaviours. Group 2 (n = 200, M = 9.90 years) showed high levels of physical aggression, self-injurious and destructive behaviours, but very low levels of verbal aggression. Group 3 (n = 131, M = 12.17 years) was characterised by overall low levels of CB, with some verbal aggression. Finally, Group 4 (n = 135, M = 10.86 years) showed elevated rates of destructive behaviours, a moderate prevalence of physical aggression and self-injurious behaviours, in addition to the lowest rate of socially inappropriate behaviours.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These profiles highlight the heterogeneity of CB presentations among students in specialised educational settings and underscore the need for tailored educational and behavioural support and intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148663981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prompted Voiding Utilising Toilet Alarms and Individual Toileting Plans for Adults With an Intellectual Disability And Incontinence.","authors":"Janet Finlayson, Nick Gore, Dawn A Skelton","doi":"10.1111/jir.70149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Urinary incontinence is common amongst adults with an intellectual disability, yet there is a paucity of interventions to promote continence in this population. The aim was to test the feasibility of a toileting intervention with adults with an intellectual disability.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a feasibility study. Seventeen adults with an intellectual disability and incontinence participated in a 12-week prompted voiding toileting support programme, which utilised wrist-worn toilet alarms and individual plans to prompt regular toilet visits for voiding.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen (77%) followed their toileting plan over the 12-week period with support, and 15 (88%) intended to continue with their plan beyond the study period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prompted toilet visits, which incorporate individual toileting plans and meaningful personal goals-setting, were found to be a feasible toileting intervention for the majority in the sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148620397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}