Journal of Intellectual Disability Research最新文献

{"title":"Cognitive and Behavioural Associations of Visual and Hearing Impairments Across the Lifespan in People With Down Syndrome, a Scoping Review.","authors":"Nicolo J Betoni, Cynthia M Okamoto, Ira T Lott, Christy L Hom","doi":"10.1111/jir.13248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hearing and visual impairments are common in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), yet it remains unclear whether sensory impairments are associated with cognitive and behavioural functioning such as language, memory and socialisation. This literature review examines those associations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scoping review of four databases was conducted to examine associations between sensory impairments and cognitive or behavioural outcomes in individuals with DS. Study evidence was assessed based on design, sample size, assessment modalities and statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 1471 studies screened, 38 met inclusion criteria. Hearing impairments were associated with delays in language and motor development during infancy, lower overall cognitive ability and social communication difficulties in childhood and reduced adaptive functioning and intellectual decline in adulthood. Visual impairments were linked to learning difficulties in childhood and to declines in adaptive behaviour, visual-motor integration and cognitive performance in adulthood. Subdomains of cognitive functioning such as memory, reasoning or processing speed were not reported for adults.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Uncorrected hearing and visual impairments in individuals with DS are associated with a range of cognitive and behavioural outcomes across the lifespan. The strongest associations were observed between hearing impairments and language delays in infancy and childhood, and between visual impairments and adaptive behaviour challenges in childhood and adulthood. Sensory impairments were associated with challenges in similar domains-particularly language, adaptive functioning and learning-across the lifespan. This suggests a potential continuity of these associations over time and that long-standing uncorrected impairments may be associated with reduced cognitive reserve and increased vulnerability to decline-highlighting the need for early identification and intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Factor Structure of the Self-Determination Inventory Portuguese Translation for Persons With and Without Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Confirmatory Analysis.","authors":"Clarissa Moreira, Celeste Simões, André Oliveira, Armanda Pereira, Pedro Rosário, Mayumi Hagiwara, Karrie A Shogren, Sofia Santos","doi":"10.1111/jir.13249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Self-determination has seen increasing interest in literature worldwide, in terms of its contextualisation, operationalisation and assessment. Developing sound and robust instruments will enable valid assessment both within individual countries and in cross-cultural comparisons.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The new Self-Determination Inventory (SDI) was translated and adapted into Portuguese, for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and our goal was to analyse the SDI Portuguese Translation's factorial structure. The inventory was administered to 408 participants, between 13 and 73 years old (27 ± 13.6), 246 females and 162 males, with (n = 146) and without IDD (n = 262). Factor structure, measurement invariance and latent difference between persons with and without IDD were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The confirmatory factor analysis supported the SDI Portuguese Translations' psychometric properties. The data fit a unidimensional model, indicating that the 21 items represent the construct better than a three-factor model. The measurement invariance across groups confirms that the latent construct can be measured and the assessment used with both groups. However, participants with IDD experience greater variability in scores and tend to report lower levels of self-determination.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings provide support for the use of SDI Portuguese Translation for persons with and without IDD. Implications for research and practice are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Further Characterisation of the Neuropsychological Profile, Social Perception, and Academic Skills in Sotos Syndrome.","authors":"Niccolò Butti, Cosimo Urgesi, Alice Decio, Lidia Pezzani, Donatella Milani, Rosario Montirosso","doi":"10.1111/jir.13250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by physical overgrowth and by frequent intellectual disability and comorbidity with neurodevelopmental disorders. A recent study documented a specific cognitive profile of SoS. However, further research is needed to replicate and expand these findings to other neuropsychological domains, including social perception. Moreover, numeracy has long been considered as a weakness in SoS, but inconsistent evidence asks for a further assessment of academic skills.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This single-cohort, cross-sectional study enrolled 28 participants with SoS aged 5-18 years, who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Moreover, a school-age subgroup was administered with standardised tests assessing academic skills.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The neuropsychological profile was characterised by lowest scores in both language and visuospatial abilities and highest scores in memory for faces. Greatest difficulties were observed in rapid verbal production, visuospatial memory and graphomotor control. Neither attention and executive functions nor social perception skills were relative weaknesses or strengths of the profile. An exploratory analysis revealed that the comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder did not result in a different neuropsychological profile. A large part of the sample had poor mathematics skills, and only one participant did not display any difficulties in mathematics.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study extends the previous characterisation of the SoS cognitive profile and documents a prevalent difficulty in mathematics skills. Notably, social perception does not emerge as selectively impaired in SoS. The results have important implications for tailoring rehabilitative interventions, school adjustment and daily living of children and adolescents with SoS.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Emotional Development in Persons With Intellectual Disability With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder.","authors":"Hauke Hermann, Annemieke M Witte, Anna Pöhlmann, Paula S Sterkenburg, Tanja Sappok","doi":"10.1111/jir.13251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13251","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intellectual disability (ID) often co-occurs with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To better understand the needs of persons with ID/ASD, level of emotional development (ED) can be determined with the Scale of Emotional Development-Short (SED-S). This preregistered study examined differences in ED by comparing total, domain, and item scores between people with ID/ASD and people with ID.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred seventy-four participants with ID/ASD were matched to 174 participants with ID only. Informants reported on the SED-S, which includes 200 yes-no items grouped into eight domains, with each domain including five stages of ED.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ID/ASD group showed lower total scores (M = 2.19, SD = 0.97) compared with the ID group (M = 2.86, SD = 1.11). They also showed lower scores in all eight domains. When groups were compared based on total scores, people with ID/ASD in SED-S 2 scored lower in the domain Affect, while those in SED-S 3 scored lower in the domains Affect, Communication, and Peers compared with people with ID in the same stage. People with ID/ASD in SED-S 4 scored higher in the domain Peers compared with people with ID in the same stage. There was an uneven distribution of 'yes' responses, significant differences in 'yes' responses to 27 items, and a lower mean frequency of 'yes' responses from people with ID/ASD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although this study was largely exploratory and warrants replication, results provide an important next step towards a better understanding of the emotional needs and behaviours of people with ID/ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Disparities in the Utilisation of Therapy Services for Children With Down Syndrome Through a Deidentified Medicaid Data Set.","authors":"Ashlyn J McKeehan, Cristina R Smith, Christina Y Pelatti, Roxanna Bendixen, Sara Knox","doi":"10.1111/jir.13246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The objective of this retrospective observational study was to examine disparities in health care utilisation for children with Down syndrome (DS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Outpatient Medicaid claims from 2016 to 2018 were used to examine the utilisation of therapy services and annual Medicaid payments for children with DS based on sex, race and age. Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyse the relationship of therapy utilisation with sex, race and age. Gamma-distributed log link model was used to analyse the relationship between annual Medicaid payments and race.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort consisted of 17 813 children with DS aged 21 and under. There was no significant difference in utilisation of therapy services between sexes. The likelihood of receiving therapy services decreased for Black or other race individuals compared to White. White individuals had higher annual Medicaid payments than Black or other race individuals. The likelihood of receiving therapy services increased for children 3-17 years old when compared to children aged 0-2 years old.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>There are significant disparities in therapy utilisation for children with DS related to race and age. Increased annual Medicaid payments for White individuals may indicate that they are receiving more outpatient services than the Black/other populations. Decreased therapy utilisation for ages 18-21 years corresponds with the transition to adulthood. The decreased likelihood of receiving therapy services for ages 0-2 is concerning due to the importance of early intervention. Further research is needed to evaluate factors contributing to disparities in outpatient utilisation for children with DS.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143996314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Course of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents With a Mild to Borderline Intellectual Disability, Inside and Outside Residential Treatment.","authors":"Johanna J Westera, Mariët J van der Molen, Carlo Schuengel","doi":"10.1111/jir.13242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study compared anxiety and depressive problems in adolescents with a mild to borderline intellectual disability in a residential treatment facility (MBID-RT) to those in the general community (MBID-GC).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants (N = 923, aged 11.9-19.3 years, M = 14.6 years, SD = 1.51, 42% girls) completed measures on anxiety and depressive problems. Part of this group (n = 155) participated twice, roughly 1 year apart.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adolescents in the MBID-RT subgroup reported statistically more anxiety and depressive problems (higher average scores, higher percentages above cut-off scores and higher percentage of comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms). Over a 1-year period, anxiety and depressive symptoms decreased in the MBID-GC subgroup but not in the MBID-RT subgroup.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings call attention to the high prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescents with MBID in general, and those in residential treatment in particular, especially when externalising problems may be on the foreground.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using UNICEF's Early Child Development Index 2030 to Identify Young Children With Significant Cognitive Delay.","authors":"Eric Emerson, Gwynnyth Llewellyn","doi":"10.1111/jir.13245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To help redress the global bias of intellectual disability research drawing on high-income countries, previous studies have used data from UNICEF's Early Child Development Index (ECDI) to create an indicator of Significant Cognitive Delay (SCD) in young children. Recently, UNICEF have replaced the ECDI with an updated 20-item version; the ECDI2030. Our aim was to investigate the utility of using ECDI2030 data to provide a more robust measure of SCD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted secondary analysis of ECDI2030 data on 92 506 2-4-year-old children from 23 nationally representative surveys undertaken primarily in the world's poorer countries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 11 learning items of the ECDI2030 showed good internal consistency overall and in each of the participating countries. Using age-specific cut-points for SCD generated from 20 013 children in nine countries with high Human Development Index (HDI) scores produced country-level estimates of the prevalence of SCD that ranged from 1.1% to 34.1%. These prevalence estimates showed a strong relationship with both country HDI score and national wealth. Increased within country risk of SCD was independently associated with male gender, lower relative household wealth, lower level of maternal education and non-enrolment in early childhood educational programmes. Comparison with SCD based on the older ECDI indicated that the two versions correlated very highly, although the newer version produced slightly higher prevalence estimates than the previous version.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ECDI2030 is being used in Round 7 of UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys which are currently underway in 46 countries and in a growing number of USAID funded Demographic Health Surveys. Individual-level data from surveys are freely available to researchers. As data from these surveys begin to be released, they will provide a highly cost-efficient way to redress the current bias in intellectual and developmental disabilities research toward high-income countries and to understand the of children at risk of intellectual disability or global developmental delay in the world's poorer countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shorter Telomeres and Faster Telomere Attrition in Individuals With Five Syndromic Forms of Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Sarah M Hanley, Nicola S Schutte, Jessica Bellamy, Joshua Denham","doi":"10.1111/jir.13244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>People with intellectual disability suffer complex challenges due to adaptive functioning limitations, high rates of chronic diseases and shortened lifespans compared with the general population. Telomere shortening is a hallmark of ageing, and short telomeres are linked to neurological disorders. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify any differences in telomere length and the rate of telomere attrition in leukocytes and fibroblasts from people with intellectual disability and controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect were searched. Articles that compared telomere length in individuals with intellectual disability to apparently healthy age-matched controls were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the AXIS tool and data were analysed using CMA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifteen studies comprised of 17 comparisons provided data and were included in meta-analyses. Compared with healthy controls (N = 481), people with intellectual disability (N = 366) from a known genetic syndrome (Cri du chat, Down, Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson, Williams or Nicolaides-Baraitser) possessed shorter leukocyte telomeres (SMD: -0.853 [95% CI: -1.622 to -0.084], p = 0.03). Similarly, relative to controls (N = 16), people with syndromic intellectual disability (N = 21) possessed shorter fibroblast telomeres (-1.389 [-2.179 to -0.599], p = 0.001). Furthermore, people with syndromic forms of intellectual disability also demonstrated a faster rate (2.09-fold) of telomere shortening.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Consistent with epidemiological findings on mortality and morbidity risk, people with syndromic intellectual disability appear to undergo a faster rate of biological ageing compared to the general population. These findings emphasise the need for healthy ageing lifestyle (i.e., exercise and stress management) and therapeutic interventions for people with syndromic intellectual disability.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of Common Ailments and Nonprescription Medications Found in Medication Reviews for People With Intellectual Disability.","authors":"Chelsea Felkai, Jamie-Lee Carew, David Newby, Hayley Croft","doi":"10.1111/jir.13243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>People with intellectual disability (ID) are more susceptible to experiencing minor health issues. This research describes the common ailments and nonprescription medications found in people with ID who have had a medication review performed by a credentialed pharmacist in Australia.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The aims of this research were to (i) describe the common ailments found within people with ID and (ii) identify and quantify the nonprescription medications documented in medication reviews for people with ID.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This research conducted a retrospective analysis of medication review reports and referrals from credentialed pharmacists who have performed a medication review for a person with ID between January 2020 and January 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 80 responses and reports were obtained. The average age of the person with ID was 52 years. On average, each medication review listed 6.6 common ailments and 8.0 nonprescription medications. The highest number of nonprescription medications listed for a single individual was 26.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This research is the first to exclusively examine common ailments and nonprescription medications found in people with ID through medication reviews. Further research is needed to confirm study findings revealing a potentially high occurrence of common ailments and nonprescription medication use in this population compared to other similar populations and notable polypharmacy for nonprescription medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143996311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inequalities of the Waiting Time for Education Health and Care Plan Provision for Pupils With Intellectual Developmental Disabilities: A Brief Report.","authors":"Irene O Lee, Jeanne Wolstencroft, Harriet Housby, Marianne B M van den Bree, Samuel J R A Chawner, Jeremy Hall, Michael J Owen, David H Skuse","doi":"10.1111/jir.13239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children and young people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) face challenges across various aspects of their lives and require significant support, particularly in the field of education. In the United Kingdom, Education, Health and Care Plans (EHCPs) support those with special educational needs (SEN) in schools. Disparities exist throughout our national educational system with respect to how long pupils with IDDs must wait for an EHCP, but the socio-demographic influences on those disparities are currently unknown. Delays in providing EHCP support result in negative educational, wellbeing and developmental outcomes. Using data from the National Pupil Database (NPD), we examined variabilities in waiting times for EHCP provision, and correlations with potentially influential variables such as SEN classification, family socio-economic status, region of domicile and ethnicity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This national study recruited 2131 participants [6-28 years old, mean (SD) = 14.1 (4.4) years] with IDDs associated with a genetic condition. Families gave consent for their child's educational records to be reviewed by the research team. All participants had received an EHCP at some point during their full-time education in England. We accessed the NPD (provided by the UK Department for Education), for details of participants' primary SEN type, free school meal eligibility, ethnicity and the academic year in which they received an EHCP. Based on their home address postcode, we assigned to each family an index of multiple deprivation (IMD) score. From the NPD, we calculated the waiting time between a child's recommendation for an EHCP and the time they received it. We compared these data with IMD scores, primary SEN type, free school meal eligibility, English region of domicile, ethnicity, and sex. We used linear regression models to examine the associations between the predictors (the above demographic independent variables) and the duration of time it took for children to receive an EHCP.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants with IDDs of genetic aetiology who lived in the most socially deprived regions of England waited longer for EHCP support than those in the least deprived regions, irrespective of the NPD classification of the child's SEN type. Neither the child's ethnicity nor their sex had any added impact. Whatever their IMD status, participants living in London obtained an EHCP more quickly than those living elsewhere in England.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There are nationwide inconsistencies in the time taken to provide EHCPs to children and young people whose intellectual impairments are of known genetic aetiology. Regional inequalities in the funds available to local education authorities could be a major contributory factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}