Journal of Intellectual Disability Research最新文献

{"title":"Oral Health and Pneumonia in Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Katrina Byrne, Dominika Lisiecka, Gary Moran, Blánaid Daly, Isabel Fleischmann, Philip McCallion, Mary McCarron, Caoimhin Mac Giolla Phadraig","doi":"10.1111/jir.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pneumonia is a leading cause of death for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), who also have increased risk of oral disease. Given the known relationship between oral disease and pneumonia in similar populations, this review aims to explore what is known about the association between oral health and pneumonia among people with IDD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic scoping review was carried out in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute methods and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist (PRISMA-ScR). A systematic search of Medline (Ovid), Embase, Cochrane Trials, Cochrane Review, CINAHL and PubMed was conducted, guided by a registered protocol. The PCC framework informed the search and inclusion criteria. Titles and abstracts were independently screened by two reviewers, with full texts assessed for relevance to oral health and pneumonia in adults with IDD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following a protocol and defined criteria, (2544) articles were abstract screened; a further (31) reached full-text review, with (7) included in this review. Study designs included cross-sectional studies (2), retrospective cohorts (2), prospective cohorts (2) and one RCT pilot (1). Six studies reported oral carriage of respiratory pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Two studies reported predictive relationships between oral pathogens and pneumonia, with increased odds of respiratory illness associated with positive PCR results for specific pathogens (OR 9.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-38.8). Two studies identified poor oral health as a predictor of pneumonia, using validated tools such as the ROAG (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.5). Mediating factors included enteral feeding, level of IDD, and history of oral disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Research consistently finds carriage of potential respiratory pathogens in the oral microbiome of people with IDD. Despite this, there is a significant lack of research into the relationship between the oral microbiome, poor oral health, and pneumonia in this population, though the latter two are both prevalent and consequential. There is an urgent need for further research exploring the role that oral health and the oral microbiome play in pneumonia among people with IDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurobehavioural Patterns in the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Down Syndrome.","authors":"Lina R Patel, Meghan O'Neill, Gabriel Anzueto, Darren Olsen, Katherine Pawlowski, Jonathan D Santoro, Georgios Sideridis, Noemi Spinazzi, Nicole T Baumer","doi":"10.1111/jir.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is common in Down syndrome (DS). There are no standardised screening/assessment tools for evaluating ASD in DS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We utilised a novel validated questionnaire, the ND-PROM, to investigate differences in developmental skills and behaviours among children with DS only, ASD only and DS + ASD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data analysis using ANOVA tests and post hoc t-tests revealed item-level differences between groups in domains specific to ASD (nonverbal communication, social-emotional understanding, social interaction, independent play, restrictive and repetitive behaviours and interests and sensory processes) and not specific to ASD (expressive language, receptive language, adaptive/toileting, challenging behaviours, mental health and impulse/ADHD).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ASD-specific symptoms best distinguished DS only and DS + ASD groups, while non-ASD symptoms best distinguished ASD only and DS + ASD groups. Items that best differentiate groups are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mental Health and Well-Being of Adults With Intellectual Disabilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic Across the UK: A Four-Wave Longitudinal Analysis.","authors":"Amanda Gillooly, Paul Thompson, Jill Bradshaw, Sue Caton, Chris Hatton, Andrew Jahoda, Rosemary Kelly, Roseann Maguire, Edward Oloidi, Laurence Taggart, Stuart Todd, Richard P Hastings","doi":"10.1111/jir.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Research concerning the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and well-being of adults with intellectual disabilities has been cross-sectional and small scale. We examined the trajectory of mental health and well-being across the pandemic period across the UK and the factors which predicted different mental health trajectories.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Adults with intellectual disabilities participated in co-designed structured interviews. Four waves of data were collected between December 2020 and late 2022. At Wave 1, 621 adults with intellectual disabilities participated, with 355 at Wave 4. Well-being, pandemic anxiety, depression, anxiety, anger and loneliness outcomes were measured. Latent class mixed modelling was used to identify subgroups and within-group trajectories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Well-being and pandemic anxiety remained relatively stable across time, but levels of anger, depression, anxiety and loneliness reduced gradually over time. Overall patterns masked trajectory subgroups, with differences in intercept and steepness of decline or increase in mental health problems. Different factors were generally influential for trajectory class membership and overall change across time for outcomes. Leaving the house for exercise or green spaces reported increasing well-being and reduced loneliness. Similarly, those working, volunteering or in education at Wave 1 were found to have increasing well-being and reduced loneliness, sadness and worry, and increasing wellbeing and reducing anger if they were working pre-pandemic.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Social connection and engagement in purposeful activity were vital to maintaining the mental health and well-being of people with intellectual disabilities. Factors that were found to reduce mental well-being during the pandemic should be considered in planning for future major public health challenges and in promoting better mental well-being for people with intellectual disabilities in everyday life.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions for Youth With Mild Intellectual Disabilities or Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Externalising Problems: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Eva Kühl, Ina M Koning, Maja Deković, Sander Thomaes, Juliëtte M Liber","doi":"10.1111/jir.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for youth with mild intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning (MID-BIF) and externalising problems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed 2221 studies for eligibility and included seven studies containing 14 effect sizes. We used a multilevel modelling approach to analyse the data and calculated two different types of effect sizes: one for controlled trials and one for intervention pre-test to post-test effects (across all studies).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both controlled trial effect sizes (g = 0.49) and pre-test to post-test effect sizes were significant (g = 0.53). We were unable to detect heterogeneity of effects because of the small number of eligible studies. The risk of bias was generally high.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Results suggest that psychosocial interventions decrease externalising problems among youth with MID-BIF. Effect sizes appear similar to those for youth without MID-BIF. We discuss recommendations for how the field can move forward.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central Blood Pressure and Augmentation Index in Older Adults With Intellectual Disabilities.","authors":"T I M Hilgenkamp, A Oppewal, M N Bohmer, A Paul, C Ryan, E Burke, M McCarron, P McCallion, D A M Maes-Festen, F O'Brien","doi":"10.1111/jir.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Older adults with intellectual disabilities are at a higher cardiovascular risk than their peers in the general population. Investigating central blood pressure and augmentation index is necessary to better understand the risk of cardiovascular disease, to better identify those individuals at risk and to potentially change pharmacological treatment regimens. We therefore aim to investigate central blood pressure and augmentation index in two large cohorts (total N = 237) of older adults with intellectual disabilities, across different age ranges and sexes. Additionally, we will explore the cross-sectional relationships of central blood pressure and augmentation index with other cardiovascular risk factors and the presence of cardiovascular disease across a broad age range.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Collected data of two cohorts of older adults with intellectual disabilities were included: n = 121 individuals with intellectual disabilities of ≥ 60 years from the Healthy Ageing and Intellectual Disabilities (HA-ID) study, and n = 115 individuals with intellectual disabilities ≥ 40 years from The Intellectual Disability Supplement to the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (IDS-TILDA) study. The Mobil-O-Graph was used to measure central blood pressure and augmentation index. The distribution of haemodynamic measures across different sex and age groups was reported, and bivariate correlations were calculated to explore associations between haemodynamic measures, cardiovascular risk factors and history of CVD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean brachial pressures for the HA-ID cohort (mean age 71 ± 6 years) was 133/81 mmHg. The slightly younger IDS-TILDA cohort (mean age 60 ± 9 years) had a median brachial blood pressure of 127/81. Mean central SBP (cSBP) in the older HA-ID cohort was 122 mmHg versus 120 mmHg in the younger IDS-TILDA cohort, with a central DBP (cDBP) of 82 mmHg in both cohorts, and a central pulse pressure (cPP, cSBP-cDBP) of 40 mmHg for the HA-ID cohort and 38 mmHg for the IDS-TILDA cohort.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Females with intellectual disabilities had higher central blood pressures, augmentation pressure and augmentation index than males, and females showed an age-related increase in central blood pressures.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying the Experiences of Children With Moderate to Profound Intellectual Disabilities in Research: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Satu Peltomäki, Sirpa Granö, Ella Rönkkö, Raija Pirttimaa, Kirsi Pyhältö, Elina Kontu","doi":"10.1111/jir.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children with moderate to profound intellectual disabilities are not usually invited to share their lived experiences through research. In addition to their difficulties in communication and cognitive functions, their exclusion is caused by the lack of suitable data collection instruments. Since the 1990s, more research has focused on the lived experiences of people with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this review is to examine how the experiences of children with moderate to profound intellectual disabilities have been studied.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Studies were searched from CINAHL, Education Collection, Sociology Collection, Social Science Database and PsycINFO in November 2023 and January 2025. Eligible studies had been published since the year 2000 in English or Finnish, included at least one child with moderate to profound intellectual disabilities and aimed to collect their experiences. General study details, population characteristics, and data collection details were extracted. The methodological quality was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The analysis included a descriptive summary and inductive content analysis with intercoder reliability assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The eligible studies (n = 41) used individual interviews, questionnaires, task-based approaches, observations and focus groups. Participants were mainly 12 years or older, had moderate intellectual disabilities, and could communicate with speech. The adaptations (i.e., any adjustments made for specific needs) comprised four top-level categories and 27 subcategories. The most commonly used adaptations and adaptations for different participant groups are presented.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Individual interviews and questionnaires with simple adaptations usually suit children with moderate intellectual disabilities who use speech to communicate. Individual interviews with multiple adaptations can be suitable for a wider group. Some task-based approaches and profound and long-lasting observations can be considered with children with non-symbolic communication and severe or profound intellectual disabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144618616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attitudes Towards Persons With Intellectual Disability From Mental Health Professionals in Chile.","authors":"Paulina S Arango, Paulina Pino, María Consuelo San Martín","doi":"10.1111/jir.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stigma towards persons with intellectual disabilities remains a significant barrier to their inclusion and access to healthcare. Mental health professionals (MHPs) play a crucial role in providing appropriate support for people with intellectual disabilities, and their attitudes can influence the quality of care and access to mental health services for this population. This study aims to evaluate the attitudes of Chilean MHPs towards individuals with intellectual disabilities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted with 121 MHPs in Chile. Participants completed the Attitudes Toward Intellectual Disability Questionnaire-Short Form (ATTID-SF), assessing five dimensions: discomfort, knowledge of capacity and rights, interaction, sensitivity/tenderness and knowledge of causes. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses and ANOVAs were used to examine differences in attitudes based on sociodemographic variables and prior experience with individuals with intellectual disability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, participants exhibited positive attitudes towards individuals with intellectual disability. However, certain concerns persisted, particularly regarding their capacity to handle finances and parenthood. Psychiatrists demonstrated greater knowledge of causes than psychologists. Women reported higher levels of sensitivity/tenderness than men. Previous contact with individuals with intellectual disability was associated with more positive attitudes. Participants expressed more negative attitudes towards individuals with higher support needs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While Chilean MHPs generally exhibit positive attitudes towards individuals with intellectual disability, gaps in knowledge and lingering biases highlight the need for enhanced training. Increasing direct contact in clinical practice and promoting interdisciplinary education may help reduce stigma and improve mental health service accessibility for this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Validity of the Psychopathology in Autism Checklist Among Children and Adolescents.","authors":"Marianne Berg Halvorsen, Arvid Nikolai Kildahl, Jens C Thimm, Sissel Berge Helverschou","doi":"10.1111/jir.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of instruments developed for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) is recommended for assessing mental health in these groups. This is the first study to investigate the structural validity and internal consistency of the Psychopathology in Autism Checklist (PAC) among autistic children and adolescents with IDDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 600 children aged 2-19 years (M = 9.2 years, SD = 4.5 years, 66% male) with IDDs (full-scale IQ M = 81.29, SD = 18.65) participated, including 194 individuals with ASD. Parents completed the PAC, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS). Full-scale IQ was assessed using an individualised intelligence test, and the extent of autism characteristics was assessed using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Confirmatory factor analyses revealed acceptable fit indices for a three-factor solution. The internal consistency was adequate for most of the PAC subscales. The PAC showed meaningful overlap and differentiation with the SDQ, VABS, measures of intellectual functioning and a measure of autism symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, satisfactory internal consistency and validity were found for the PAC (with the exception of the psychosis subscale). These findings provide preliminary support for the use of the PAC in children and adolescents with ASD and IDDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes of an Intervention Programme for People With Intellectual Disabilities and Behavioural Concerns Based on Emotional Development.","authors":"Allan Skelly, Jade Wigham, Mark Hudson","doi":"10.1111/jir.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This paper examines clinical outcomes of an approach to referrals for concerns about severe behavioural distress in people with intellectual disabilities (ID) that is based on the concepts of emotional development (EDev) and attachment. Due to research and clinical experiences suggesting that positive behaviour support (PBS) may have limited long-term impact, an alternative approach is proposed, which focuses on relational factors and emotional skills already held by carers.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We report the process and outcomes of a brief standardised assessment using the Scale of Emotional Development-Short (SED-S) which then informed an attachment-based workshop. Outcomes were measured by way of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales-Learning Disabilities (HoNOS-LD) administered at (a) assessment, (b) following 1-2 intervention workshops and (c) at 6-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significantly fewer sessions and hours of clinical time were required for the EDev intervention than the prior PBS interventions. Results demonstrated significant improvements from assessment to post-intervention, which were maintained 6 months later. Almost half (48%) of the participants were referred while in unsettled accommodation arrangements.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides initial evidence supporting an approach that shows promise as an alternative to existing models of care based upon applied behaviour analysis. Future well-controlled studies across multiple sites are needed, but if these findings are replicated, the priority for intervention may shift from reduction in behavioural risks to robust care relationships which meet the person's emotional needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144584158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substance Use and Problem Gambling Interventions for People With Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Amalia Udeanu, Gloria Garcia-Fernandez, Andrea Krotter, Juan Antonio García-Aller, Patricia Solis Garcia, Laura E Gómez","doi":"10.1111/jir.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>People with intellectual disability (ID) face increased vulnerability to addictive behaviours, yet effective interventions are under-researched. This study aimed to systematically review existing interventions for substance use and problem gambling in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched Web of Science, PsycINFO and CENTRAL for studies on substance use or gambling tailored for people with ID. Two independent reviewers synthesised the data and assessed the methodological quality using established tools.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen studies were included: three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), six non-randomised trials and seven case studies. Most studies involved small samples of male adults with mild ID, focusing on tobacco (n = 6), polydrug use (n = 5), alcohol (n = 3), opioids (n = 1) or gambling (n = 1). Mindfulness-based therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy combined with motivational interviewing showed promising results for reducing tobacco and alcohol use in people with ID. Short-term benefits were observed for alcohol and cannabis use, though impacts on severity were unclear. Psychoeducation was frequently integrated with behavioural techniques, contributing to reduced substance use through enhanced awareness and knowledge.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The evidence for interventions targeting substance use and gambling in individuals with ID remains limited. A meta-analysis was not possible due to insufficient data, though single-case designs provided valuable insights. More rigorous and comprehensive research is needed to better understand and improve intervention strategies for addressing substance use and gambling problems in people with ID.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>PROSPERO CRD42023477296.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144567524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}