Journal of Intellectual Disability Research最新文献

{"title":"Factors Associated With Challenging Behaviour in People With Severe-Profound Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review.","authors":"I D C van Balkom, J Cooke, A G de Cuba, E Burkitt-Wright, C Gaasterland, M Burdeus-Olavarrieta","doi":"10.1111/jir.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individuals with severe to profound intellectual disability (ID) exhibit high support needs and significant communication impairments and may present with challenging behaviours such as aggression, self-injury and stereotypies. These behaviours can cause distress, hinder healthcare access and delivery and impair quality of life for affected individuals and caregivers. Despite their prevalence and impact, empirical research often excludes this group due to methodological and ethical challenges.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesise published evidence on factors associated with challenging behaviours in individuals with severe to profound ID.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched six databases (Embase, Medline, Cinahl, PsycINFO, ERIC and Cochrane Library) for studies from January 2009 until March 2023. Eligible publications, original research or systematic reviews, required ≥ 25% severe/profound ID in the sample and focused on challenging behaviours plus associated factors. Quality was assessed using NIH observational study criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 2672 records screened, 31 studies met inclusion criteria. Narrative synthesis revealed that self-injurious behaviour, aggression and stereotypy were the most frequently studied topographies, with limited research on sleep and eating disturbances. Consistent associations emerged between communication deficits (particularly expressive speech) and both aggressive and self-injurious behaviour (three studies). Overactivity, impulsivity and repetitive behaviours were also correlates for self-injurious behaviour and aggression (five studies). Adaptive functioning was inversely associated with all major topographies, whereas comorbid autism was directly associated (two and eight studies). Other personal/medical factors (sex, age, ability level, medical issues, etc.) and contextual/psychosocial factors (social skills, mood, setting, etc.) showed inconsistent or no associations.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Challenging behaviours in individuals with severe to profound ID are multifactorial, with communication and adaptive functioning deficits, repetitive and impulsive behaviours, and comorbid autism symptoms as key associated factors. Strengthening assessments of communicative and adaptive skills, and addressing modifiable behavioural and environmental correlates, can inform tailored interventions. However, the current evidence base is limited by methodological heterogeneity and underrepresentation, which has also impeded conducting meta-analysis or risk of bias assessment. Future studies should use longitudinal designs, syndrome-specific analyses and improved measurement of contextual variables.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Informant-Reported Mobility-Related Observations Associated With Subsequent Dementia in Adults With Intellectual Disability: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.","authors":"Karl Olsson, Barry Karlsson, Ylva Cedervall, Hanna Bozkurt Åhman","doi":"10.1111/jir.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dementia is more prevalent in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) than in the general population. Identifying signs of dementia is important to access relevant evaluations, treatment and care. The role of mobility in identifying dementia in ID is not well understood. The aims of the study were to describe mobility-related problems in a cohort of adults with ID and to investigate if these problems could be associated with dementia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mobility-related items were selected from clinical carer-rated instruments and participants' dementia statuses were based on assessments at two points in time. Fisher's exact test was used for comparisons between groups with and without suspected dementia. Logistic regression, adjusted for age and level of ID, was used to investigate associations between mobility and subsequent dementia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline (N = 85), the median age was 58 years, 39% were female, and 37% had Trisomy 21. Pain and low physical endurance were present in more than 50% of the participants. Low physical endurance was more prevalent among participants with suspected dementia than in those without suspected dementia (p = 0.016). Low physical endurance, adjusted for age and level of ID, was associated with dementia after 6 years (OR 9.349, p = 0.019).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Low physical endurance, when combined with other observations, could help carers identify individuals with ID who should be referred for a dementia assessment. However, the results need to be confirmed in larger samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149016843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated Nocturnal CO₂ and Autonomic Dysfunction in Children With Down Syndrome.","authors":"Jessica Taytard, Segolène Falquero, Sophie Denamur, Pierre-Yves Boelle, Karl Leroux, Harriet Corvol, Aimé Ravel, Clotilde Mircher, Jeanne Toulas, Emmanuelle Prioux, Marie-Anne Caillaud, Guillaume Aubertin, Hervé Walti","doi":"10.1111/jir.70180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) frequently complicates Down syndrome (DS). Beyond upper airway obstruction, emerging evidence suggests an autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction affecting CO₂ regulation. The aim of this study was to investigate nocturnal gas exchanges in children with DS and compare them to what has been observed in typically developing (TD) children, describe clinical signs of SDB and ANS dysfunction, executive functioning and motor skills and explore potential associations between PtcCO₂ levels and neuropsychological outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective study, children with DS aged 4-16 years without previously identified obstructive sleep apnoea were recruited between October 2019 and March 2022. Clinical assessment, autonomic symptom, executive function questionnaires and home overnight transcutaneous oxycapnography were performed; children with symptoms and/or elevated PtcCO₂ underwent polysomnography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-eight children with DS (median age: 8.0 [7.0-12.0] years) were included, of whom 30 had interpretable overnight SpO₂ and PtcCO₂ recordings. Median mean nocturnal PtcCO₂ was 44 [40-46] mmHg, significantly higher than in TD children (p = 0.01), including in the subgroup with no or mild OSA (45 [41.5-46] mmHg). The most frequent clinical signs of SDB were restless sleep (62%), concentration difficulties (54%) and snoring (48%), whereas ophthalmic (51%) and digestive (46%) symptoms of autonomic dysfunction were common. No association was found between nocturnal PtcCO₂ and executive functioning or motor skills.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Children with DS exhibit higher nocturnal PtcCO₂ levels than TD children, along with clinical features suggestive of dysautonomia, supporting the hypothesis of a global ANS dysfunction affecting chemosensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149016901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Health Administrative Data in Intellectual Disability Research in Australia: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Peiwen Liao, Manzoor Khan, Jack Cooper, Zhiyuan Wang, Julian N Trollor, Preeyaporn Srasuebkul, Helen Leonard","doi":"10.1111/jir.70182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health administrative data are increasingly used to investigate physical and mental health disparities experienced by people with intellectual disability worldwide. However, approaches to identifying people with intellectual disability differ across studies, complicating knowledge translation and policymaking. This scoping review aims to map the Australian health administrative data sources and case ascertainment methods used to identify intellectual disability, and to examine their strengths and limitations.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a scoping review of studies that ascertain people with intellectual disability using at least one Australian health administrative dataset. A total of 1075 articles were identified through searches in Embase, PubMed and PsycINFO. The databases and algorithms used to ascertain intellectual disability diagnosis were extracted from the included papers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-one studies were included, identifying six categories of health administrative datasets, most commonly birth defects registries, hospitalisation data and mental health service data, with substantial variation across states or territories. In the health datasets, intellectual disability was often coded using ICD diagnostic codes, although reporting of coding methods was inconsistent. Studies frequently linked health datasets with disability service data sources to improve case ascertainment, with a median of two datasets per study (range: 1-9). The most common study outcome was health service utilisation. Frequently reported strengths of linking multiple datasets included large, population-based samples and the capacity for longitudinal and comparative study designs, while underascertainment remained an issue, particularly for those with a milder form of intellectual disability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Health administrative data are a valuable resource for intellectual disability research in Australia, but methodological challenges persist, particularly in incomplete ascertainment of people with intellectual disability and inconsistency across jurisdictions. A unified national approach to data collection and analysis is needed to improve comparability across evidence and better support evidence-informed practice and policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149012440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Health Condition Trajectories and Multimorbidity in Older Adults With Intellectual Disability: A Brief Report of 15 years of Longitudinal Evidence From IDS-TILDA.","authors":"Martin McMahon, Aviejay Paul, Catriona Ryan, Louise Lynch, Philip McCallion, Mary McCarron, Eilish Burke","doi":"10.1111/jir.70179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adults with intellectual disability experience significant health issues that increase with age. Longitudinal analyses offer important evidence on how the trajectories of these conditions' develop and change.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were drawn from five waves of IDS-TILDA, with a nationally representative sample of over 700 adults with intellectual disability aged 40 and over in Ireland from 2009 to 2023. Twelve chronic conditions and multimorbidity (≥ 2 chronic conditions) were explored. Generalised linear mixed models assessed associations with demographic and clinical characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three in four ageing adults with intellectual disability were multimorbid. Those aged 65 + had sevenfold higher odds of multimorbidity than those under 50. Gastrointestinal, mental health and neurological conditions were the most common conditions, affecting 41.65%, 41.31% and 29.40% of the cohort, respectively. Women, those with more severe intellectual disability and those living in residential care were particularly at risk of having more health conditions while those with Down syndrome had increased risks of eye, endocrine and heart disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As people with intellectual disability age, the trajectory and burden of disease increase in tandem. Longitudinal evidence from this study points to the urgent need for earlier prevention and upstream action to reduce the widening inequality gap with the general population.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148990306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Assessing Prefrontal Cortical Activation During Behaviour Inhibition in Williams Syndrome.","authors":"Emma E Condy, Maeve Sargeant, Audrey Thurm, Mark Levin, Amir Gandjbakhche, Beth A Kozel","doi":"10.1111/jir.70168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic condition associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including intellectual disability and executive functioning (EF) deficits. Although neuroimaging methods may clarify the neural basis of these impairments, participant burden and frequent exclusion of individuals with lower cognitive abilities prevent generalizable studies in WS. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a low-burden neuroimaging method, may offer a more accessible way to study the neural correlates of EF in WS. This study examined the feasibility of measuring prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation using fNIRS during a behavioural inhibition task in individuals with WS compared to neural activation and behavioural performance in age-matched typically developing controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-seven individuals with WS and 21 healthy volunteers, aged 3-85, completed resting state and Go/No-Go (GNG) task fNIRS recordings. Feasibility was evaluated through behavioural validity and fNIRS data quality. Prefrontal activation was assessed using oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO) changes during the task. Behavioural performance was measured by commission error rate. One-sample t tests evaluated task-related activation during the 'Go' and 'No-Go' conditions, and Spearman correlations tested associations between activation and behavioural performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighty-nine percent of individuals with WS completed the resting state portion of the assessment with valid behavioural data, suggesting strong tolerance of the fNIRS platform. Sixty-five percent completed the GNG task without behavioural concerns. Preprocessing was successful in all valid cases, with minimal signal loss. Individuals with WS made significantly more commission errors than healthy volunteers, suggesting impaired behavioural inhibition. fNIRS analyses revealed distinct patterns of PFC activation during inhibition in WS, with significant activation at multiple channels not observed in healthy volunteers. However, activation was not significantly related to behavioural performance across groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results support the feasibility of fNIRS in individuals with WS, including those with varying levels of intellectual disability. The GNG task captured inhibition deficits in WS and elicited differing prefrontal activation, though the rate of behavioural exclusions suggests the task may require adaptation. Overall, fNIRS shows promise as a tolerable and accessible neuroimaging tool in neurodevelopmental populations typically excluded from neuroscientific research.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148982826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric Properties of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Third Edition Domain-Level Teacher Form in a Sample of Pupils With Intellectual Disabilities in Germany.","authors":"Gerolf Renner, Anna Selmayr, Sabine Kölbl, Wolfgang Dworschak, Markus Scholz","doi":"10.1111/jir.70172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Measurement of adaptive competencies is important in the assessment, educational planning and progress monitoring of children with intellectual disabilities. The responsible use of diagnostic instruments in clinical and educational settings requires a comprehensive psychometric knowledge base for all intended uses of test scores. The Vineland-3 is a widely used instrument that incorporates three dimensions of adaptive behaviour: Communication, Daily Living Skills and Socialization. Despite their widespread use, few studies have addressed the reliability of the Vineland-3 Domain-Level Teacher Form in children with intellectual disabilities.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Reliability, known-groups validity, distributional characteristics and intercorrelations of the domain scales from the German adaption of the Vineland-3 Domain-Level Teacher Form were examined in a sample of 600 pupils with intellectual disabilities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Reliability coefficients for the domain scales and the Adaptive Behavior Composite (ABC) were excellent (0.95-0.98), and known-groups validity was as expected, with most ABC scores (88.0%) falling below 70. The test floor of 20 (corresponding to a z score of -5.33 with an expected occurrence of approximately 1 in 20 million cases) was reached in 15.8% of the sample. Despite the assumed conceptual distinctiveness of the scales intercorrelations of domain scales were substantial (r = 0.76-0.91) in all age groups. All domain scales correlated very strongly with the ABC score (r ≥ 0.90).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The German Domain-Level Teacher Form of the Vineland-3 demonstrated high reliability. However, our data strongly advise caution when interpreting standard scores in the very low range. We suggest that test publishers verify the accuracy of the norms of the Domain-Level Teacher Form.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148969133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arts-Based, Digital and Related Lifestyle Interventions to Improve Health and Wellbeing for Adults with Learning Disabilities: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Alexandra Carne-Watson, Jane Bourne, Michael Drinnan, Kate Sykes, Emma Tuschick, Simon Milner, Grant J McGeechan, Jo Smith, Bethany McNab, Emma L Giles","doi":"10.1111/jir.70174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70174","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Adults with learning disabilities experience persistent health inequalities, including poorer physical and mental health, lower levels of physical activity, higher rates of obesity and reduced access to appropriately adapted health promotion interventions. Arts-based and digital approaches are increasingly explored to support wellbeing and health-related behaviour change; however, the extent and characteristics of the existing evidence have not yet been clearly mapped or synthesised. This scoping review aimed to map the range, characteristics, accessibility features and reported outcomes of arts-based, digital and related lifestyle interventions for adults with learning disabilities, with particular attention to how intervention design may support engagement, participation and health improvement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A scoping review was undertaken in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and reported using PRISMA-ScR guidance. Nine databases were searched from inception to 27 July 2025: AMED, ASSIA, CINAHL, EMBASE, Emcare, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science. Backward citation searching of included studies was also undertaken. Eligible studies included adults aged 18 years and over with learning disabilities, intellectual disabilities or developmental disabilities and examined arts-based therapies, arts-in-health activities, digital interventions or accessible lifestyle interventions targeting health, wellbeing or health-related behaviour. Data were charted using a structured form informed by the TIDieR framework. Findings were synthesised descriptively and through narrative and thematic analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Sixty studies met the inclusion criteria. Five broad categories of intervention were identified: arts-based therapies; arts-based activities delivered in health or community contexts; digital interventions; physical or behavioural programmes without arts or digital components; and hybrid interventions combining arts-based and digital elements. Arts-based therapies most commonly targeted emotional wellbeing, expression, confidence and social connection, whereas digital interventions more frequently focused on physical activity, diet, weight management and self-management. Across intervention types, engagement was consistently influenced by accessibility adaptations, including simplified communication, visual supports, repetition, flexible pacing, facilitator support and carer involvement. Reported outcomes were generally positive, particularly in relation to wellbeing, participation and health-related behaviours. However, confidence in these findings is limited by small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, heterogeneous outcome measures and variable reporting quality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The review suggests that arts-based and digital interventions offer complementary but rarely integrated approaches to improving health and wellbeing in ad","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease: A Qualitative Study Exploring Understanding and Perceptions of Dementia and Diagnostic Pathways Among People With Down Syndrome and Their Families.","authors":"M L Healy, A Brodtmann, A M Foster, D Ayton","doi":"10.1111/jir.70173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>People with Down syndrome are at high risk of Alzheimer's disease. Dementia diagnosis and support are a growing challenge for health and social care systems. There is limited knowledge of the perceptions of dementia and dementia diagnostic pathways among people with Down syndrome and their families.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A qualitative study was conducted with individuals with Down syndrome and their families to explore knowledge around dementia and perceptions of dementia diagnostic pathways. Applied thematic analysis was conducted with inductive and deductive coding.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that people with Down syndrome understood the concept of dementia. Families were aware of the association between Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease, but some were reluctant to discuss this with their family member. Families lacked confidence in current dementia diagnostic pathways and worried about the future.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>As people with Down syndrome age, improved dementia awareness, medical and social care supports and tailored service design will be critical.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148945050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Powered vs. Manual Toothbrush Among People With Intellectual Disability Under Supervised Toothbrushing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Karthiga Sakthi, Roopali M Sankeshwari, Anil V Ankola, David Coutinho, Biswadeep Roychowdhury, Varkey Nadakkavukuran Santhosh, Dorothy Dutta","doi":"10.1111/jir.70176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs) often face significant oral health challenges due to limited motor skills, behavioural difficulties and dependence on caregivers for daily oral hygiene maintenance. The effectiveness of the types of toothbrushes, powered versus manual toothbrushes, under supervised brushing in this population remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of powered versus manual toothbrushes under supervised toothbrushing among individuals with intellectual and cognitive disabilities using clinical parameters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search was conducted across four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and ProQuest) and Google Scholar from inception to November 2025. Studies assessing the effectiveness of powered vs. manual toothbrushes among individuals with mild to moderate ID and comorbidities were included. Data extraction followed a standardised protocol, and methodological quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven studies from seven countries were included. Three studies (n = 3) were suitable for meta-analysis of plaque reduction using the Quigley-Hein plaque index. The pooled effect size, calculated using Hedges' g, showed moderate heterogeneity (I² = 45.5%, p = 0.159). Three studies have reported that powered is equal to manual toothbrush, whereas five studies reported that powered is superior to manual toothbrush.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Powered and manual toothbrushes demonstrated comparable overall effectiveness under supervised toothbrushing in people with IDs. Irrespective of powered toothbrushes and manual toothbrushes, supervision and the role of caregivers played a significant role in improving the oral hygiene of people with ID. However, the limited number of studies available for pooled analysis (n = 3) constrains the statistical power and certainty of these estimates.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148930012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}