Journal of Intellectual Disability Research最新文献

{"title":"A Call for Inclusion: Children With Intellectual Disabilities in Trauma Treatment Research.","authors":"Zackary F Moore, Anna W Wright, Carine E Leslie, Allison D'Aguilar, Ananda B Amstadter, Ruth C Brown","doi":"10.1111/jir.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience disparities in mental health care despite experiencing increased exposure to trauma such as physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Studies have suggested that the exclusion of people with ID from medical research may contribute to disparities in health care. It is currently unknown to what extent children with ID are excluded from trauma treatment research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (n = 62) included in the most up-to-date International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) clinical care guidelines meta-analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatments were reanalysed and coded to determine whether or not children with ID or other developmental disabilities that co-occur with ID were excluded based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Articles were double-coded by the research team. The corresponding authors of the studies were asked to complete a survey rating the likelihood that children with ID would have been eligible for the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the studies, 61.3% reviewed reported exclusion criteria based on a diagnosis of intellectual disability, cognitive impairment, autism spectrum disorder, organic/neurological conditions, or other related terms (e.g., 'significant learning difficulties'). Operationalisation of exclusion criteria was sparse. Few studies reported the number of children excluded from trials based on an ID diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The evidence base for the ISTSS clinical care guidelines of child PTSD treatment is not representative of children with ID. Improved documentation of inclusion/exclusion criteria, reporting of disability as a demographic characteristic, and inclusion of children with ID in PTSD treatment trials are needed to improve representation of children with ID in PTSD research.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144794708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personality Trait Profiles in People With Mild Intellectual Disability: A Comparative Study.","authors":"Renate A van der Heijden, Paul T van der Heijden, Hubert P L M Korzilius, Han Berghuis, Robert Didden","doi":"10.1111/jir.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Personality assessment in people with mild intellectual disability (MID) is difficult due to their communication difficulties and lack of reliable instruments. In addition, characteristics of maladaptive personality traits may be attributed to the intellectual disability. As a result, little is known about (maladaptive) personality traits in people with MID. The aim of this study was to explore maladaptive personality traits of people with MID and compare them to those of two comparison groups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Maladaptive personality traits of people with MID referred to specialised mental health care (n = 75) were compared with those of people with borderline intellectual functioning referred to specialised mental health care (BIF, n = 69) and those of people with average educational levels from general mental health care (AVE, n = 73) using the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Short Form.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>People with MID scored higher on Affective Lability, Anxiousness, Identity Problems, Insecure Attachment and Suspiciousness and lower on Narcissism and Social Avoidance compared to the people with AVE. No differences in personality trait scores were found between people with MID and people with BIF, except for a lower score on Social Avoidance in those with MID. Almost all differences demonstrated small effect sizes.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Maladaptive personality traits of people with MID and comorbid psychopathology are of similar severity compared to those of people with BIF and comorbid psychopathology or people in mental health care with average educational levels. This study emphasises that clinicians look beyond the intellectual and adaptive disabilities when assessing for mental health problems in people with MID, while meeting their needs when it comes to the treatment of these problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144799360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Academic Learning Profiles Across Disorders of KMT2 Gene Family: Superimposed and Distinct Features Across Kabuki, Wiedemann-Steiner and ODLURO Syndromes.","authors":"Rowena Ng, Lauren Meier, Anne O'Donnell-Luria, Jacqueline Harris","doi":"10.1111/jir.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Kabuki syndrome (KS), Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (WSS) and O'Donnell-Luria-Rodan (ODLURO) syndrome are rare disorders caused by pathogenic variants in histone lysine methyltransferases, specifically the KMT2 gene family. All of these disorders are commonly associated with intellectual disability. Recent studies found overlap between KS and WSS cognitive phenotypes, suggesting shared disease pathogenesis. In contrast, the neuropsychological profile of ODLURO remains largely unknown. This study examines the academic learning concerns across the syndromes to better understand their cognitive profiles and provide guidance for clinical care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty caregivers participated in this study, 25 with a child with WSS (Mean age = 12.85 years, SD = 1.82), 14 with KS (Mean age = 12.06, SD = 5.91) and 11 with ODLURO (Mean age = 12.43, SD = 4.69). All caregivers completed the Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire, a parent-screening inventory of learning/academic challenges, specifically in reading, math and spatial skills.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results suggest shared deficits in spatial skills, but different patterns of academic learning concerns across syndromes. Those with WSS were rated to show unique challenges in math and spatial domains, while those with ODLURO show global difficulties across areas. Individuals with KS were rated to show the most significant challenges in spatial skills, but comparable reading and math concerns.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Study results support recent publications on the overlapping cognitive profile in WSS and KS, specifically with distinct deficits in visual spatial processing. In contrast, ODLURO is associated with more generalised cognitive difficulties that warrant further investigation. Disruption of KMT2 genes may have common and individual effects on neurodevelopment that necessitate cross-syndrome research to illuminate gene-brain-behaviour relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144784516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Potential Risk Factors of Ocular Disorders Among Institutionalised Adults With Intellectual Disabilities-A City-Wide Survey in Taipei City.","authors":"Ching-Ju Hsieh, Tzu-Hsun Tsai, Fu-Gong Lin, Yu-Lung Chiu, I-Mo Fang","doi":"10.1111/jir.13258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To conduct a city-wide survey and investigate the risk factors of ocular disorders among institutionalised adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) in Taipei City.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-section city-wide ophthalmic survey was conducted in Taipei City from 2016 to 2017, involving full-day residents with ID aged over 18. Participant characteristics, including age, gender, ID severity and associated diseases, were collected for multiple logistic regression analysis to identify ocular disorder risk factors.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>A total of 687 participants, comprising 70.9% of the eligible individuals, were included. Refractive errors (73.8%), strabismus (32.6%), ocular hypertension (26.0%) and cataract (15.3%) were the most common ocular disorders. Myopia (73.2%) is the most common refractive error, with 14.6% being high myopia. Down's syndrome (DS) was a common risk factor for developing strabismus (OR, 2.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54 to 3.35), nystagmus (OR, 6.50; 95% CI, 2.22 to 19.0), high myopia (OR, 2.62; CI, 1.85 to 3.09), high astigmatism (OR, 3.06; CI, 1.65 to 5.69) and cataracts (OR, 8.00; CI, 3.50 to 18.30), while it served as a protective factor against ocular hypertension (OR, 0.14; CI, 0.03 to 0.62). Cerebral palsy (CP) was identified as a common risk factor for strabismus (OR, 2.17; CI, 1.16 to 4.05), nystagmus (OR, 4.22; CI, 1.51 to 11.8) and high myopia (OR, 2.22; CI, 1.04 to 4.73).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>High prevalence of myopia, strabismus, ocular hypertension and cataract was observed in institutionalised adults with ID. DS and CP were more significant risk factors than ID severity for ocular disorders. Regular ophthalmic exams, particularly monitoring intraocular pressure, are crucial for this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144789249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance-Based Executive Functions Predict Internalising but Not Externalising Maladaptive Behaviour in Students With ID.","authors":"Stephan Kehl, Nina Römer","doi":"10.1111/jir.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maladaptive behaviour is common in students with intellectual disability (ID). While executive functions (EFs) in typically developing children and adolescents are associated with maladaptive behaviour, there is currently contradictory and only fragmented empirical evidence on this association in students with ID. However, following impairments of EFs in this population, investigating this relationship could enhance the understanding of the development of maladaptive behaviour in students with ID.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The sample consisted of 45 students with ID (M = 11.8 years). Three core EFs (executive-loaded working memory, switching, inhibition) were measured with performance-based tasks, and maladaptive behaviour was assessed using a teacher report (BASC-3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regression analyses showed that EF significantly predicted internalising but not externalising maladaptive behaviour. Specifically, working memory was positively related to internalising maladaptive behaviour. After controlling for fluid intelligence, age and sex, inhibition was negatively related to anxious maladaptive behaviour.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study yields valuable evidence on the relationship between performance-based EF and maladaptive behaviour in students with ID and offers important implications for practice. Moreover, teachers should be aware that externalising maladaptive behaviour could be indicative of underlying mental health issues in students with ID, given the strong relationship between internalising and externalising maladaptive behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144784518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental Education Predicts Longitudinal IQ Trajectories in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Three-Cohort European Study.","authors":"Yelyzaveta Snihirova, Therese van Amelsvoort, Ann Swillen, Marianne van den Bree, Dennis van der Meer, Janet Harwood, Claudia Vingerhoets, David E J Linden","doi":"10.1111/jir.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder characterised by a wide range of physical, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Current knowledge on 22q11DS highlights considerable variation in cognitive outcomes, but the role of environmental factors in shaping these trajectories over time remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study investigates how environmental factors contribute to variability in intelligence quotient (IQ) among individuals with 22q11DS across three European cohorts. By examining these influences over time, the research aims to identify potential drivers of IQ differences and uncover modifiable factors that may support improved cognitive outcomes in individuals with 22q11DS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected from 297 individuals with 22q11DS across three European cohorts. Cognitive assessments included full-scale IQ (FSIQ), verbal IQ (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ). Environmental measures encompassed parental education, sleep, stress and substance use, gathered through questionnaires and interviews. Baseline associations between environmental measures and IQ were evaluated with ANOVA at the first assessment. To examine within-person IQ change across three visits, we used linear mixed-effects models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found a significant decline in FSIQ, VIQ and PIQ over time, with linear trends observed for all three measures. Parental education, particularly the father's education, explained a significant proportion of the variance of all IQ-based measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Parental education emerged as a key predictor of IQ, suggesting that socioeconomic factors contribute to cognitive performance variability in individuals with 22q11DS. Even in high-penetrance genetic variants, such as the 22q11.2 deletion, environmental factors and gene-environment interactions may make significant contributions to the severity of phenotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144784517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online Health Literacy Resources for People With Intellectual Disability: A Grey Literature Scoping Review.","authors":"Jessica Keeley, Zhenmei Yeap, Rachel Skoss, Thomas Nevill, Susan Hunt, Jacinta Saldaris, Jenny Downs","doi":"10.1111/jir.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>People with intellectual disability experience higher rates of physical and mental health problems than those without intellectual disability. Health literacy includes accessing, understanding, appraising and applying health information. Improving health literacy is associated with better health outcomes. The internet is a primary source of health information for many people. This study aimed to evaluate available online health resources for people with intellectual disability and their families to understand information gaps.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A scoping review of grey literature was conducted using two searches: a targeted search of disability organisation websites and an advanced Google search using key terms. The methods were guided by a modified version of Arksey and O'Malley's methodological approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1165 health resources for people with intellectual disability and their families were identified. Tests, checks and procedures were the most common category of health addressed (n = 227, 19.5%) and most content was directed at the individual with intellectual disability (n = 837, 71.9%). Resources addressed the health literacy domains of accessing (n = 1165, 100%) and understanding (n = 1132, 97.2%) information more often than appraising (n = 575, 49.5%) and applying (n = 415, 35.6%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Improving the health literacy of people with intellectual disability is an important part of addressing health disparities and requires understanding of the available information. Some information gaps were identified, including limited sexual health resources and mental health resources for adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying and Describing Best Clinical Practices for Children and Adolescents With Complex Communication Needs: A Scoping Review of Healthcare-Based Interventions.","authors":"Paula Resina, Marcela Mezzatesta, Neus Elias, Melina Aparici, Maria A Mairena","doi":"10.1111/jir.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children with complex communication needs (CCN), particularly those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), experience significant communication challenges. This scoping review analyses the existing literature on clinical interventions designed to enhance communication in these children. The aim was to describe which intervention models are being evaluated in studies, which treatments have shown positive effects and what the clinical profile of children and adolescents who benefit from these interventions is.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The scoping review was conducted following the methodology for scoping reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search strategy identified 797 records; eight records met all eligibility criteria and were included for review. The review found that multimodal interventions combining augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), naturalistic strategies and parent training were the most effective in improving both expressive and receptive communication.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite the limited existing research, studies suggest that multimodal interventions can effectively enhance communication in children with CCN. This review highlights significant gaps in the literature, including the scarcity of studies with appropriate methodological rigour and the lack of standardised protocols for CCN interventions. There is a critical need for evidence-based guidelines, professional training and policy development to ensure equitable access to effective interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Levels of Positive Mental Well-Being and Life Satisfaction Between Mothers and Fathers of Children With an Intellectual Disability.","authors":"Marina Antoniadou, Vaso Totsika, Emma Langley, Richard P Hastings, Caitlin A Williams","doi":"10.1111/jir.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Positive mental health is experienced by parents of children with intellectual disability and has been shown to be associated with child mental health outcomes in these families. There is a dearth of evidence on mother-father differences in levels of positive mental health, despite evidence of differences in levels of mental health problems. This study aimed to compare levels of positive mental health, namely life satisfaction and mental well-being, between mothers and fathers of children with an intellectual disability.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were 85 mother-father dyads participating in the 1000 Families Study, a UK-based cohort study of families of children with intellectual disability. Approximately 92% of the dyads were a couple, while the rest reported they were divorced, separated or not living with the child's other parent. Over 90% of participants were the child's biological parent. The mean age of mothers and fathers was 45 years old and 50.5 years old, respectively. Children were on average 14.8 years old (ages ranged from 9 to 20 years old) and over 70% were boys.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multilevel models initially showed no differences between mothers' and fathers' mental well-being and life satisfaction. After controlling for other factors potentially related to positive mental health, findings indicated that life satisfaction was reported at higher levels by mothers compared with fathers of children with intellectual disability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Subject to replication in future studies, initial evidence of gender differences in life satisfaction highlights that fathers of children with an intellectual disability may be particularly vulnerable to lower levels of positive mental health. Fathers may require additional support for achieving positive mental health.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ten-Year Outcomes of Anticholinergic Use Among Older Adults With Intellectual Disability: Findings From the Intellectual Disability Supplement to the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (IDS-TILDA).","authors":"Lamya Al Shuhaimi, Ian D Maidment, Martin C Henman, Phyo K Myint, Juliette O'Connell, Caitríona Ryan, Philip McCallion, Mary McCarron, Maire O'Dwyer","doi":"10.1111/jir.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>People with intellectual disability are frequently exposed to medication with anticholinergic activity. In the general population, the long-term exposure to anticholinergics has been associated with declines in both physical and cognitive function. This study aimed to examine anticholinergic exposure longitudinally in a cohort of older adults with intellectual disability (aged 40 years or over).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study examined individuals with intellectual disability aged 40 and over, who participated at two time points (Waves 1 and 4), 10 years apart, in the Intellectual Disability Supplement to the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (IDS-TILDA). The Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale was used to quantify anticholinergic exposure. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the adverse outcomes reported at time point 2 in relation to ACB scores at time point 1. Models were adjusted for age, gender, level of intellectual disability, residence, epilepsy and polypharmacy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 487 participants who provided medication data at both time points. Anticholinergic exposure remained consistent over the studied period, with approximately 30% having no exposure, 40% having mild exposure (ACB = 1-4) and 30% having high exposure (ACB = 5+). Antipsychotic medications contributed the most to the total score at both time points (Wave 1 = 35%, Wave 4 = 37%), with other anticholinergics, antiepileptics and antidepressant medications contributing 10%-16% each. Mild and high ACB scores at time point 1 were significantly associated with a higher risk of falls (odds ratio [OR] = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.03-3.38) and mental health conditions (ACB 1-4; OR = 6.60, 95% CI: 3.69-11.77; ACB 5+, OR = 17.38, 95% CI: 8.97-33.61) and lower OR for reporting dementia/Alzheimer's disease (ACB 1-4; OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.15-0.97; ACB 5+; OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07-0.64).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Older adults with intellectual disability are exposed to high anticholinergic burden at the two time points, 10 years apart. Being exposed to anticholinergics at Wave 1 is significantly associated with a higher risk of falls and reporting mental health conditions at Wave 4. A review of antipsychotic prescribing practice is urgently needed to reduce the anticholinergic exposure and its adverse outcomes among older adults with intellectual disability.</p>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}