Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface最新文献

{"title":"Exploring Holocene Climate History and Alpine Landscape Evolution From Rock Glacier Dynamics: Mt Sopris, CO, USA","authors":"Benjamin Lehmann,&nbsp;Robert S. Anderson,&nbsp;Diego Cusicanqui,&nbsp;Matthew W. Rossi,&nbsp;Naomi Ochwat","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007978","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rock glaciers dominate the cryosphere in mid-latitude alpine settings, yet their activity and their histories remain challenging to constrain. We focus on the Thomas Lake rock glacier on Mt. Sopris in Colorado, USA. We measure surface velocities by feature tracking of image pairs and document Holocene ¹⁰Be exposure ages on surface debris. The surface speeds average 0.8 m/yr and peak at 2 m/yr in a steep reach. Exposure ages range from 1.4 to 13.2 kyr and monotonically increase down-glaciers. Ages exceeding 6 kyr occur in the bottom quarter of the landform, coinciding with sporadic tree cover. These constraints constrain a numerical model of Holocene rock glacier activity. In our model, surface velocity is entirely explained by the deformation of the ice-rich core with the extra load of the rocky carapace. Surface mass balance is simplified to an accumulation area of ice and debris equivalent to the avalanche cone, and very low, uniform ablation in the remaining rock glacier where rock cover minimizes melt. Climate drives the activity through a history of ice accumulation in the avalanche cone. Matching the observed age and speed structure requires: (a) Early Holocene growth of the rock glacier, (b) low accumulation during the middle Holocene warm period (Hypsithermal), and (c) two Neoglacial accumulation pulses, the most recent being the Little Ice Age. Pulses travel down the valley as kinematic waves, re-activating the landform. The headwall retreat rate of 4 mm/yr, inferred from rocky layer thickness and surface speed, far outpaces bedrock down wearing rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for Erosional Efficiency of Extreme Precipitation Events at a Multi- Decadal Time Scale","authors":"Eric Gayer,&nbsp;Antoine Lucas,&nbsp;Laurent Michon,&nbsp;Matthieu Gougeon","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007818","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extreme precipitation events play a pivotal role in shaping Earth's surface through their influences on hillslope processes (triggering mass-wasting events) and on transport capacity and dynamics of rivers. This study investigates the impact of such events on sediment transport using Réunion Island as a natural laboratory due to its intense tropical rainfall regime. Through photogrammetric techniques using historical aerial images, we reconstructed nine DEMs of the entire canyon bed of the ephemeral Rivière des Remparts spanning six decades. Based on differences in DEMs and sediment volume estimates combined with cosmogenic ³He measurements, we assessed the spatio-temporal evolution of the entire canyon bed and the drainage of products from major landslides and rock avalanches between 1950 and 2011. Results indicate that 50.2 ± 8.4 Mm³ (145.5 ± 24.4 Mt) of sediment was transported out of the watershed over 62 years via bed load waves. We modeled the flow dates and showed that such an export of material occurred during only 391 days over the 62 years, at an average rate of 0.13 ± 0.02 Mm³/day (0.37 ± 0.06 Mt/day). Our investigation confirms that sediment transport coincides with officially recorded extreme meteorological events such as cyclones. Moreover, our findings reveal that sediment transport predominantly occurs on days corresponding to high-percentile rank precipitation events, demonstrating that all transport is concentrated during these intense rainfall periods. Finally, we underscore the extremely fast conveyance of material from slopes to deep-sea fans, facilitated in Réunion by the absence of a coastal platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Hysteresis Effects of Climate-Induced Desiccation Cracks on Slope Stability: New Insights From Experimental and Numerical Studies","authors":"Xiao-Ying Chen,&nbsp;Chao-Sheng Tang,&nbsp;Yi Luo,&nbsp;Farshid Vahedifard,&nbsp;Ben-Gang Tian,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Zhao-Jun Zeng,&nbsp;Qing Cheng","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008085","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate-induced desiccation cracks exhibit a hysteresis behavior, referred to as crack dynamic hysteresis (CDH), where they display different geometric characteristics during the drying and wetting phases at constant soil water content. This phenomenon has a complex effect on slope stability, an aspect often overlooked in analytical and numerical methods. In this study, we conducted experimental and numerical analyses to provide new insights into the effects of the CDH on slope stability. A series of laboratory experiments on desiccation cracking under drying-wetting cycles were performed. The testing results were used to develop and validate an extended dynamic dual-permeability model. The proposed model was integrated into a set of slope stability analyses using the finite element method. The numerical model results show that CDH causes greater fluctuations in crack dynamics and increases soil water retention under drying-wetting cycles. Neglecting this phenomenon leads to underestimation of slope stability during dry conditions and overestimation during wet conditions, with these discrepancies becoming more pronounced as the cycles progress. Furthermore, CDH changes the mechanical properties of soil, transitioning relatively stable zones to regions prone to localized instability. These unstable zones present significant challenges for accurately analyzing and managing slopes with cracked soil layers. Monitoring groundwater fluctuations and local crack development after heavy rainfall events is essential for mitigating localized slope collapses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geomorphology and Sedimentology of the Nyixoi Chongco Rock Avalanche and Implications for Emplacement Mechanisms","authors":"Lei Zhu,&nbsp;Xiong Tang,&nbsp;Siming He,&nbsp;Zongji Yang,&nbsp;Heng Liang,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Lei,&nbsp;Yu Luo,&nbsp;Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007666","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large rock avalanches are ubiquitous surface hazards on Earth and are characterized by long runout distances and high velocities. These extreme mobility features are regarded as the key causes of catastrophic damage. Commonly, these rock avalanches are characterized by a complicated set of geological settings and behaviors. Although many hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, a comprehensive explanation of its geological features is lacking. To precisely identify the extreme mobility mechanisms of large rock avalanches, we examined data collected from a deposit of the Nyixoi Chongco rock avalanche (NCRA) (Tibetan Plateau, China). Through a combination of preliminary observations and analyses of the morphology and sedimentology of the deposits, we reconstructed the kinematic process and recognized that the formation of superficial structures is related to mass flow emplacement dynamics driven by high-speed avalanche debris impacting a liquefiable substrate. One mechanism to explain the extreme mobility of the NCRA is the reduction in the basal layer resistance owing to contraction-induced excess pore pressure. To further validate and quantify this long runout mechanism, numerical simulations were conducted using a multiphase model to precisely determine how deformable granular mixtures in the basal layer led to excess pore pressure and underwent liquefaction when the avalanche was emplaced, demonstrating that this process dominated the behavior of the Nyixoi Chongco rock avalanche. The present study provides an improved method and understanding of the kinematic processes and runout mechanisms of the extreme mobility of similar rock avalanches.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basal Stresses and Seismic Signals Generated by Laboratory Granular Flows: The Role of Basal Particle Agitation in Flow Mobility","authors":"Tianhua Li,&nbsp;Yufeng Wang,&nbsp;Qiangong Cheng,&nbsp;Qiwen Lin,&nbsp;Jie Ming,&nbsp;Kun Li,&nbsp;Anwen Shi,&nbsp;Lieyuan Gou,&nbsp;Xin Wei","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The basal stresses generated by rock avalanches, along with the resulting seismic signals, act as important indicators that provide insights into rock avalanche dynamics. Here, an experimental study on the propagation behavior and dynamics of granular flows moving on a 3D-printed bumpy substrate was conducted and the basal stress and seismic signature responses were analyzed. The results indicate that an agitating basal layer emerges in the nearly steady propagation state of the granular flows with increasing particle size, characterized by the base-normal velocity and internal shear behavior. Accompanying the strengthening of basal particle agitation, significant increases in basal stress fluctuations and seismic spikes are observed, and power law functions of the particle size are derived. Correspondingly, an increase in flow mobility is observed along with a transition of the flow regime toward the more collisional regime. Power laws linking the basal stress and seismic signatures with the frictional coefficients of the flows are derived to quantify the effect of basal particle agitation on flow mobility. Our results provide an experimental basis for the hypothesis that basal particle agitation could explain the long runout of rock avalanches.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking Sediment Transport Through Miage Glacier, Italy, Using a Lagrangian Approach With Luminescence Rock Surface Burial Dating of Englacial Clasts","authors":"Audrey Margirier,&nbsp;Julien Brondex,&nbsp;Ann V. Rowan,&nbsp;Christoph Schmidt,&nbsp;Vivi K. Pedersen,&nbsp;Benjamin Lehmann,&nbsp;Leif S. Anderson,&nbsp;Remy Veness,&nbsp;C. Scott Watson,&nbsp;Darrel Swift,&nbsp;Georgina E. King","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007773","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Constraining the timescales of sediment transport by glacier systems is important for understanding the processes controlling sediment dynamics within glacierized catchments, and because the accumulation of supraglacial sediment influences glacier response to climate change. However, glacial sediment transport can be difficult to observe; sediment can be transported englacially, subglacially, supraglacially or at the ice margins, and may be stored temporarily on headwall slopes or within moraines before being (re-)entrained and transported by glacier ice. This study is a proof of concept of the use of luminescence rock surface burial dating to establish rates of englacial sediment transport. Our novel approach combines luminescence rock surface burial dating of englacial clasts with an ice-flow model that includes Lagrangian particle tracking to quantify rates of sediment transport through the Miage Glacier catchment in the Italian Alps. Luminescence rock surface burial ages for seven samples embedded in the near-surface ice in the ablation area range from 0.0 ± 1.0 to 4.7 ± 0.3 ka and are consistent with the ice-flow model results. Our results show that the transport durations of individual clasts vary by an order of magnitude, implying rapid clast transport near the glacier surface and longer transport histories for clasts transported lower in the ice column. In some cases, clasts were stored on the headwalls or within ice-marginal moraines for several thousand years before being englacially transported. The results illustrate the different routes by which glaciers transport sediment and provide the first direct measurements of englacial sediment transport duration.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007773","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Rock Glacier Dynamics on Surface Morphology and Deformation","authors":"T. M. Meng,&nbsp;B. S. Tober,&nbsp;R. J. Aguilar,&nbsp;M. F. Daniel,&nbsp;R. A. Jacobo-Bojórquez,&nbsp;S. Nerozzi,&nbsp;J. W. Holt","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008106","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We apply static and kinematic geophysical measurements of rock glaciers to characterize active surface processes and to understand their effects on rock glacier dynamics. We primarily focus on the processes governing the formation of transverse ridge morphology, which include both compressional and climatic mechanisms. Supraglacial and englacial debris distribution imaged by ground-penetrating radar is examined in the context of high-resolution surface velocity measurements acquired via repeated drone photogrammetry surveys. We estimate the age of low ice accumulation periods represented by climatic ridges at Galena Creek, Wyoming, and we also observe evidence for active compressional ridge formation through a joint analysis of debris thickness distribution and surface strain. The strain analysis also has implications for mapping flow margins and regions of enhanced melt. To assist in numerical modeling of rock glacier dynamics, we explore the use of derived surface velocities and subsurface geometry products to constrain the boundary conditions and rheological parameters necessary to simulate ridge formation and assist interpretation of multidisciplinary measurements for Earth, Mars, and other planetary settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thank You to Our 2024 Reviewers","authors":"Ann Rowan,&nbsp;Amy East,&nbsp;Mikael Attal,&nbsp;A. J. F. (Ton) Hoitink,&nbsp;Olga V. Sergienko,&nbsp;Jaap Nienhuis,&nbsp;Joel Sankey","doi":"10.1029/2025JF008441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JF008441","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Editors of the Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface would like to express our thanks and appreciation to everyone who served as reviewers for this journal during 2024. We extend our thanks to the 806 reviewers who provided 1,069 reviews of manuscripts for JGR: Earth Surface. Finding the time to provide good quality and detailed peer reviews can be challenging, and requires individuals to take time from their own research to contribute to the progress of our field more widely. Providing peer review can also be a mentoring practice for early career colleagues, both through providing constructive feedback on their work and through co-reviewing as a means of training the next generation of reviewers. We greatly appreciate the large community of geomorphologists who have taken the time to write reviews, and particularly for providing constructive and critical feedback that guides authors to write the best possible paper about their research.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JF008441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governing Processes of Structure-Borne Snowdrifts: A Case Study at Neumayer Station III","authors":"Océane Hames,&nbsp;Mahdi Jafari,&nbsp;Peter Köhler,&nbsp;Christian Haas,&nbsp;Michael Lehning","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008180","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The genesis of snowdrifts and its governing processes are not fully understood. In Antarctica, understanding snow movement is crucial for assessing ice sheet mass balance and tackling logistical challenges related to human infrastructure. So far, extensive research has focused on snow-wind interactions on flat terrain, emphasizing the crucial roles of flow turbulence and snow properties. This work expands an existing Eulerian-Lagrangian model by incorporating buildings to simulate snowdrifts around complex structures, using advanced saltation physics. The German Antarctic research station Neumayer III is used as a test site. This development brings new levels of interaction between snow particles and larger structures, making the simulations more representative of real-world conditions. Specifically, numerical simulations were conducted to test the influence of six parameters on snowdrift formation, namely: wind force, snowbed cohesion, particle diameter, precipitation rate and building height and shape. Results show that the size of snowdrifts is mostly affected by wind force, preferential deposition and snowbed cohesion, while fine features of the building shape control their form. Nevertheless, significant uncertainties remain regarding the interaction of these parameters, highlighting the need for further research to improve modeling frameworks. This study demonstrates that our model is well-suited for engineering applications, guiding optimal designs for buildings and infrastructure in snow-affected environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Geometric Algorithm to Identify River Meander Bends:1. Effect of Perspective","authors":"A. B. Limaye","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007908","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Channels form meander bends, whether in rivers or on glaciers, volcanoes, coastlines, or the seafloor. Therefore, isolating meander bends is instrumental in characterizing channel shape and its relationship to the surrounding environment. The common approach of delimiting meander bends using inflection points yields isolated arcs that differ from traditional depictions. This study develops a geometric algorithm for mapping meander bends to bridge this gap. The approach accounts for two perceptual factors: observer viewpoint and the scale of significant deviations in the river path. The channel centerline is divided into three elements: arcs of positive/negative curvature, and effectively straight reaches with dimensionless amplitude (<i>A</i>_st*) below a threshold. Meander bends are formed by connecting reaches between arcs of similar curvature and trimming to where the openness, or viewshed, falls below the value for a straight line (180°). A case study for the Beatton River, Canada, shows the method captures the full extents of meander bends and reproduces a common classification (simple vs. compound) and scaling between wavelength and channel width (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>λ</mi>\u0000 <mo>≈</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $lambda mathit{approx }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 12<i>w</i>_<i>c</i>) from visual interpretation. The number and extents of meander bends change with <i>A</i>_<i>st</i>*; 0.1 &lt; <i>A</i>_<i>st</i>* &lt; 1 prevents over-segmentation without lumping adjacent meander bends. The approach further indicates two mapping solutions that correspond to viewpoints on opposite sides of the river. By harmonizing the geometric definition of a meander bend with its traditional depiction, this approach advances the quantitative analysis of channels across geologic environments. A companion study tests whether the mapped meander bends have characteristic shapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}