Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface最新文献

{"title":"Influence of Climate Change on Bimodal Cross-Shore Distributions of the Longshore Sediment Transport Rate and Current Velocity on a Dissipative Sandy Beach","authors":"Y. Kuriyama,&nbsp;M. Banno","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007931","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Changes in waves and wind caused by climate change would induce changes in the cross-shore distribution of the longshore sediment transport rate, which would lead to morphological changes on the updrift and downdrift sides of coastal structures. Therefore, the impacts of climate change on the cross-shore distributions of the longshore sediment transport rate and the longshore current velocity, which induces sediment transport, were examined at a sandy beach in Japan using a one-dimensional numerical model and 9-year wave and wind data simulated at 2-hr intervals for the present and future climates. Both the present-climate distributions had northward and southward predominant values near the shore and offshore, respectively, as a result of the combination of the southerly and northerly waves. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the distributions shifted southward in the nearshore region, even though the mean wave direction did not change. This occurred because the significant wave height of the southerly waves decreased more than that of the northerly waves under this scenario. In the offshore region, northward longshore sediment transport became predominant because the number of large southerly waves increased. The results obtained using the peak wave directions differed from those obtained using the mean wave directions. There was a significant shift in the distributions to the south, and the bimodal distributions became unimodal. Future changes in the distributions can be estimated using 1-day interval data instead of 2-hr interval data with an error of 30% in the nearshore region.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Reassessment of the Role of Atmospheric and Oceanic Forcing on Ice Dynamics at Jakobshavn Isbræ (Sermeq Kujalleq), Ilulissat Icefjord","authors":"H. J. Picton,&nbsp;P. W. Nienow,&nbsp;D. A. Slater,&nbsp;T. R. Chudley","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Jakobshavn Isbræ (<i>Sermeq Kujalleq</i>) has been the largest single contributor to mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet over the past three decades. Previous research emphasizes the dominant role of oceanic forcing, with the recent advance, deceleration and thickening of Jakobshavn attributed to reduced ocean temperatures. Here, we use satellite imagery and remotely sensed data sets of ice surface velocity, ice surface elevation and ice discharge to extend observations of ice dynamics at Jakobshavn Isbræ between 2018 and 2023. We then use in situ oceanic and meteorological data, in combination with modeled estimates of surface runoff, to explore the potential role of climatic forcing over this 5-year period. Our results show that Jakobshavn began to re-accelerate in 2018, with mean annual near-terminus velocity increasing by 49% between 2018 and 2021. The onset of re-acceleration occurred prior to the arrival of warmer water, and was likely facilitated by the near-terminus being close to flotation and thus highly sensitive to reductions in effective pressure. Such reductions likely resulted from ice surface lowering, driven by both negative surface mass balance and dynamic thinning. During winter 2020/2021, ice velocities remained elevated, with sustained thinning and iceberg calving observed. This unusual behavior corresponded with a significant decrease in rigid mélange extent, likely driven by increased ocean temperatures observed in Disko Bay and Ilulissat Icefjord. This study thus further emphasizes the complexity of climatic forcing at the ice-ocean interface, highlighting that both oceanic <i>and</i> atmospheric forcing must be considered when projecting the future behavior of marine-terminating outlet glaciers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF008104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty Reduction for Subaerial Landslide-Tsunami Hazards","authors":"Katherine R. Barnhart,&nbsp;David L. George,&nbsp;Andrew L. Collins,&nbsp;Lauren N. Schaefer,&nbsp;Dennis M. Staley","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007906","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Subaerial rock slopes may generate a tsunami by rapidly moving into the water. Large uncertainty in landslide characteristics propagates into large uncertainty in tsunami hazard, making hazard assessment more difficult for land and emergency managers. Once a potentially tsunamigenic landslide is identified, it may not be clear which landslide characteristics contribute most significantly to uncertainty in the tsunami hazard. Our aim is to document the relative worth of different landslide characteristics (e.g., size, material properties) for reducing uncertainty in landslide-tsunami hazard assessments. Isolating the relative importance of specific landslide characteristics may inform prioritization of data collection and improve efficiency in understanding hazard. To accomplish this, we generated a set of 288 landslide-tsunami simulations in which we systematically varied the size and material properties of possible failure extents at the Barry Arm landslide complex in northwestern Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA. We find that for landslides smaller than the receiving waterbody, the landslide volume has the strongest effect on resulting wave characteristics and thus the highest leverage on reducing uncertainty in tsunami hazard. In contrast, for landslides substantially larger than the waterbody, the duration of rapid movement of the landslide has the highest leverage. Based on our results, we propose a classification scheme for subaerial landslides based on the relative size of the landslide and waterbody. Additionally, our results support the generation of a tsunami height transfer function between existing tide gages and a nearby coastal city. These results have direct implications for the practice of operational early warning.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007906","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elemental and Li Isotopic Investigation of a Proglacial River System: Insights to Modern Chemical Weathering Processes","authors":"Venkata Sailaja Pappala,&nbsp;Carli A. Arendt,&nbsp;Xiao-Ming Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007856","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dissolved and suspended sediment samples were collected from the 121 km-long proglacial Matanuska River and five associated tributaries in Southcentral Alaska (USA), in July 2019. Li elemental and isotopic (δ⁷Li) composition of dissolved load from proglacial river water samples and XRD analyses of the accompanying suspended sediments were measured to better understand the processes controlling Li isotopic fractionation during glacial weathering. The δ⁷Li_diss of the Matanuska River system ranges from +6.1 to +18.2‰ (average = +14.6‰), which is lower than that of the associated tributary samples (average = +21.0‰). A weak negative correlation between δ⁷Li_diss and Li/Na* ratios is observed, indicating that fluid residence time is not the only control for the observed δ⁷Li_diss variations in this study. Equilibrium-type fractionation controls the observed δ⁷Li_diss variability of the Matanuska River system with a calculated fractionation factor (<i>α</i>) of 0.988. In contrast, Rayleigh-type fractionation regulates the δ⁷Li_diss variability in tributaries, where <i>α</i> values range between 0.990 and 0.996. XRD analyses of suspended sediments show the presence of secondary clay mineral phases such as chlorite, illite, smectite, and Fe-oxyhydroxides group minerals, which further supports the estimated <i>α</i> values. There is no correlation between δ⁷Li_diss values and water temperature, pH, ionic strength of the solution, or topography, implying that these factors have limited influence on the evolution of δ⁷Li_diss along the Matanuska River transect. Overall, our results suggest that isotopic fractionation via adsorption of ⁶Li onto secondary mineral phases formed during glacial weathering likely explains the observed δ⁷Li_diss variability in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boreal Forest Cover Delays Thermokarst Onset in Central Siberia's Yedoma Deposits","authors":"S. M. Stuenzi,&nbsp;J. Boike,&nbsp;S. Westermann,&nbsp;M. Langer","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007873","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Boreal forests, covering more than half of the world's permafrost, are essential for maintaining permafrost stability. However, climate change and forest shifts are threatening the delicate balance in the thermal equilibrium between the atmosphere, vegetation, and permafrost. We focus on Central Yakutia's ice-rich boreal regions, specifically two sites located in Spasskaya-Pad and Churapcha, to investigate the interplay of hydrothermal and climatic conditions that induce thermokarst. We employ a numerical permafrost model (CryoGrid), with a canopy model, and features for excess ground ice, lateral water flow and lake formation, to simulate the underlying physical processes under two forcing scenarios until 2060. The results reveal that forest delays the onset of thermokarst and ground ice melting by 3–18 years, depending on ice depth, climate forcing, and local conditions. Our simulations additionally reveal that a canopy slows excess ice melt by up to 7 years compared to bare ground simulations. Furthermore, in exceptionally warm and wet years, thermokarst initiation occurred rapidly in the bare ground simulations. In contrast, the canopy buffered against these conditions, suggesting that canopies might mitigate the impacts of small temperature and precipitation anomalies. This research highlights the critical role of forests in shaping the trajectory of thermokarst-related landscape transformations in ice-rich boreal permafrost regions. With the study region warming faster than average, forest cover transformations could significantly alter the hydrological balance. By integrating thermodynamics, hydrology, and ecology, our findings underscore the importance of forests in delaying thermokarst initiation and slowing ground ice melt, ultimately stabilizing permafrost ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007873","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future Coastal Tundra Loss Due To Compounding Environmental Changes in Alaska","authors":"D. L. Anderson,&nbsp;N. Cohn","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008076","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic climate change is amplified in the Arctic, where less sea ice enables more energetic wave climates while higher air and soil temperatures increase tundra erodibility. These compounding environmental changes are likely to exacerbate retreat of coastal tundra yet remain poorly constrained on timescales relevant to storm wave impacts. A stochastic weather generator is used to create 1,000 synthetic hourly time series of waves, water levels, offshore sea ice concentration, and air temperatures that are used as forcing for an efficient coastal tundra model applied to conditions at Point Hope, Alaska. The ensemble set of morphological change simulations provides a probabilistic perspective on the range of tundra retreats and the relative effects of each environmental forcing. Ensembles show that as the depth of the erodible layer increases, the style of tundra retreat shifts from a more consistent steady recession to intermittent events with large magnitudes and a factor 2 range in outcomes. Exploratory model scenarios highlight that shallower thaw depths narrows the range of retreats and reduces individual extreme events, but a dynamic feedback between beach slopes, wave runup, and thermally limited erosion volumes ultimately increases the number of storm events associated with retreat. The minimum tundra retreat is governed by background shoreline change and the specifics of the topographic profile are also shown to dominate underlying changes in the future wave climate statistics and open water season. As the Arctic continues to warm, the change in retreat style across the Arctic coastal plain will have significant ramifications for coastal resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF008076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Holocene Climate History and Alpine Landscape Evolution From Rock Glacier Dynamics: Mt Sopris, CO, USA","authors":"Benjamin Lehmann,&nbsp;Robert S. Anderson,&nbsp;Diego Cusicanqui,&nbsp;Matthew W. Rossi,&nbsp;Naomi Ochwat","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007978","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rock glaciers dominate the cryosphere in mid-latitude alpine settings, yet their activity and their histories remain challenging to constrain. We focus on the Thomas Lake rock glacier on Mt. Sopris in Colorado, USA. We measure surface velocities by feature tracking of image pairs and document Holocene ¹⁰Be exposure ages on surface debris. The surface speeds average 0.8 m/yr and peak at 2 m/yr in a steep reach. Exposure ages range from 1.4 to 13.2 kyr and monotonically increase down-glaciers. Ages exceeding 6 kyr occur in the bottom quarter of the landform, coinciding with sporadic tree cover. These constraints constrain a numerical model of Holocene rock glacier activity. In our model, surface velocity is entirely explained by the deformation of the ice-rich core with the extra load of the rocky carapace. Surface mass balance is simplified to an accumulation area of ice and debris equivalent to the avalanche cone, and very low, uniform ablation in the remaining rock glacier where rock cover minimizes melt. Climate drives the activity through a history of ice accumulation in the avalanche cone. Matching the observed age and speed structure requires: (a) Early Holocene growth of the rock glacier, (b) low accumulation during the middle Holocene warm period (Hypsithermal), and (c) two Neoglacial accumulation pulses, the most recent being the Little Ice Age. Pulses travel down the valley as kinematic waves, re-activating the landform. The headwall retreat rate of 4 mm/yr, inferred from rocky layer thickness and surface speed, far outpaces bedrock down wearing rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for Erosional Efficiency of Extreme Precipitation Events at a Multi- Decadal Time Scale","authors":"Eric Gayer,&nbsp;Antoine Lucas,&nbsp;Laurent Michon,&nbsp;Matthieu Gougeon","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007818","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extreme precipitation events play a pivotal role in shaping Earth's surface through their influences on hillslope processes (triggering mass-wasting events) and on transport capacity and dynamics of rivers. This study investigates the impact of such events on sediment transport using Réunion Island as a natural laboratory due to its intense tropical rainfall regime. Through photogrammetric techniques using historical aerial images, we reconstructed nine DEMs of the entire canyon bed of the ephemeral Rivière des Remparts spanning six decades. Based on differences in DEMs and sediment volume estimates combined with cosmogenic ³He measurements, we assessed the spatio-temporal evolution of the entire canyon bed and the drainage of products from major landslides and rock avalanches between 1950 and 2011. Results indicate that 50.2 ± 8.4 Mm³ (145.5 ± 24.4 Mt) of sediment was transported out of the watershed over 62 years via bed load waves. We modeled the flow dates and showed that such an export of material occurred during only 391 days over the 62 years, at an average rate of 0.13 ± 0.02 Mm³/day (0.37 ± 0.06 Mt/day). Our investigation confirms that sediment transport coincides with officially recorded extreme meteorological events such as cyclones. Moreover, our findings reveal that sediment transport predominantly occurs on days corresponding to high-percentile rank precipitation events, demonstrating that all transport is concentrated during these intense rainfall periods. Finally, we underscore the extremely fast conveyance of material from slopes to deep-sea fans, facilitated in Réunion by the absence of a coastal platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Hysteresis Effects of Climate-Induced Desiccation Cracks on Slope Stability: New Insights From Experimental and Numerical Studies","authors":"Xiao-Ying Chen,&nbsp;Chao-Sheng Tang,&nbsp;Yi Luo,&nbsp;Farshid Vahedifard,&nbsp;Ben-Gang Tian,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Zhao-Jun Zeng,&nbsp;Qing Cheng","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008085","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate-induced desiccation cracks exhibit a hysteresis behavior, referred to as crack dynamic hysteresis (CDH), where they display different geometric characteristics during the drying and wetting phases at constant soil water content. This phenomenon has a complex effect on slope stability, an aspect often overlooked in analytical and numerical methods. In this study, we conducted experimental and numerical analyses to provide new insights into the effects of the CDH on slope stability. A series of laboratory experiments on desiccation cracking under drying-wetting cycles were performed. The testing results were used to develop and validate an extended dynamic dual-permeability model. The proposed model was integrated into a set of slope stability analyses using the finite element method. The numerical model results show that CDH causes greater fluctuations in crack dynamics and increases soil water retention under drying-wetting cycles. Neglecting this phenomenon leads to underestimation of slope stability during dry conditions and overestimation during wet conditions, with these discrepancies becoming more pronounced as the cycles progress. Furthermore, CDH changes the mechanical properties of soil, transitioning relatively stable zones to regions prone to localized instability. These unstable zones present significant challenges for accurately analyzing and managing slopes with cracked soil layers. Monitoring groundwater fluctuations and local crack development after heavy rainfall events is essential for mitigating localized slope collapses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geomorphology and Sedimentology of the Nyixoi Chongco Rock Avalanche and Implications for Emplacement Mechanisms","authors":"Lei Zhu,&nbsp;Xiong Tang,&nbsp;Siming He,&nbsp;Zongji Yang,&nbsp;Heng Liang,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Lei,&nbsp;Yu Luo,&nbsp;Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007666","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large rock avalanches are ubiquitous surface hazards on Earth and are characterized by long runout distances and high velocities. These extreme mobility features are regarded as the key causes of catastrophic damage. Commonly, these rock avalanches are characterized by a complicated set of geological settings and behaviors. Although many hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, a comprehensive explanation of its geological features is lacking. To precisely identify the extreme mobility mechanisms of large rock avalanches, we examined data collected from a deposit of the Nyixoi Chongco rock avalanche (NCRA) (Tibetan Plateau, China). Through a combination of preliminary observations and analyses of the morphology and sedimentology of the deposits, we reconstructed the kinematic process and recognized that the formation of superficial structures is related to mass flow emplacement dynamics driven by high-speed avalanche debris impacting a liquefiable substrate. One mechanism to explain the extreme mobility of the NCRA is the reduction in the basal layer resistance owing to contraction-induced excess pore pressure. To further validate and quantify this long runout mechanism, numerical simulations were conducted using a multiphase model to precisely determine how deformable granular mixtures in the basal layer led to excess pore pressure and underwent liquefaction when the avalanche was emplaced, demonstrating that this process dominated the behavior of the Nyixoi Chongco rock avalanche. The present study provides an improved method and understanding of the kinematic processes and runout mechanisms of the extreme mobility of similar rock avalanches.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}