Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface最新文献

{"title":"Linking Landslide Patterns to Transient Landscapes in the Northern Colombian Andes","authors":"Edier Aristizábal,&nbsp;Oliver Korup","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Landslides are among the most recognizable evidence of hillslope erosion in tectonically active mountains. Yet, how much of the distribution of landslides of different ages relates to, or is inherited from, the pattern of topographic metrics of landscape evolution remains partially unresolved, and especially so in tropical areas. We derive such metrics for 650 catchments of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${10}^{1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${10}^{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mtext>km</mtext>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${text{km}}^{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> in size, including their mean hypsometric integral, local relief, geological lineament density, and steepness variations and knickpoint density of river channels as proxies of tectonic activity. We test how these proxies match with, if not explain, the distribution of some 14,000 prehistoric and modern landslides in the northern Colombian Andes. A <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>K</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $K$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-means cluster analysis of catchment hypsometry reveals four distinct groups of catchments. We interpret these groups to reflect different states of transience with clear contrasts in mean local relief, average hillslope inclination, channel steepness, and landslide density. We propose that tectonic uplift, base-level changes, and passing waves of incision control these different states of transience. Yet, we find that landslides occur widely without much spatial association to, or amassing near, major channel knickpoints. This observation reflects what we would expect from a threshold landscape in which landslides abound irrespective of contrasts in local river incision rates. Still, we notice a pronounced amassing of landslides near transient divides, where prehistoric landslides are preferentially preserved. In summary, we infer that, in our study area at least, differences in catchment hypsometry might be more useful to track potential tectonic controls on landslide patterns than comparing these to knickpoint distributions or channel metrics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF008027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the Mass Transport and Energy Conversion of a Rapid Long-Runout Loess Landslide Using the Finite–Discrete Element Method","authors":"Ke Liu,&nbsp;Xiaolin Huang,&nbsp;Ling Xu","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rapid long-runout loess landslides pose serious threats to human activities. However, associated kinematic processes, such as mass transport and energy conversion, are not fully understood, limiting disaster prediction and prevention. Herein, numerical models were established to quantitatively investigate the kinematic process of rapid long-runout loess landslides via the finite–discrete element method (FDEM). These models were calibrated according to the <i>Dabuzi</i> rapid long-runout loess landslide deposit and laboratory tests. We conducted systematic numerical simulations to explore the mass transport and energy conversion of a rapid long-runout landslide, focusing on the influences of the sliding volume and the traveling path topography undulation depicted by the fractal dimension. The rapid evolution of the mass structure from continuous to discontinuous, the transition from a solid state to fluid-like state, and the mutual influence of mass transport and energy conversion were quantitatively characterized during the landslide kinematic process. With increasing topographic surface's fractal dimension, the maximum displacement, maximum velocity, and volume expansion ratio of the landslide exhibited linear decreasing trends, and the accumulation morphology changed. Variations in these parameters with the sliding volume were opposite to those of the fractal dimension case, except for the deposit volume expansion ratio. Particularly, the surface mass always displayed extreme long-runout motion displacements. The mass transport characteristics, like the transition from acceleration to deceleration, were driven by the mutual conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy and the dissipation of friction and fracturing. The deceleration process was initially dominated by fracture energy dissipation and then by friction energy dissipation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the Dense Granular Flow Rheology of Particles With Different Surface Friction: Implications for Geophysical Mass Flows","authors":"Kahlil F. E. Cui,&nbsp;Gordon G. D. Zhou,&nbsp;Teng Man,&nbsp;Yu Huang,&nbsp;Yongshuang Zhang,&nbsp;Xueqiang Lu,&nbsp;Tao Zhao","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Geophysical mass flows often consist of various types of materials with different surface roughnesses. Predicting the dynamics of flows such as rock-ice avalanches, where particles have highly distinct surface friction, remains challenging due to the limited knowledge on how friction differences impact the rheology and microstructure. To study the flow of surface friction-different granular mixtures, we conducted discrete element method simulations of dense granular flows with varying concentrations of a highly frictional and a less frictional particle type. Each mixture is characterized by three interparticle friction coefficients defined for contacts between similar and dissimilar particle species. We show that the mixture rheology can be modeled by combining the rheologies of single-phase flows having interparticle frictions equal to those that exist in the mixture, weighted according to particle contact probabilities. Furthermore, by applying the contact probabilities on a recently developed friction-dependent constitutive model, it is possible to predict the rheology and micro-structural parameters of a wide range of mixture scenarios and flow geometries requiring only the interparticle friction coefficients as inputs. Results here improve the determination of the flow resistance due to friction differences in geophysical flows, allowing for more reliable predictions of their dynamics, which in turn are necessary for hazard risk reduction and mitigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pronounced Underestimation of Surface Deformation Due To Unwrapping Errors Over Tibetan Plateau Permafrost by Sentinel-1 InSAR: Identification and Correction","authors":"Chengyan Fan,&nbsp;Lin Liu,&nbsp;Zhuoyi Zhao,&nbsp;Cuicui Mu","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007854","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Surface deformation plays an important role in permafrost studies as it is closely associated with the hydrological-thermal dynamics of the active layer and permafrost, affecting the stability of infrastructure. In this study, we have identified a significant underestimation of surface deformation over permafrost using Sentinel-1 InSAR, which is attributed to unwrapping errors in interferograms. Specifically, the inclusion of interferograms with longer temporal baselines in the SBAS network will cause unwrapping errors to occur more frequently and severely, leading to a more pronounced underestimation, exceeding 3 times in severe cases. To address this issue, we propose a novel correction strategy to mitigate unwrapping errors by correcting long-span interferograms with reliable short-span interferograms in the temporal domain. Here, 12-day interferograms are utilized as the reliable interferograms for the correction. The results show that the seasonal deformation amplitude over an ice-rich permafrost location on the Tibetan Plateau increases to approximately 110 mm after applying the correction, compared to the previous underestimation of only about 28 mm. The proposed correction method facilitates accurate retrieval and verification permafrost products from InSAR time series, such as the ground ice/water storage and thickness of the active layer. This in turn deepens our understanding of surface deformation in permafrost regions under a warming climate. Moreover, the proposed correction method demonstrates its promise as an effective strategy for mitigating underestimation issues in various InSAR studies that suffer from unwrapping errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Leafy Flexible Vegetation and Bedforms on Turbulent Flow and Sediment Transport","authors":"G. Artini,&nbsp;S. Francalanci,&nbsp;L. Solari,&nbsp;J. Aberle","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007920","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Recent studies have shown that vegetation can trigger sediment resuspension and facilitate sediment movement, highlighting the possibility of finding a linkage between turbulence and sediment transport rates in vegetated areas. This study investigates flow hydrodynamics, through a double-averaged analysis, focusing on data that were acquired in experiments with dunes and leafy flexible vegetation characterized by different Leaf Area Indices (LAI), which denotes the total one-sided leaf area &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mfenced&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mfenced&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $left({A}_{L}right)$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; per unit ground area &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mfenced&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mfenced&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $left({A}_{B}right)$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;I&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $LAI={A}_{L}/{A}_{B}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;). Flow velocity was measured under both fixed- and mobile-bed conditions, with the fixed-bed physical model representing the final topography from the mobile-bed experiments. The results suggest that double-averaged turbulent kinetic energy in mobile-bed conditions is approximately two to three times higher than that measured in fixed-bed conditions under comparable experimental conditions. Moreover, the spatially and depth-averaged turbulence intensity measured across various setups was correlated with a dimensionless factor derived from both dune height &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Δ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $({Delta })$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; and wavelength &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007920","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slow Strike-Slip Faulting in a Hyper-Arid Landscape: Assessing the Geomorphic Response to the Salar Grande Fault, Atacama Desert, Chile","authors":"T. F. Aránguiz-Rago,&nbsp;A. R. Duvall,&nbsp;B. W. Crowell,&nbsp;S. T. Henderson,&nbsp;D. A. Schmidt","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Geomorphic features near strike-slip faults, including offset channels, have long been used in paleoseismology. Recent numerical models suggest that slip rate information can also be expressed far upstream of faults as catchments respond to stream lengthening and shortening due to stream captures along the fault. Slow-moving faults show dynamic catchment-wide responses with migrating ridges and changing basins, whereas fast faults have more stable basins and distinct topography near and far from faults. Such patterns hold promise for revealing slip rate and geomorphic process information but have yet to be tested in end-member slip rate and climate environments. In this study, we examine the Salar Grande Fault (SGF) in the hyper-arid core of the Atacama Desert. We use InSAR to provide a first quantitative estimate of slip rate for the SGF of 0.2–0.6 mm/yr. We then analyze topographic profiles parallel to the fault, located near and far from it (Profile Relief Ratio (PRR)) and cross-divide metrics on fault-perpendicular ridgelines as proxies for ridge mobility and relative slip rate. Our results show that the hillslopes and channels respond to slow strike-slip faulting, even in a hyper-arid environment. However, the low erosion conditions do diminish the magnitude of the landscape response, yielding a PRR value indicative of a relatively faster-moving fault. These findings improve our understanding of the geomorphic response to strike-slip faulting and emphasize the importance of considering climatic and erosive conditions when assessing relative slip rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Longitudinal and Transverse Advection and Dispersion of Bed Load Pulses Induced by a Local Sediment Surplus","authors":"Kevin Reiterer,&nbsp;Thomas Gold,&nbsp;Christoph Hauer,&nbsp;Helmut Habersack,&nbsp;Christine Sindelar","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007986","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Local sediment surplus can originate from various endogenous and exogenous sources and generally forms sediment pulses that propagate downstream and spread in transverse and longitudinal direction. Despite the enormous relevance in natural and anthropogenically influenced river systems, only a few studies deal with the advection and dispersion of local surplus. By the use of physical scale model tests and an image-based, non-invasive measurement technique, the two-dimensional advection and dispersion characteristics of installed sediment deposits on pulse-scale were investigated. In addition to the qualitative analysis of the erosion process, quantitative transport and spreading parameters are determined. These parameters are further used to assess the experimental results and to model the dispersion based on the two-dimensional advection-dispersion equation (2D-ADE). The present results show that the advection and dispersion properties of a local sediment surplus are strongly influenced by the local stream constriction and the associated 3D flow phenomena. Therefore, unlike transport at dynamic equilibrium, advective pulse slowdown is most likely associated with a continuous decrease of the blocking ratio rather than with the burial and trapping of bed load particles. The presented 2D-ADE based model is capable to reproduce shape, magnitude and extent of the propagating sediment pulses. In closing, the insights gained from this laboratory study help to better understand the underlying processes and the introduced modeling approach provides a suitable tool for assessing the transport and spreading of a local sediment surplus.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and Temporal Variability of the Surface Mass Balance of Debris-Covered Glacier Tongues","authors":"P. D. A. Kraaijenbrink,&nbsp;W. W. Immerzeel","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007935","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Himalayan glaciers often have a supraglacial debris layer that causes spatial heterogeneity in surface changes and mostly reduces melt. Despite this, debris-covered glaciers lose mass at similar rates to debris-free glaciers. Understanding related processes is crucial for assessing impacts on water resources and hazards. This study assesses the spatiotemporal variability of surface changes in debris-covered glaciers by analyzing (parts of) two distinctly different Himalayan glaciers, Lirung Glacier and Langtang Glacier, over 2013–2018 using high-resolution uncrewed aerial system data. Derived multi-annual surface mass balances across the debris-covered tongues had reduced spatial variability compared to (sub) annual surface changes, likely due to topographic feedbacks in surface processes, while at supraglacial ice cliffs both melt amplification and dampening was observed, with an overall net negative effect on mass balance. Increased melting due to higher cliff abundance contributed to the equal surface mass balances between the tongues, despite differences in elevation and air temperatures. Additionally, cliff abundance increased sensitivity to temperature fluctuations, leading to greater surface mass balance variability. In response to the Gorkha Earthquake of April 2015, Langtang Glacier exhibited higher sensitivity of the ice influx, suggesting it has potential sensitivity to climate change. In contrast to Langtang Glacier, which showed no retreat, Lirung Glacier experienced an anomalously fast retreat of a terminal ice cliff, substantially impacting its mass balance. The spatiotemporal response revealed by this study reiterates the significant role of ice cliffs in debris-covered glacier surface mass balance, emphasizing the need for their accurate representation in impact studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007935","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Channel Bank-Height Adjustments and Flood Frequency Trends in a Dynamic Channel-Levee Evolution Model","authors":"J. Han,&nbsp;W. Kim,&nbsp;D. A. Edmonds","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008137","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural levees form through sediment delivery from channels, dispersal onto floodplains, and storage at channel margins. When levees breach, they release water and sediment onto the floodplain, occasionally causing river avulsions. Despite their significance, levee growth remains poorly understood, and no existing models capture the dynamic channel-levee evolution systems. A common assumption is that levee and channel bed aggradation rates are coupled or equal; however, this cannot be true because levees do not accumulate everywhere along aggrading channel belts. Using a one-dimensional numerical model, we investigate levee growth decoupled from channel bed aggradation under flood scenarios wherein the flooded level: (a) exceeds the levee crest height (i.e., front loading); or (b) is lower than the levee crest partially inundating distal levee deposits (i.e., back loading). Front loading events initially aggrade the levee crest, which confines the channel, increases bankfull depth, and reduces flooding. During confinement, levee growth restricts flooding, and minor back loading events are more common. Over this period, the channel bed aggrades until bankfull depth decreases sufficiently to trigger larger floods. This channel-releasing process increases flood likelihood and enhances overbank accumulation, promoting front loading and re-confining the channel. Our findings suggest aggradational channels may experience confined-release phases characterized by episodic levee growth and fluctuating bankfull depth. Rapid in-channel aggradation increases flood frequency and variability with more confined-release cycles. These results imply that river avulsions and associated floods might preferentially occur when the channel bed aggrades faster than adjacent levees, whereby the channel becomes shallower and destabilized.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF008137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limits of Fluvial Relief in the Northern Andes","authors":"N. Pérez-Consuegra,&nbsp;R. F. Ott,&nbsp;G. D. Hoke,&nbsp;H. Garcia-Delgado,&nbsp;J. R. Sandoval","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007763","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The eastern flank of the tropical Northern Andes (0.5–3.5°N) is characterized by variations in tectonic style due to strain partitioning, and thus an ideal setting to explore how along-strike differences in rock uplift rate scale with relief and elevation. Here we quantify erosion and topography and their relationship along the Eastern Cordillera using new cosmogenic nuclide data, previously published thermochronology data, and topographic metrics. We found higher median cosmogenic nuclide-derived erosion rates along the southern and northern sections of the study area (∼600 m/Myr) compared to the central part (∼140 m/Myr). The same trend is observed in erosion rates derived from thermochronology data, with values of 360 m/Myr in the south and north, and 160 m/Myr in the central zone, indicating that erosion patterns have remained constant since at least Pliocene times. Spatial variations in erosion rate correspond to changes in structural style due to strain partitioning; high erosion rates in the north and south are associated with dominant reverse faulting, while lower erosion rates in the central region coincide with dominant strike-slip deformation. Cosmogenic nuclide erosion rates and channel steepness follow a power law relationship with a slope exponent <i>n</i> = 2.2—corresponding to a high sensitivity of erosion to channel steepness. This nonlinear-scaling between erosion and topography derived from local erosion data is consistent with along-orogen differences in channel steepness index, fluvial relief, and maximum elevation. Erosion rates in the northern and southern zones are ∼4.3 times higher than those in the central zone, but topographic metrics such as channel steepness, maximum elevation and fluvial relief are only ∼1.2–1.8x greater. This suggests that high sensitivity of erosion to channel steepness, likely caused by incision thresholds combined with steady river discharge, limits along-orogen differences in relief along the Northern Andes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}