Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface最新文献

{"title":"Experiments on Constriction-Pool-Widening Morphology in Bedrock Canyons","authors":"Kyle M. Kusack,&nbsp;Tingan Li,&nbsp;Jeremy G. Venditti","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007808","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bedrock rivers often alternate between relatively wide unconstrained reaches and conspicuously narrow deep incised bedrock reaches (canyons). These bedrock canyons exhibit a constriction-pool-widening (CPW) morphology that consists of a lateral constriction, a deeply scoured pool formed downstream of the constriction, and a channel widening at or near the pool exit. To explore how CPWs are formed in bedrock canyons, we hypothesize that the lateral constriction at the canyon entrance forces a CPW to form allogenically with subsequent CPWs propagating further downstream. Our hypothesis was tested experimentally in a flume channel with a forced lateral constriction at the canyon entrance. Our experiment shows that the forced constriction can cause a primary CPW to form allogenically because the backwater upstream of the forced constriction causes sediment deposition that creates an elevation drop, promoting flow and sediment to plunge toward the bed and carve a primary pool. Channel widening occurs at the primary pool exit because sediment deposit forms that deflects sediment into the banks, causing lateral erosion. Downstream of the primary widening, channel width declines and a new lateral constriction forms, which causes the formation of pools and widening downstream, resulting in downstream CPW propagation. In our experiment, the bedrock channel evolved until a persistent alluvial cover formed, reaching a steady state morphology without further vertical erosion until perturbed by higher discharge. Our experiment shows that discharge variation is necessary for a channel to evolve in the absence of uplift.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142443560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Wind Tunnel Experiment Study on Splash Functions During Sand Saltation","authors":"C. W. Jiang,&nbsp;Z. C. Zhang,&nbsp;X. Y. Wang,&nbsp;Z. B. Dong,&nbsp;F. Jun Xiao","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007863","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Splash functions delineate the intricate interaction between wind-driven particles and the bed. However, due to limitations in measurement methods, achieving a comprehensive understanding of splash functions remains challenging. In this study, we utilized a high-speed system and particle trajectory tracking algorithm to reconstruct 857 collision events involving natural sand particles obtained from field samples and artificial glass microspheres interacting with a bed composed of analogous particles in a wind tunnel. During the experiments, the ratio of the wind shear velocity (<i>u</i>_*) to the impact threshold (<i>u</i>_*ti) consistently ranged between approximately 1.22 and 1.79. Our findings indicate that the impact angle remains independent of both impact velocity and particle size, maintaining an approximate value of 10.5 ± 6.5°. The evaluation of splash functions depends on the criterion used to define ejection, that is, the ratio of the centroid's height of the liftoff particles to their particle size (<i>H</i>/<i>d</i>). Additionally, at the same critical height (<i>H</i>/<i>d</i> = 1.5), our splash functions show differences of varying degrees from previous experiments and theoretical studies performed under no wind conditions. We believe that the main reason for these differences may be that the energy exchange between the bed surface and the airflow increases the looseness of the large-particle (&gt;0.1 mm) bed surface. These findings hold significant implications for accurately modeling sand-bed collisions in natural environments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Power-Law Particle-Size Distributions in Dense Grain-Flow Experiments","authors":"Yan Li,&nbsp;Wei Hu,&nbsp;Qiang Xu,&nbsp;Runqiu Huang,&nbsp;ChingShung Chang,&nbsp;Mauri McSaveney","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007844","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding particle fragmentation and its resulting particle-size distribution is essential for comprehending shear zone formation, structure, and frictional behavior in faults and landslides, particularly at high normal stresses. 3-D fractal dimension (<i>D</i>₃) is used as a measure of particle-size distribution, and for the potential self-similarity physics. Previous research suggests <i>D</i>₃ – 2.58 based on the “constrained comminution” model, or <i>D</i>3 = 3.00 considering large shear displacement. However, field data from rock avalanches reveal scattered <i>D</i>₃ that deviate from these predictions, possibly due to the neglection of the underlying fragmented physics, such as the particle-size-dependent fragmentation probability. Herein, we conducted rotary shear experiments to investigate the evolution of <i>D</i>₃ under varying normal stresses, velocities, and mineral compositions. Experimental results demonstrate that <i>D</i>₃ monotonically increases with shear displacement and converges to an ultimate value, significantly influenced by mineral composition but less affected by shear velocity and confining stress within the experimental conditions. A modified large-strain model that considered size-dependent grain-breakage probability was proposed, which may explain the observed divergence of <i>D</i>₃ from previous predictions. This model highlights the complex mechanisms involved in particle breakage within dense grain-flows, resulting in the high but scattered <i>D</i>₃ observed in natural shear zones. Furthermore, we recognize that additional mechanisms, such as abrasion and grinding, can contribute to the particle size reduction and influence the ultimate fractal dimension. This study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of particle fragmentation in shear zones and has implications for understanding various geological processes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the Probability of Abrupt Changes to Wave-Generated Seafloor Sand Ripples","authors":"A. M. Penko,&nbsp;W. S. Kearney","doi":"10.1029/2023JF007470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007470","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A new, non-dimensional ripple reset parameter and a stochastic point process model is used to estimate the likelihood of propagating ocean waves to form ripples on sandy seabeds. The ripple reset parameter is a function only of water depth, significant wave height, and mean grain size. Ripple formation is estimated by the magnitude of an intensity function based on a time series of the ripple reset parameter. The point process model is trained with a time series of observed waves and ripple change, and is then applied to predict the probability that a ripple field with a different geometry will form within a given time interval from another time series of wave data. The model is trained and tested with four field deployments at three field sites to determine its skill in predicting the ripple formation (a) at one field site over one time period after being trained with observations from the same site over a different time period, and (b) at one field site after being trained with observations from another field site. Results show that while the model is sufficient at predicting ripple formation in both scenarios, it is sensitive to the quality and quantity of the training data. Increasing the amount of training data greatly improves model performance. Employing a stochastic model based on a simple ripple reset parameter reduces tunable model parameters and provides a prediction of the probability for ripple formation given only a water depth, grain size, and time series of wave heights.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023JF007470","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of Denudation Parameters and River Capture Events From Neural Network Inverse Modeling of River Profiles and Thermo- and Geochronology Data","authors":"Thomas Bernard,&nbsp;Christoph Glotzbach,&nbsp;Daniel Peifer,&nbsp;Alexander Neely,&nbsp;Mirjam Schaller,&nbsp;Alexander Beer,&nbsp;Yanqing Shi,&nbsp;Todd A. Ehlers","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007636","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Earth's topography represents the cumulative effects of tectonics and surface processes modulated by climate and lithology. These factors shape landscapes through time. River profiles can be inverted to estimate the rock uplift histories or lithology-specific erodibilities. However, river systems are dynamic and evolve in response to spatial and temporal internal dynamics, such as river capture events. Here, we present a modeling framework to infer denudation rates from the inversion of river profiles and thermo- and geochronology data. We achieve this by coupling a landscape evolution model and an efficient inverse modeling scheme to infer poorly resolved erosional and tectonic parameters. An application of the approach is presented for the Neckar catchment, southwest Germany, characterized by stark lateral variation in bedrock erodibility and rock uplift, and that have demonstrably undergone multiple river capture events. Different end-member scenarios are explored in the simulations. First, we test uniform and spatial variability in rock uplift rate and bedrock erodibility, and second, temporal variations in rock uplift rate and base level. Finally, we simulate river capture events by adding upstream sections (drainage area) at specific times and locations within the fluvial network. We find that spatial variation in rock uplift rate is necessary to reproduce the Neckar's river profile while honoring analytical observations. Simulations integrating river captures allow improved river profile predictions of specific tributaries of the Neckar catchment, leading to potentially more realistic erodibility and rock uplift history estimates. The time and location of the capture events determined from the modeling agree with previous estimations from geological evidence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Field-Based Estimation of the Variability of Particle Entrainment in Coarse-Bed Rivers","authors":"Daniel Vázquez-Tarrío,&nbsp;Estrella Carrero-Carralero,&nbsp;Raúl López,&nbsp;Fanny Ville,&nbsp;Damià Vericat,&nbsp;Ramon J. Batalla","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007695","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The determination of critical shear stresses is fundamental to bedload sediment transport prediction in gravel-bed rivers. Due to the heterogeneous shape and arrangement of the individual clasts in a riverbed, critical shear stresses typically show a large spatial variability, which is not adequately captured by the reach-averaged description followed in common studies. In this regard, there is a general paucity of field data on this spatial variability of the critical shear stress, largely due to the lack of a standardized measurement method. In an attempt to fill this gap, we propose a field-based workflow to estimate the frequency distribution of dimensionless critical shear stress (also named critical Shields number), which is based on the measurement of a series of variables related to the position, orientation and resistance to motion of individual clasts in a gravel-bed river, combined with a probabilistic approximation to drag and lift coefficients. Following this workflow, the patch-scale variability of particle incipient-motion conditions was determined in a gravel bar of the Upper Cinca River, Spain. The results are consistent with what is known about sediment entrainment in gravel-bed rivers. We consider this method to have great potential to advance our understanding of particle initiation of motion in gravel-bed rivers as it provides valuable systematic field information.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007695","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Characteristic Length Scales of Barrier Island Segmentation in Microtidal Environments","authors":"R. V. Palermo,&nbsp;A. D. Ashton,&nbsp;H. Nepf,&nbsp;M. Kule,&nbsp;T. Swanson","doi":"10.1029/2023JF007437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007437","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Segmented barrier islands can be found in regions with small tidal ranges. In contrast to tidally dominated barriers, where inlet dynamics are thought to control island length scales, the controls on barrier island length scales in wave-dominated environments have not been quantified. These microtidal barriers typically have a curved shoreline, suggesting the influence of wave-driven alongshore sediment transport. Microtidal barriers are also typically hydrodynamically isolated from one another, as weak tidal flows limit interactions between adjoining barriers. To better understand the controls on and scales of barrier segmentation in the relative absence of tides, here we develop a theoretical framework to estimate the alongshore length scales at which a barrier will either breach or heal following a disturbance in the barrier morphology. The non-dimensional framework compares the timescales of overwash (advective) and alongshore sediment transport (diffusive) processes along barrier island chains. We then apply this framework to modern barrier islands in the microtidal Gulf of Mexico using wave hindcast data and the lengths, widths, heights, and lagoon depths measured from remotely sensed geospatial data and topobathymetric data. We find that most of these barriers are currently longer than their critical length scale, often as a result of coastal restoration efforts. Our critical length scale analysis suggests that most of the Gulf of Mexico barriers are vulnerable to segmentation despite coastal restoration efforts intended to protect fisheries and the mainland coasts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023JF007437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal Dune Erosion and Slumping Processes in the Swash-Dune Collision Regime Based on Field Measurements","authors":"P. P. J. van Wiechen,&nbsp;R. Mieras,&nbsp;M. F. S. Tissier,&nbsp;S. de Vries","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007711","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper studies hydrodynamic and morphodynamic field measurements of two storms with dune erosion in the swash-dune collision regime. It analyses (a) the behavior and change of the total dune profile over the course of both storms (b) the erosion rate at the dune base, (c) the slumping frequency, and (d) the volumes of individual slumps. The erosion rate at the dune base shows a strong positive correlation with the square of the total water levels that were exceeded for 2% of the time, recorded approximately 5–6 m in front of the dune face (<i>r</i> = 0.91). Individual slumping events occurred when nearly all sediments from previous slumps at the dune base were transported away from the dune. A strong positive correlation was found between the time between two consecutive slumps, and the volume of the first slump divided by the mean erosion rate between the two slumps (<i>r</i> = 0.90). As a consequence, smaller slumps were followed more rapidly by a new slump than larger slumps, under identical erosion rates. The majority of the slumping events occurred after the last wave impact before a slumping event, when the instantaneous water level in front of the dune was still retreating. No clear process based on the incident hydrodynamics could be identified that determined the size of individual slumps. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the morphodynamic behavior of the upper dune face and dune crest is primarily steered by the erosion at the dune base.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF007711","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longshore Sediment Transport Across a Tombolo Determined by Two Adjacent Circulation Cells","authors":"Danghan Xie,&nbsp;Zoe Hughes,&nbsp;Duncan FitzGerald,&nbsp;Silke Tas,&nbsp;Tansir Zaman Asik,&nbsp;Sergio Fagherazzi","doi":"10.1029/2024JF007709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007709","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Longshore sediment transport (LST) is essential for shaping sandy shorelines. Many shorelines are complex and indented, containing headlands, offshore islands and tombolos. Tombolos often form between islands and the mainland; however, the conditions for LST across tombolos are unclear. This question is important because tombolos are often reinforced with anthropogenic infrastructure, potentially causing sediment starvation of downdrift beaches. Along many shorelines, the return to a tombolo's natural condition has been proposed to promote sediment connectivity and counteract erosion. Nevertheless, the implications of such restorations remain uncertain. In this study, we employ the Delft3D wave-current model to investigate hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics across a tombolo, examining its role as a connector between adjacent beaches. Contrary to expectations, our simulations show only diminutive longshore currents from the updrift beach across the tombolo unless offshore wave heights exceed 8 m. Instead, predominant currents crossing the tombolo originate from offshore of the island, driven by storm-induced water level differences and circulation cells on both sides of the tombolo. The offshore island shelters the downdrift domain, resulting in higher wave energy and dissipation updrift of the tombolo. Further, increasing wave height or wave approach angle not only intensifies water level differences but also relocates circulation cells, enhancing total sediment transport from the updrift beach across the tombolo. However, in general, the deposition of sediment from the updrift side of the domain does not compensate for the sediment loss on the downdrift beach. We conclude that LST across tombolos is limited and occurs only under extreme wave conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neogene–Quaternary Channel Evolution and Provenance Shift of the Middle Yellow River","authors":"Jianguo Xiong,&nbsp;Peizhen Zhang,&nbsp;Chenglong Deng,&nbsp;Vincenzo Picotti,&nbsp;Hao Liang,&nbsp;Zhikun Ren,&nbsp;Weitao Wang,&nbsp;Huan Kang,&nbsp;Qingri Liu,&nbsp;Xudong Zhao,&nbsp;Xiuli Zhang,&nbsp;Yihui Zhang,&nbsp;Youli Li,&nbsp;Huiping Zhang,&nbsp;Xitao Zhao","doi":"10.1029/2023JF007532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007532","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The formation age of the middle Yellow River and the existence of a northward-flowing river have been fiercely debated. The age distribution of detrital zircon varied spatiotemporally and produced contradictory provenance interpretations. The Jinshaan Gorge, the main part of the middle Yellow River and key to studying fluvial evolution and clarifying disputes, developed its topography during the late Cenozoic. In this study, we systematically review the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton, perform detrital zircon U–Pb dating in the Neogene−Quaternary sediments and investigate the topography along the Jinshaan Gorge, and the sedimentology and chronological framework of these sediments. We propose that the Gorge of the middle Yellow River could have developed since the Neogene, controlled by the tectono-geomorphologic evolution of the North China Craton in a dominantly extensional environment. No evidence supports a northward-flowing river during the Early Pleistocene or even earlier in the Jinshaan Gorge. We attribute the provenance variations of the Cenozoic sediments to detrital mixing of diverse geological units, local and distant, and especially highlight the systematic provenance shift between the Neogene and Quaternary sediments caused by bedrock downcutting and recycling aeolian sediments. The increased 1.5−0.33 Ga component of the lower Yellow River during the Early Pleistocene was likely caused by enhanced loess accumulation and should not be individually used as a proxy for the Yellow River formation. We emphasize the significance of a comprehensive study of river evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}