Qingcui Liu , Wenhua Cheng , Yudai Huang , Huan Zhou , Juan Ding , Weiwei Meng , Zhouliang Tan
{"title":"Toward the rational engineering of Mo-based materials for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"Qingcui Liu , Wenhua Cheng , Yudai Huang , Huan Zhou , Juan Ding , Weiwei Meng , Zhouliang Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A thorough understanding of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in Mo-based materials is crucial for the advancement of water-splitting technologies. However, the identification of the active phase in Mo-based systems remains a subject of debate, largely due to the dissolution of molybdenum oxides in alkaline electrolytes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the application of Mo-based materials for OER in alkaline media, with an emphasis on their diverse roles in catalysis. Various design strategies employed to optimize Mo-based materials are discussed, focusing on how these approaches influence their physicochemical properties and the specific effects of different design perspectives on their OER performance. Additionally, the structure-performance relationship underlying these materials is explored, offering insights into how structural modifications impact catalytic efficiency. Lastly, key challenges for Mo-based materials in OER applications are provided, and future research directions for further improving the efficacy of sustainable water-splitting technologies in alkaline environments are proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Chemistry","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 751-767"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Ge , Jinsong Bai , Chaoyue Wang , Longhui Xie , Wenfeng Li , Zhijia Sun , Xiaoman Cao
{"title":"Advanced surface engineering of lithium-rich manganese-based cathodes towards next-generation lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Hao Ge , Jinsong Bai , Chaoyue Wang , Longhui Xie , Wenfeng Li , Zhijia Sun , Xiaoman Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-rich manganese-based cathode materials (LMCMs) have garnered significant attention in power lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and energy storage systems due to their superior energy density and cost-effectiveness. However, the commercial application of LMCMs is hindered by challenges such as low initial coulombic efficiency, severe voltage decay, and inferior cycling performance. Surface structure degradation has been confirmed as a critical factor contributing to the electrochemical performance deterioration of LMCMs. Herein, we review the recent progress in surface engineering of LMCMs towards next-generation LIBs. Besides classical surface coating, mechanism and functions of surface oxygen vacancies for greatly boosting the electrochemical performance of LMCMs are also summarized in detail. Finally, we discuss the emerging trends and propose future research directions of surface engineering of LMCMs for achieving more efficient improvements. This work underscores the indispensable potential of surface engineering in enhancing the surface structure stability and electrochemical performance of LMCMs as promising candidates for next-generation high-energy LIBs. Synergistic integration of surface engineering and single-crystal technology will be a promising modification strategy for significantly promoting the commercialization of LMCMs, and the corresponding synergistic mechanisms urgently need to be studied for rationally designing high-performance electrodes. More efforts will be devoted to understand the surface engineering of LMCMs for the large-scale application of high-energy LIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Chemistry","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 718-734"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yafei Liang , Yuji Qi , Mingli Bi , Zhen Shi , Junju Mu , Shushuang Li , Jian Zhang , Yehong Wang , Feng Wang
{"title":"Enhanced selective oxidation of dimethyl ether to formaldehyde by MoO3-Fe2(MoO4)3 interaction over iron-molybdate catalysts","authors":"Yafei Liang , Yuji Qi , Mingli Bi , Zhen Shi , Junju Mu , Shushuang Li , Jian Zhang , Yehong Wang , Feng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The efficient catalytic conversion of fossil-based low-carbon small molecules to oxygen-containing chemicals is an attractive research topic in the fields of energy and chemical engineering. The selective oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME), which is derived from fossil resources, represents a promising approach to producing high-concentration formaldehyde with low energy consumption. However, there is still a lack of catalysts achieving satisfactory conversion of DME with high selectivity for formaldehyde under mild conditions. In this work, an efficient iron-molybdate (FeMo) catalyst was developed for the selective oxidation of DME to formaldehyde. The DME conversion of 84% was achieved with a superior formaldehyde selectivity (77%) at 300 °C, a performance that is superior to all previously reported results. In an approximately 550 h continuous reaction, the catalyst maintained a conversion of 64% and a formaldehyde selectivity of 79%. Combined X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H<sub>2</sub>-TPR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses, along with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, demonstrated that the excellent FeMo catalyst was composed of active Fe<sub>2</sub>(MoO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and MoO<sub>3</sub> phases, and there was an interaction between them, which contributed to the efficient DME dissociation and smooth hydrogen spillover, leading to a superior DME conversion. With the support of DME/O<sub>2</sub> pulse experiments, in-situ Raman, in-situ Dimethyl ether infrared spectroscopy (DME-IR) and DFT calculation results, a Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) reaction mechanism was proposed: DME was dissociated on the interface between Fe<sub>2</sub>(MoO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and MoO<sub>3</sub> phases to form active methoxy species firstly, and it dehydrogenated to give hydrogen species; the generated hydrogen species smoothly spilled over from Fe<sub>2</sub>(MoO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> to MoO<sub>3</sub> enhanced by the interaction between Fe<sub>2</sub>(MoO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and MoO<sub>3</sub>; then the hydrogen species was consumed by MoO<sub>3</sub>, leading to a reduction of MoO<sub>3</sub>, and finally, the reduced MoO<sub>3</sub> was re-oxidized by O<sub>2</sub>, returning to the initial state. These findings offer valuable insights not only for the development of efficient FeMo catalysts but also for elucidating the reaction mechanism involved in the oxidation of DME to formaldehyde, contributing to the optimized utilization of DME derived from fossil resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Chemistry","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 832-841"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accurate determination of reaction rate constants for lithium-ion batteries by characteristic time-decomposed overpotential","authors":"Yifu Chen , Haitao Zhu , Mengyuan Zhou , Maoyuan Li , Ruoyu Xiong , Shuaiyi Yang , Shiyu Zhang , Yun Zhang , Jingying Xie , Huamin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.03.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reaction rate constant is a crucial kinetic parameter that governs the charge and discharge performance of batteries, particularly in high-rate and thick-electrode applications. However, conventional estimation or fitting methods often overestimate the charge transfer overpotential, leading to substantial errors in reaction rate constant measurements. These inaccuracies hinder the accurate prediction of voltage profiles and overall cell performance. In this study, we propose the characteristic time-decomposed overpotential (CTDO) method, which employs a single-layer particle electrode (SLPE) structure to eliminate interference overpotentials. By leveraging the distribution of relaxation times (DRT), our method effectively isolates the characteristic time of the charge transfer process, enabling a more precise determination of the reaction rate constant. Simulation results indicate that our approach reduces measurement errors to below 2%, closely aligning with theoretical values. Furthermore, experimental validation demonstrates an 80% reduction in error compared to the conventional galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) method. Overall, this study provides a novel voltage-based approach for determining the reaction rate constant, enhancing the applicability of theoretical analysis in electrode structural design and facilitating rapid battery optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Chemistry","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 608-618"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hang Lv , Ping Hu , Chenyu Ge, Fengyi Lu, Hui Li, Di Wu, Zhidan Xue, Yimeng Guo, Xixi Liu, Liangfang Zhu, Changwei Hu
{"title":"Double-protective strategy enabling high-efficiency production of levulinic acid from high-loading cellulose","authors":"Hang Lv , Ping Hu , Chenyu Ge, Fengyi Lu, Hui Li, Di Wu, Zhidan Xue, Yimeng Guo, Xixi Liu, Liangfang Zhu, Changwei Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.03.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.03.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Valorization of renewable cellulose into initial platform chemicals (IPCs) generally suffers from low process efficiency owing to difficult depolymerization of recalcitrant cellulose and troublesome repolymerization of high-reactive intermediates to undesired humins. Herein, we report a double-protective strategy for cellulose depolymerization and orientated conversion to levulinic acid (LA), one of the important IPCs, by in-situ adding protective formaldehyde (HCHO). This approach initiates from the (hemi)acetalation of hydroxyl groups in cellulose with HCHO, causing controllable depolymerization to (hemi)acetalized glucose with increased rate kinetically and a new mechanism of its catalytic conversion to LA via (hemi)acetal-driven direct C1–C2 cleavage. As such, the cellulose-to-LA conversion is protectively proceeded with the repolymerization of reactive intermediates prevented remarkably, leading to an excellent LA yield of 87.3 mol% from high-loading microcrystalline cellulose (15.0 wt% in aqueous phase) in a biphasic solvent containing 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and water. The process efficiency, expressed as space-time yield, is improved by 3.6 fold when compared with a non-protective approach. This work highlights an advance in maximizing the utilization of biomass-derived carbons for high-efficiency production of important IPCs directly from cellulose for future biorefinery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Chemistry","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 577-586"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoang Zhai , Guohua Liu , Ting Lu , Sihui Chen , Yang Liu , Jiayu Wan , Xin Li
{"title":"Transforming waste to value: Enhancing battery lifetime prediction using incomplete data samples","authors":"Xiaoang Zhai , Guohua Liu , Ting Lu , Sihui Chen , Yang Liu , Jiayu Wan , Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.03.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.03.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread usage of rechargeable batteries in portable devices, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems has underscored the importance for accurately predicting their lifetimes. However, data scarcity often limits the accuracy of prediction models, which is escalated by the incompletion of data induced by the issues such as sensor failures. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach to accommodate data insufficiency through achieving external information from incomplete data samples, which are usually discarded in existing studies. In order to fully unleash the prediction power of incomplete data, we have investigated the Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE) method that diversifies the training data through exploring the potential data patterns. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms the baselines in the most considered scenarios while reducing the prediction root mean square error (RMSE) by up to 18.9%. Furthermore, we have also observed that the penetration of incomplete data benefits the explainability of the prediction model through facilitating the feature selection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Chemistry","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 642-649"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jie Xu , Qi Kang , Bo Peng , Zechao Zhuang , Dingsheng Wang , Lianbo Ma
{"title":"Engineering single-atom catalysts for sulfur electrochemistry in metal–sulfur batteries","authors":"Jie Xu , Qi Kang , Bo Peng , Zechao Zhuang , Dingsheng Wang , Lianbo Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal-sulfur electrochemistry represents a promising energy storage technology due to the natural abundance and unparalleled theoretical specific capacity of 1675 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> of sulfur based on two-electron redox reaction (S<sup>0</sup> ↔ S<sup>2−</sup>). Commercially viable metal-sulfur batteries (MSBs) are hindered by sluggish sulfur conversion kinetics, which reduce the utilization efficiency of sulfur and lead to polysulfide shuttling. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) exhibit specific catalytic activity, a high atomic utilization ratio, and flexible selectivity, and are considered exceptional electrocatalysts for addressing the intractable challenges encountered by the MSBs. This review summarizes the recent progress in SACs for boosting the sulfur electrochemistry in MSBs, focusing on sulfur host materials, modified separators and functional interlayers, and analyzes the in-depth mechanisms of SACs. Moreover, the correlation between the coordination environments and the intrinsic activity of SACs is discussed. Finally, the main challenges and potential research directions of SACs for high-energy–density and long-life MSBs are outlined. This study provides significant guidance for constructing novel SACs that can accelerate the sulfur conversion kinetics in MSBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Chemistry","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 768-790"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boyou Hu , Menglei Wang , Pengxian Lu , Lianghao Yu , Haiyang Li , Zhiqiang Rao , Songqi Bian , Kangqiao Liu , Meng Zhang
{"title":"Multifunctional hybrid additive regulating solvation structure for dendrite-free and long-cycle-life zinc-ion batteries","authors":"Boyou Hu , Menglei Wang , Pengxian Lu , Lianghao Yu , Haiyang Li , Zhiqiang Rao , Songqi Bian , Kangqiao Liu , Meng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have garnered extensive attention as the promising energy storage technology owing to their high safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, their practical application is hindered by critical challenges, including Hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) and non-uniform Zn deposition, which compromise electrochemical performance and cycling stability. Herein, we propose a multifunctional hybrid electrolyte additive consisting of vanillin and Dimethyl sulfoxide, designed to weaken the interaction between Zn<sup>2+</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O molecules, effectively modulating the solvation shell structure. In situ optical microscopy shows the hybrid additive significantly suppresses HER and promotes Zn<sup>2+</sup> deposition on the (002) plane, inhibiting dendritic growth. The Zn||Zn symmetric cells with hybrid additive exhibit exceptional cycling stability, achieving over 4000 h at 1.0 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>/1.0 mA h cm<sup>−2</sup>. The research on hybrid additives presents significant potential for exploration, offering a promising approach to the development of durable AZIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Chemistry","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 742-750"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Wang, Yan Li, Chengzong Li, Yuhang Guo, Linxiao Yu, Xin Li, Tao Li
{"title":"Weakening Li+–solvent interaction with dual diluents enabling high-performance lithium metal batteries","authors":"Yan Wang, Yan Li, Chengzong Li, Yuhang Guo, Linxiao Yu, Xin Li, Tao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.03.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.03.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The practical application of energy-dense lithium (Li) metal batteries is severely hindered by the lack of suitable electrolytes. Weakening solvent coordination to enhance Li<sup>+</sup> kinetics has become a critical principle in electrolyte design. Here, we propose an electrolyte design strategy that weakens Li<sup>+</sup>–solvent coordination through the synergistic drag effects of dual diluents. Specifically, the –CF<sub>2</sub>H group in ethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether (ETE) forms hydrogen bonds with the oxygen atom in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), while the electron-donating –N= and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O– groups in ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene (PFPN) coordinate synergistically with Li<sup>+</sup>. The combined effects of hydrogen bonding between ETE and DME, along with the coordination of PFPN with Li<sup>+</sup>, weaken the Li<sup>+</sup>–DME interaction and promote anion-enriched solvation structure, thereby facilitating Li<sup>+</sup> desolvation process and forming an inorganic-rich solid-electrolyte interphase. In a Li metal battery with a 30 μm ultrathin Li anode and high-loading LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode (23.5 mg cm<sup>−2</sup>), 80% of capacity was achieved after 430 cycles at 4.3 V and 84% after 310 cycles at 4.5 V. Furthermore, a 331 mAh pouch cell achieved 148 cycles with 94.9% of capacity retention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Chemistry","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 681-687"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Yang , Xuyang Wang , Yongjing Wang , Guizhi Qiu , Zhongxiao Song , Shizhao Xiong
{"title":"Functional nano-carbon layer decorated carbon felt electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries","authors":"Yang Yang , Xuyang Wang , Yongjing Wang , Guizhi Qiu , Zhongxiao Song , Shizhao Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) hold significant promise for large-scale energy storage applications. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics on the electrode surface considerably limit their performance. Implementation of efficient surface modification on carbon electrodes through an economically viable production method is crucial for the practical application of VRFBs. Herein, a nano-carbon layer with morphology of fine nanoparticles (<90 nm) and rich oxygen functional groups was constructed on carbon felts by unbalanced magnetron sputtering coupled with thermal treatment. This modified carbon felt served as both anode and cathode in cell, enabling an improved wettability of electrolyte and high reversibility of the active mass, and promoted kinetics of redox reactions. The optimized carbon felt, achieved through one hour of deposition (1C-CF), demonstrated outstanding electrochemical performance in a single cell. The cell exhibited a high energy efficiency of 82.4% at a current density of 100 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and maintained 71.8% at a high current density of 250 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>. Furthermore, the energy efficiency remained at 77.2% during long-term cycling (450 cycles) at a current density of 150 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, indicating good electrode stability. Our results shed light on the surface design of carbon felt electrodes for the broad application interest of VRFB energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Chemistry","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 735-741"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}