{"title":"A pioneer review on lactoferrin as versatile macromolecular ligand for targeting cancer: recent advances.","authors":"Nidhi Sharma, Nousheen Khatoon, Mohammad Adnan Raza, Suprit Dilip Saoji, Dilpreet Singh","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2529528","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2529528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review critically evaluates the emerging role of lactoferrin, an iron-chelating glycoprotein, as a macromolecular ligand in precision cancer therapy. Lactoferrin exhibits potent anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties and targets cancer cells via high-affinity binding to transferrin and LDL receptor-related proteins, enhancing selectivity and minimizing off-target toxicity. It modulates key oncogenic pathways such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK to suppress tumour growth and metastasis. Nanoformulations-like liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles-improve pharmacokinetics, enable targeted drug delivery, and enhance therapeutic efficacy. Lactoferrin's ability to cross biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier via receptor-mediated transcytosis, offers promise for treating difficult cancers such as glioblastoma. Additionally, it enhances anti-tumour immunity by activating NK cells and polarizing macrophages to the M1 phenotype. Importantly, lactoferrin helps overcome multidrug resistance by modulating efflux pumps like P-glycoprotein. Integrating molecular insights with preclinical and clinical evidence, this review underscores lactoferrin's transformative potential in precision oncology through advanced nanoformulations and synergistic immunomodulatory mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Targeting","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144575610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Golgi Apparatus as a Strategic Target in Cancer: Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Opportunities.","authors":"Chao Cui, Chenglu Sun, Peng Yuan, Shibo Tian, Hailong Xie, Funeng Xu, Haohuan Li","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2527867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2025.2527867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Golgi apparatus, a central hub for protein processing and transportation, plays a critical role in cancer progression and has thus emerged as a highly promising therapeutic target. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying Golgi dysfunction in cancer, along with recent advancements in Golgi imaging techniques that enable precise visualization of structural and functional alterations within tumors. Furthermore, we highlighted representative applications of Golgi-targeting strategies in cancer diagnosis and treatment, and also discussed future directions for Golgi-targeted therapies, emphasizing the potential of the Golgi apparatus as a multidimensional target for cancer management. This study will provide valuable insights for research related to cancer therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Targeting","volume":" ","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seyed Mojtaba Mashmoul Moghadam, Mohammad Ramezani, Mona Alibolandi, Khalil Abnous, Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
{"title":"Employing covalent organic framework (COF) as carrier in an aptamer-targeted theranostic nanoplatform: investigation of its therapeutic and diagnostic properties <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.","authors":"Seyed Mojtaba Mashmoul Moghadam, Mohammad Ramezani, Mona Alibolandi, Khalil Abnous, Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2527865","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2527865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we developed a novel theranostic nanoplatform integrating a covalent organic framework (COF) with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for targeted cancer therapy and diagnosis. The system was engineered to co-deliver deferasirox (DFX), an iron chelator, and a MUC1-specific aptamer for selective targeting of cancer cells. This multifunctional architecture enables simultaneous imaging <i>via</i> MRI and enhanced therapeutic efficacy through targeted drug delivery. Both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> experiments demonstrated promising antitumor performance and selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells compared to non-targeted controls. These findings highlight the potential of COF-based platforms in advancing personalised nanomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":15573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Targeting","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christina Meyer, Claire Holtkamp, Tyler Harm, Elizabeth Grego, Lucas Showman, Nikhil S Rao, Suraj S Vasanthi, Nyzil Massey, Balaji Narasimhan, Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
{"title":"Off-target effects of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor mitoapocynin-encapsulated nanoparticles and free-drug oral treatment in a rat DFP model of neurotoxicity.","authors":"Christina Meyer, Claire Holtkamp, Tyler Harm, Elizabeth Grego, Lucas Showman, Nikhil S Rao, Suraj S Vasanthi, Nyzil Massey, Balaji Narasimhan, Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2523995","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2523995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute exposure to diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), an organophosphate (OP), produces chronic neurological effects such as spontaneous seizures and behavioural comorbidities. Achieving optimal drug bioavailability in the brain by conventional routes to treat OP-induced neurotoxicity is challenging. Therefore, we investigated polyanhydride nanoparticles (NPs)-mediated drug delivery via the intramuscular route in rats for improved bioavailability of an antioxidant, NADPH oxidase inhibitor mitoapocynin (MPO). We evaluated the tolerability of blank NPs (4 mg, i.m.), MPO-encapsulated NPs (MPO-NP, 4 mg, i.m., single dose) and free MPO-oral (60 mg/kg, daily for three days) after exposure to DFP. Bodyweight, serum biochemistry, and kidney, lung and liver histology revealed no adverse responses to blank NPs. Markers of oxidative stress, neuronal loss and astrocyte reactivity were also no different from control. In DFP-exposed animals treated with MPO-NP and MPO-oral, there was significant weight loss, abnormal liver and kidney parameters, and elevated GP91phox and astrocytes in the brain. Our findings demonstrate that NP delivery via the intramuscular route is safe. DFP and MPO induced off-target effects, but not DFP or MPO treatment alone, which highlights the complexity of dosing regimens in OP models. Intranasal MPO-NP delivery and dose optimisation in the DFP model are required to determine the efficacy of MPO in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Targeting","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12354291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polymyxin B delivery systems: smart solutions for improved antibacterial activity and reduced toxicity.","authors":"Ying Cheng, Mingdong Yang, Bin Lin, Wei Hu, Yangmin Hu, Haibin Dai, Junjun Xu","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2527859","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2527859","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polymyxin B (PMB) serves as the last-line drug for treating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. However, its clinical application is limited due to significant nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. In recent years, smart drug delivery systems have emerged as a research hotspot, aiming to optimise the functions and therapeutic effects of PMB. This article systematically reviews the structural characteristics and antibacterial mechanisms of PMB, as well as the challenges it faces in treating drug-resistant bacterial infections. The progress in smart delivery strategies for PMB is also discussed, including multidrug-resistant delivery, anti-biofilm technologies, targeted delivery, local administration, and synergistic treatment strategies. These strategies offer new directions for the precise treatment of PMB by increasing local drug concentration, reducing toxicity, enhancing the antibacterial spectrum, and inhibiting drug resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Targeting","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144567442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Avichal Kumar, Dhruti Avlani, S Narasimha Murthy, H N Shivakumar, Shammy Jindal
{"title":"Emerging trends in polymeric mucoadhesive nanocarriers: a promising option for intravaginal HIV preexposure prophylaxis.","authors":"Avichal Kumar, Dhruti Avlani, S Narasimha Murthy, H N Shivakumar, Shammy Jindal","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2523991","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2523991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence of novel long-acting and antiretroviral (ARV) drug delivery systems has reshaped the landscape of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Intravaginal delivery platforms are increasingly recognised for their ability to deliver ARVs directly at the portal of viral entry. These systems are well retained at the portal, ensuring sustained local inhibitory levels, minimising systemic exposure. Compared to oral PrEP, these systems offer better protection against viral transmission, reduce dosing frequency and minimise systemic side effects. Among these systems, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) stand out due to their customisable surface chemistry, mucoadhesive potential and sustained drug release profiles, ensuring enhanced mucosal retention and minimal systemic absorption. Recent innovations integrate these NPs into versatile platforms such as <i>in situ</i> gelling systems, bioadhesive films, microneedles, vaginal rings and electrospun nanofibres. These specialised platforms have demonstrated superior user acceptance, stability and pharmacokinetics compared to traditional vaginal formulations. Cell-based HIV challenge models using engineered TZM-bl and PHA-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) have emerged as reliable <i>in silico</i> tools for evaluation of viral inhibition, cytotoxicity and mucosal interaction of NPs. This review critically highlights recent advances in intravaginal polymeric NP-based carrier systems for effective and sustained HIV prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":15573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Targeting","volume":" ","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144497189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Avinash Khadela, Kashvy R Morakhia, Nishra H Shah, Vibha G Kanjani, Vraj B Shah, Hetvi B Bharadia, Rushabh Kothari, Manthan Merja
{"title":"Sacituzumab govitecan in HER2-negative breast cancer: redefining treatment paradigms.","authors":"Avinash Khadela, Kashvy R Morakhia, Nishra H Shah, Vibha G Kanjani, Vraj B Shah, Hetvi B Bharadia, Rushabh Kothari, Manthan Merja","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2525372","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2525372","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human epidermal growth factor 2-negative breast cancer (HER2-BC) is characterised by the lack of HER2 amplification and encompasses triple-negative breast cancer and hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer is distinguished by a total lack of oestrogen and progesterone receptors, along with the lack of HER2 amplification. While hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative breast cancer is marked by expression of oestrogen receptors with or without progesterone receptors. The major drawback of triple-negative breast cancer is the lack of an enforceable biomarker, and that of hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative breast cancer is endocrine therapy resistance. Consequently, these therapeutic failures result in relapse/recurrence, disease progression, and ultimately a poor prognosis. <i>Sacituzumab govitecan</i> is a novel 3<sup>rd</sup> generation antibody-drug conjugate that selectively blocks trophoblast cell-surface antigen-2, a highly expressed protein in HER2-BC. This review elaborates on the shortcomings of the standard therapeutic regimens in HER2-BC and the role of <i>Sacituzumab govitecan</i> in addressing these limitations. Clinical trials proposing its application in locally advanced HER2-BC have also been included. Furthermore, clinical trials showcasing the combination of <i>Sacituzumab govitecan</i> with numerous therapeutic modalities improving patient survival and quality of life in metastatic disease have also been included in the text.</p>","PeriodicalId":15573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Targeting","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144497190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iman Almansour Alzamil, Serguei Golovan, Jennifer Pickens, Krista Salley, Michael Roberts
{"title":"Protective efficacy of pDNA vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian golden hamsters.","authors":"Iman Almansour Alzamil, Serguei Golovan, Jennifer Pickens, Krista Salley, Michael Roberts","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2521811","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2521811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seasonal SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is known as an efficient way to control the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the currently approved mRNA and protein vaccines are thermally unstable and require further encapsulation and ultra-cold chain transportation and storage. Therefore, alternative platforms that can overcome this limitation are needed. pDNA has emerged as an attractive next-generation vaccine platform due to its high thermal stability. Here, we developed pDNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate and conducted a preclinical protective efficacy evaluation in Syrian golden hamsters. Administration of S.opt.FL pDNA vaccine was able to induce higher S-specific SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralising antibody levels. Importantly, S-specific IgG2 which represented Th1-mediated immune responses was predominantly induced after pDNA vaccination. Besides, animal group receiving three doses induced higher neutralising antibody responses compared to animal group receiving two doses. In addition, we determined that the Th1-skewed immune response was important in conferring protection upon virus challenge. These results indicate that intramuscular delivery of S.opt.FL pDNA vaccine is safe and effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study shed new light on the importance of the IgG isotype for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. Furthermore, our findings can be used to support further testing of several pDNA-based vaccine candidates against other pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":15573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Targeting","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exogenous GABA as a natural epigenetic modifier for managing glycemic memory and diabetic nephropathy by modifying the epigenetic axis.","authors":"Kriti Kushwaha, Debojyoti Mandal, Sourbh Suren Garg, Rupal Dubey, Navneet Khurana, Jeena Gupta","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2523990","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2523990","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glycemic memory contributes to the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) despite glycemic control. This study investigates γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a natural compound with 82.5% structural similarity to metformin, for its potential in mitigating glycemic memory and DN.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Structural similarity and molecular docking identified GABA as a SIRT1-targeting metformin analog (binding affinity: 5.8 kcal/mol), supported by ADME profiling. <i>In vitro</i> assays assessed antioxidant activity (DPPH IC<sub>50</sub>: 141.09 µg/mL), cytotoxicity (MTT assay), oxidative stress markers, and histone H3 acetylation. In vivo, high-fat diet-fed Sprague-Dawley rats underwent dietary reversal and GABA treatment (100/200 mg/kg) to evaluate metabolic, renal, hepatic, oxidative, and epigenetic effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GABA maintained >90% cell viability at 5 µM, with no cytotoxicity up to 150 µM. It reduced oxidative markers and restored histone acetylation <i>in vitro</i>. <i>In vivo</i>, 200 mg/kg GABA treatment significantly reduced cholesterol (44.44%), triglycerides (28.64%), and LDL (40.80%), while increasing HDL by 103.65%. At 100 mg/kg, GABA lowered blood urea (30.43%), creatinine (4.65%), uric acid (75.00%), bilirubin (53.57%), SGOT (54.24%), SGPT (39.52%), and ALP (60.58%), with histopathological improvements in renal tissues.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GABA exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and renoprotective properties, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for glycemic memory-associated DN.</p>","PeriodicalId":15573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Targeting","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal of Drug TargetingPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-02-24DOI: 10.1080/1061186X.2025.2468749
Bahar Morshedi, Mehdi Esfandyari-Manesh, Fatemeh Atyabi, Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani, Rassoul Dinarvand
{"title":"Local delivery of ibrutinib by folate receptor-mediated targeting PLGA-PEG nanoparticles to glioblastoma multiform: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies.","authors":"Bahar Morshedi, Mehdi Esfandyari-Manesh, Fatemeh Atyabi, Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani, Rassoul Dinarvand","doi":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2468749","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1061186X.2025.2468749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a widespread and life-threatening kind of brain cancer, which has a high mortality rate. Ibrutinib, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, irreversibly adheres to a conserved cysteine residue of two enzymes BTK and BMX, inhibiting their kinase activities, which leads to suppression of the growth of glioma cells. This study synthesised PLGA-PEG-folate (PPF) polymer and subsequently encapsulated ibrutinib within PPF nanoparticles (IBT-PPF-NPs). H NMR spectra confirmed the synthesis of PPF polymer. The efficiency of IBT-PPF-NPs was 97 ± 2.26% with 8.8 ± 0.2% drug loading. The particle size was 208 ± 4.8 nm. The IC<sub>50</sub> value of free ibrutinib, IB-PPF-NPs and ibrutinib encapsulated in PLGA NPs (IB-P-NPs) was 10.2, 7.6 and 10.13 µM in C6 cell lines, whereas in U-87 MG cells was 24.4, 16 and 25.2 µM, respectively. The cellular uptake of FITC-PPF-NPs increased from 47.6% to 90.3% in C6 cells and from 55% to 97.3% in U-87 MG cells compared to FITC-P-NPs. The <i>in vivo</i> results indicate a significant reduction in tumour size in treatment groups in comparison to control groups, while the group that received the intratumoural injection of IB-PPF-NPs exhibited a greater reduction. The folate-targeting agent enhances the nanoparticles' effectiveness by promoting their uptake through the endocytosis pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":15573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Targeting","volume":" ","pages":"1026-1041"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}