Journal of biomechanics最新文献

{"title":"Shoulder kinematics and muscle synergy during multi-plane humeral elevation and lowering","authors":"Masahiro Kuniki ,&nbsp;Hikaru Yokoyama ,&nbsp;Rei Konishi ,&nbsp;Yoshitaka Iwamoto ,&nbsp;Daiki Yamagiwa ,&nbsp;Daisuke Kuwahara ,&nbsp;Tsuzumi Morine ,&nbsp;Nobuhiro Kito","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shoulder kinematics and muscle activity vary depending on the elevation plane of the upper limb. However, how muscle coordination, which plays a crucial role in controlling shoulder kinematics, differs among elevation planes remains unclear. This study compared shoulder kinematics, muscle synergies, and muscle activation levels across different elevation planes to better understand the neuromuscular mechanisms underlying shoulder kinematics. Shoulder kinematics and muscle activity were recorded during three upper limb elevation tasks (sagittal, scapular, and frontal plane elevation) in 12 subjects (7 males and 5 females). Muscle synergies were extracted using nonnegative matrix factorization, and individual muscle activity levels were calculated as a percentage of maximum voluntary contraction. Glenohumeral elevation was greatest during the sagittal plane elevation task and smallest during the frontal plane elevation task (maximum difference of 14.1°). The differences in kinematics among these elevation planes were suggested to be attributable to the early-stage activity level during elevation of one of the two extracted muscle synergies—specifically, the synergy believed to contribute to humeral head stabilization—and the activation amplitude of the anterior deltoid. Differences in scapular kinematics among three elevation plane tasks could not be explained by variations in muscle synergies but were instead suggested to result primarily from differences in the activation amplitudes of the three parts of the trapezius. To results suggest that shoulder kinematics are controlled by subtle changes in muscle synergy activation patterns and individual muscle activation levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 112735"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From fluctuations to stability: In-Situ chondrocyte response to cyclic compressive loading","authors":"Baaba S. Otoo ,&nbsp;Eng Kuan Moo ,&nbsp;Amin Komeili ,&nbsp;David A. Hart ,&nbsp;Walter Herzog","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chondrocytes, the sole cellular components in articular cartilage, are mechanosensitive and undergo significant morphological and volumetric changes in response to mechanical loading. These changes activate ion channels, initiating cellular mechanotransduction processes crucial for maintaining cartilage health. Dynamic loading has been shown to elicit anabolic responses that preserve cartilage integrity, while prolonged mechanical unloading leads to atrophy. However, the intricacies of how chondrocytes respond to dynamic loading remain poorly understood, largely due to technical limitations in capturing real-time cellular responses during loading cycles. This study aimed to advance our understanding of chondrocyte behavior during dynamic cyclic compression loading through high-speed imaging techniques. We developed a protocol to capture changes in chondrocyte volume, shape, and surface area at critical moments of maximal and minimal tissue stress during cyclic loading. Our findings revealed that chondrocyte volume fluctuated cyclically during the first 20 loading cycles, increasing by up to 4 % during load application and decreasing by as much as 8 % during unloading. These volume fluctuations stabilized over time, returning to baseline levels after approximately 100 cycles. Volume changes over time translate to shape change, causing similar oscillatory pattern in cell width and depth strains but not height strain, which remained relatively constant throughout the loading protocol. Changes in surface area mirrored the volume changes but were less pronounced (&lt; 2 % increase), suggesting a protective mechanism against cell membrane rupture. This research offers valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of chondrocytes during cyclic loading, highlighting the importance of considering dynamic environments in cellular biomechanics studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 112734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic shear wave elastography for the flexor digitorum superficialis: The correlation with physical performance in hospitalized older adults","authors":"Xinyi Tang ,&nbsp;Li Huang ,&nbsp;Jirong Yue ,&nbsp;Li Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shear wave elastography (SWE) can quantify muscle stiffness to reflect the muscle quality, and we explored the application of SWE in assessing physical performance. In this work, a total of 98 older adults, including 55 men and 43 women, were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Short physical performance battery (SPPB) and time-up-and-go (TUG) test were used to evaluate physical performance, and a dynamic SWE imaging for the flexor digitorum superficialis in the process of using grip strength meter was documented. The peak strength and peak shear wave velocities (SWV) were recorded, and the ratio of peak SWV to peak strength was defined as the standardized muscle contractive stiffness. For men, the peak SWV was negatively correlated to SPPB scores (r = −0.351 to −0.448, all P &lt; 0.01) and positively correlated to TUG time (r = 0.299–0.369, all P &lt; 0.05), and the standardized muscle contractive stiffness was significantly negatively correlated to SPPB scores (r = −0.501 to −0.532, all P &lt; 0.01) and positively correlated to TUG time (r = 0.424–0.462, all P &lt; 0.01). For women, the peak SWV was not correlated to physical performance, and the standardized muscle contractive stiffness was correlated to the TUG time (r = 0.312 for Cmax and 0.310 for Cmean, both P &lt; 0.05). Those participants with decreased physical performance had significant higher standardized muscle contractive stiffness in both men and women (all P &lt; 0.05). We proved that SWE can be applied in evaluating muscle function and the flexor digitorum superficialis contractive stiffness standardized by grip strength can be a potential indicator.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 112712"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Comparing the biomechanical response of users of an open-source powered knee and ankle prosthesis versus a passive prosthesis during ramp and stair ambulation”","authors":"Sixu Zhou ,&nbsp;Sujay Kestur ,&nbsp;Jairo Maldonado ,&nbsp;Kinsey Herrin ,&nbsp;Nicholas Fey ,&nbsp;Aaron Young","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Powered and passive knee-and-ankle prostheses can restore mobility for individuals with transfemoral amputation (TFA), but their effects on biological joints remain underexplored. Overuse of biological joints with prostheses may lead to chronic pain. This study compared biological joint work during ramp and stair ascent and descent for nine individuals with TFA using the powered prosthesis compared to the passive prosthesis. We hypothesized that the powered prosthesis would reduce positive mechanical work in ascent due to active knee extension and the negative mechanical work in descent due to controlled energy dissipation. In ascent, the powered prosthetic knee generated more positive work (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), reducing sound-side hip joint work by 29.3 % (<em>CI:</em> [1.5 %, 57.1 %]; <em>p</em> = 0.041) on ramps and 22.8 % (<em>CI:</em> [7.2 %, 38.3 %]; <em>p</em> = 0.019) on stairs. The powered prosthesis reduced biological joint work by 50.6 % (<em>CI:</em> [2.7 %, 98.4 %]; <em>p</em> = 0.041) during swing phase on ramp ascent. In descent, the powered prosthetic ankle absorbed twice the negative work on ramps (<em>CI:</em> [164.9 %, 269.9 %]; <em>p</em> = 0.001) and 2.5 times on stairs (<em>CI:</em> [-73.5 %, 372.9 %]; <em>p</em> = 0.145) by acting as a virtual rotational damper instead of a spring. No significant reductions in biological work were seen in descent tasks, though magnitudes were generally lower. Overall, the powered knee provided biomechanical benefits in ramp and stair ascent, while the powered ankle provided mild benefits in ramp and stair descent. However, the intact joint work remains elevated compared to able-bodied individuals, highlighting the need for further prosthetic improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 112732"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marker based and markerless motion capture for equestrian rider kinematic analysis: A comparative study","authors":"Heather Cameron-Whytock ,&nbsp;Hannah Divall ,&nbsp;Martin Lewis ,&nbsp;Charlotte Apps","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study hypothesised that a markerless motion capture system can provide kinematic data comparable to a traditional marker-based system for riders mounted on a horse. The objective was to assess the markerless system’s accuracy by directly comparing joint and segment angle measurements taken during walking and trotting with those obtained from a marker-based system. Ten healthy adult participants performed five dynamic trials during walking and trotting. A twelve-camera marker-based system and eight-camera 2D video-based system were synchronised. Three-dimensional hip, knee, shoulder and elbow joint angles, and the global trunk and pelvis angle were computed for comparison between the two systems. To assess the error between systems, the root mean square difference (RMSD) was averaged across each gait cycle and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) paired t-tests were applied. The sagittal trunk angle had the lowest RMSD of 2.0° and elbow rotation had the highest RMSD of 19°, with the same values for walking and trotting. SPM indicated increased hip flexion (0–100 %, p &lt; 0.001) and elbow flexion (24–47 %, p = 0.03; 63–100 %, p &lt; 0.001) in the walking gait cycle for the markerless system. A lack of joint range of motion and obscured medial limbs during walking whilst mounted on horses may cause increased offsets for markerless data in equestrian riders. No significant differences were found for the transverse plane, yet there tended to be increased RMSD. This lack of consistency suggests results from the transverse plane in equestrian riders should be interpreted with caution. Study findings indicate that markerless technology has the potential to be a suitable alternative to marker-based systems for assessment of equestrian riders, dependent on the segment/joint angle of interest and the level of acceptable error. These results indicate that markerless systems can effectively be utilised for rider biofeedback, though their application may be limited for specific joint analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 112728"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-joint coordination and lower limb support in those with ACL-reconstruction","authors":"Steven A. Garcia ,&nbsp;Derek N. Pamukoff ,&nbsp;Justin D. Dennis ,&nbsp;Riann M. Palmieri-Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) adopt altered walking patterns that shift support demands away from the surgical knee which may necessitate compensatory ankle or hip action to provide sufficient support. It is unclear how those with ACLR adapt and coordinate inter-joint motions to redistribute support demands during walking. Here, we compared lower-limb support and inter-joint coordination during walking in those with ACLR. Treadmill walking was evaluated in 28 individuals with ACLR and 20 healthy controls at preferred speed. The sum of sagittal joint moments in ankle, knee and hip was used to calculate total support moment (TSM) and individual joint contributions (%) to the TSM. Inter-joint coordination of ankle-knee and knee-hip was evaluated using a modified vector coding technique during early, mid and late stance. Paired t-tests compared TSM and joint contributions between-limbs (α = 0.05). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests compared coordination patterns (α = 0.05). We observed smaller 1st peak TSM in the ACLR limb (<em>p &lt;</em> 0.01) and 6 % greater hip contributions in ACLR limbs (<em>p =</em> 0.02). We observed greater ankle motions in early and midstance, and greater hip motions in mid-late stance in ACLR limbs relative to comparison limbs. Overall, the ACLR limb exhibited coordination alterations characterized by increased reliance on ankle and knee motions to accommodate rigid knee mechanics throughout stance compared to non-ACLR and control limbs. Together, these joint coordination strategies may reduce and/or redistribute support demands in the ACLR limb to lessen muscular requirements for support and propulsion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 112727"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can the pinwheeling index serve as a surrogate for accelerated leaflet degeneration in transcatheter heart valves?","authors":"Dong Qiu,&nbsp;Ali N. Azadani","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcatheter heart valve (THV) replacement is an advancing field, with various valve designs incorporating features like flexible frames to improve valve hemodynamics, durability, and patient outcomes. Leaflet pinwheeling, a common metric, is thought to negatively impact long-term durability. This study investigates the pinwheeling index and its correlation with stress distribution across different THV designs. Three THV designs were created using an optimization framework, each with a nominal size of 26-mm and varying leaflet coaptation heights of 10-mm, 13-mm, and 16-mm. Each valve design was evaluated under two conditions: one with a rigid frame and one with a flexible frame. The valves were implanted with a 90 % area expansion ratio, and their performance was assessed by examining key mechanical parameters, including the pinwheeling index and maximum in-plane principal stress under a diastolic loading condition. At a coaptation height of 10-mm, the pinwheeling index was 0 % for both frame types. At 13-mm, the rigid frame maintained a low index of 2 %, while the flexible frame increased slightly to 4 %. At 16-mm, the index rose for both frames, with the rigid frame at 7 % and the flexible frame at 10 %. The study found that leaflet stress was unrelated to the pinwheeling index. While flexible frames may reduce stress and improve long-term durability, they increase the pinwheeling index. Therefore, the traditional pinwheeling index may not reliably predict accelerated leaflet degeneration across different valve designs in comparative analyses. A comprehensive evaluation incorporating computational modeling, digital image correlation, and experimental validation is crucial for preclinical assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 112731"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered gait stability and regularity in lower limb amputees observed across different body segments","authors":"T. Krauskopf ,&nbsp;F. Pelke ,&nbsp;B. Meyer ,&nbsp;C. Otyakmazoglu ,&nbsp;L. Klein ,&nbsp;P. Maier ,&nbsp;P. Deibert ,&nbsp;M. Mueller ,&nbsp;G.W. Herget ,&nbsp;W. Burgard ,&nbsp;T. Stieglitz ,&nbsp;C. Pasluosta","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lack of sensory feedback coupled with mechanical constraints due to the prosthetic leg increases walking instability and the risk of falling in lower limb amputees. We investigated kinematic regularity and stability of different body segments in lower limb amputees during walking to identify possible altered dynamics leading to compensatory movements. We measured the three-dimensional acceleration and angular velocity of 15 body segments during two minutes of treadmill walking at three different velocities. The maximal Lyapunov exponents and fuzzy entropy were calculated from these data to assess local dynamic stability and regularity. Probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA) was used to select the body segments that showed the highest variability between amputees and able-bodied individuals. Amputees exhibited increased instability in acceleration patterns, particularly at low walking velocity (1 km/h), regardless of body segment and direction. Angular velocity patterns were more unstable in amputees, especially on the amputated side. Altered regularity adaptation was observed with higher velocity in amputees, with the intact side showing less adaptive patterns than controls. These results further suggest that amputees have a holistically disrupted gait and balance system. Our analysis of non-linear gait dynamics provides new insights into the complex challenges faced by amputees during walking, particularly in adapting to different gait velocities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 112723"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in lower limb kinematics and kinetics between individuals with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and healthy controls during step-up and step-down tasks","authors":"Tahereh Ghabdian ,&nbsp;Ahmed Dami ,&nbsp;Eléna Payen ,&nbsp;Nader Farahpour ,&nbsp;Pier-Luc Isabelle ,&nbsp;Gabriel Moisan","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is a debilitating condition with multifactorial etiologies that leads to functional limitations, including biomechanical deficits in the lower limb. Previous studies have focused on gait biomechanics in patients with PTTD during walking; however, examining lower extremity biomechanics during other essential daily activities, such as step-up and step-down tasks, is crucial for understanding the functional limitations associated with PTTD.</div><div>This case-control study compared lower limb kinematics and kinetics between individuals with PTTD (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 16) during step-up, step-down, and step-down on a medially inclined surface tasks. A 12-camera motion capture system was utilized to record three-dimensional movements of the pelvis and lower limb, while a force plate measured ground reaction forces. Hip, knee, ankle, and midfoot angles and moments were analyzed across groups using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping. Between-group differences were consistent across tasks. Individuals with PTTD exhibited greater midfoot dorsiflexion/inversion/external rotation, ankle eversion/plantarflexion, and hip flexion angles, as well as midfoot plantarflexion/inversion moments than healthy controls. Overall, individuals with PTTD exhibited distinct movement patterns in their lower extremities compared to healthy individuals. These altered biomechanical patterns may increase stress on adjacent joints and tissues, potentially worsening the condition and heightening the risk of further injuries. These findings will contribute to the development and enhancement of rehabilitation protocols for individuals with PTTD, aiming to improve function, reduce pain, and prevent injury.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 112726"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of human ethomic biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of hip osteoarthritis","authors":"Bernard X.W. Liew ,&nbsp;David Rugamer ,&nbsp;Bradley S. Neal ,&nbsp;Aleksandra Birn-Jeffery ,&nbsp;Qichang Mei ,&nbsp;Harry Roberts ,&nbsp;Nelson Cortes","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radiographic imaging is typically used to diagnose osteoarthritis (OA). However, patients would typically be sent for imaging after they present to a physician because of joint pain. By this time, the condition is likely irreversible. This study aims to determine if human ethomics (i.e. behavior) defined by whole-body kinematics during walking, can be used as a diagnostic biomarker of hip OA. Three-dimensional motion capture was performed on 106 participants with unilateral hip OA and 80 asymptomatic participants (N = 80) during walking. Sixteen sagittal plane joint angle variables were extracted and used as inputs into the prediction model. The categorical outcome was the radiographic severity of hip OA using the Kallgren-Lawrence (KL) scale (0 [no OA], 2, 3, 4[worse]). Functional data boosting was used for statistical modelling with bootstrap resampling. Our ethomics approach to hip OA diagnosis had positive likelihood ratio (LR+) values ranging from 4.79 (95 %CI 3.20, 7.42) to detect the presence of KL3, to 43.95 (95 % CI 14.9, 76.08) to detect the presence of any OA. The present approach had negative likelihood ratio (LR−) values ranging from 0.56 (95 %CI 0.33, 0.79) of 0.07 (95 %CI 0.04, 0.11) to detect the absence of KL4, to 0.07 (95 %CI 0.04, 0.11) to detect the absence of any OA. Human ethomics represents an ideal candidate for OA biomarkers that could overcome many of the logistical challenges of traditional imaging and biochemical biomarkers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 112724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}