Journal of biomechanics最新文献

{"title":"Individual muscle contributions to lower-limb joint quasi-stiffness during steady-state healthy walking","authors":"Stephanie L. Molitor,&nbsp;Richard R. Neptune","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maintaining appropriate lower-limb joint stiffness is critical for walking performance, as it facilitates tasks such as absorbing impact loading, maintaining balance, and providing body support and propulsion. Quasi-stiffness, an indirect measure describing the joint moment–angle relationship, is often used to assess joint stiffness during walking as it accounts for passive soft tissue stiffness and active muscle force generation. Thus, identifying the primary muscle contributors to joint moments and angles can elucidate how muscles are coordinated to maintain quasi-stiffness. However, determining individual muscle contributions experimentally is challenging. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use musculoskeletal modeling and simulation to identify individual muscle contributions to sagittal-plane quasi-stiffness during walking. Simulations of 15 healthy young adults were developed and individual muscle contributions to joint moments and angles were determined within discrete phases of the gait cycle. As expected, contributors to ankle, knee and hip moments were the primary dorsiflexors/plantarflexors, knee flexors/extensors, and hip flexors/extensors, respectively, as these muscles cross the joint and directly contribute to their respective joint moments. However, major contributors to the joint angles also included distant and contralateral muscles. Specifically, the hip extensors and ankle dorsiflexors were found to contribute to the knee angle (8.4–19.7% and 9.0–17.1% of total muscle contributions, respectively), while contralateral hip extensors were found to contribute (16.6–27.2%) to the hip angle. These results highlight the role of distant muscles in maintaining quasi-stiffness, and provide a foundation for developing rehabilitation strategies and assistive devices to target stiffness impairments in clinical populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 112851"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144613951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study of in-shoe plantar pressure distribution while firefighters carrying self-contained breathing apparatus in walking and running","authors":"Bing Xie,&nbsp;Junxia Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Walking and running with self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) are the most common activities among firefighters, but the effect of SCBA carriage on the plantar pressure distribution remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to analyze plantar pressure distribution while carrying SCBA during walking and running.</div><div>Thirty volunteer firefighters participated in the walking and running tasks with no SCBA equipped and SCBA carrying conditions. Data of plantar pressure parameters, including peak pressures and pressure–time integrals, were recorded by Pedar-X in-shoe system in participants’ walking and running processes. Also, the pressures in each region during gait cycle were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using repeated measures analysis of variance (p &lt; 0.05).</div><div>Peak pressures in all regions except for the great toe and medial metatarsal regions were higher in the SCBA carrying condition than in the no SCBA equipped condition. Running with SCBA reduced peak pressures in the midfoot region, while increasing peak pressures and pressure–time integrals in the toe, metatarsal, and heel regions compared to walking with SCBA. In addition, compared to the no SCBA equipped, the maximum peak pressure shifted from the great toes to the lateral toes in the toe region, from the medial metatarsal to the lateral metatarsal in the metatarsal region, and from the lateral arch to the medial arch in the midfoot region when carrying SCBA. The results provide an initial baseline for the development of firefighting boots aiming to increase comfort and performance during activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 112852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individuals with chronic low back pain have reduced myofascial force transmission between latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus muscles","authors":"Paula R Soares Procópio ,&nbsp;Rafael Zambelli Pinto ,&nbsp;Bárbara A Junqueira Murta ,&nbsp;Paola Figueiredo Caldeira ,&nbsp;Priscila Albuquerque Araújo ,&nbsp;Robert Schleip ,&nbsp;Sérgio Teixeira Fonseca ,&nbsp;Renan Alves Resende ,&nbsp;Juliana Melo Ocarino","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thoracolumbar fascia is essential in lumbar stabilization and is considered a path of transmitting myofascial force. This study investigates whether there is a difference in the myofascial force transmission between latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus in individuals with and without chronic low back pain (CLBP). Forty-eight individuals were divided into CLBP and control groups. Outcome variables were evaluated in two experimental conditions: relaxed and contracted latissimus dorsi. Lumbar stiffness was assessed using a non-invasive digital indentometer, and passive properties of the contralateral hip (resting position, torque and stiffness) were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer. Trunk and hip muscle activation was monitored with electromyography. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Latissimus dorsi contraction increased lumbar stiffness in both groups (p &lt; 0.001) compared to the relaxed condition. However, only the control group showed a change in the hip resting position toward greater lateral rotation and an increase in passive hip torque with latissimus dorsi contraction compared to the relaxed condition (p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, latissimus dorsi contraction led to a small and clinically non-relevant increase in passive hip stiffness (below the standard error of measurement) in both groups when compared to the relaxed condition. The results demonstrated that the myofascial force transmission between latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus is reduced in individuals with CLBP, since the latissimus dorsi contraction changed the passive properties only in the adjacent tissues (lumbar region) but not in tissues more distant from the origin of the traction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 112850"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144556929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local shear properties of rabbit articular cartilage capture surface region mechanics of human, equine, and bovine tissue","authors":"Rebecca M. Irwin ,&nbsp;Byumsu Kim ,&nbsp;Donghwan Yoon ,&nbsp;Daniella M. Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Itai Cohen ,&nbsp;Lawrence J. Bonassar","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>New Zealand white rabbits are a prevalent model species used to study preclinical articular cartilage repair therapies. The composition and structure of rabbit articular cartilage have been extensively characterized, yet the local shear properties of the tissue are unknown. Characterizing the local shear properties is essential for understanding the structure–function relationship in the tissue and relating the rabbit preclinical model to human disease. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the local shear properties of articular cartilage from the femoral condyles of New Zealand white rabbits, (2) determine if local protein content or matrix structure correlated with local shear properties, and (3) compare microscale shear moduli values of rabbit cartilage to those previously reported for human, equine, and bovine tissues. Local shear strains and moduli varied with rabbit cartilage tissue depth; shear modulus was highest ∼ 50 µm below the tissue surface and decreased to plateau values around 150 µm, mirroring the trend with shear strains. Local shear strains showed significant correlations with local protein content but not matrix organization. Rabbit cartilage shear properties followed similar spatial trends as bovine, equine, and human tissue in the first ∼ 100 um of the tissue depth. However, rabbit tissue then differentiated from the larger animals as shear modulus values plateaued and did not increase by an order of magnitude like that seen in the larger species. Local shear properties of rabbit articular cartilage capture the surface properties of human, equine, and bovine cartilage but mechanically lack the deep zone region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 112843"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differentiating temporomandibular disorder subtypes using advanced kinematic parameters: a novel approach to the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders","authors":"Hedi Ma ,&nbsp;Bingmei Shao ,&nbsp;Tinghui Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates temporomandibular disorders (TMD), focusing on the complex kinematics of the mandible, which are crucial for accurate diagnosis. Traditional imaging techniques often fail to capture the dynamic behavior of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). To address this, the study utilizes advanced kinematic parameters such as mandibular range of motion, finite helical axis distribution, dynamic joint space, and mandibular deviation to evaluate TMD patients. A total of 24 participants, including both TMD patients and healthy controls, were assessed using motion capture and CT imaging systems. The results revealed significant differences in the finite helical axis distribution, dynamic joint space, and mandibular deviation between TMD patients and healthy controls, with all differences being statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05). Discriminant analysis based on these kinematic parameters achieved a classification accuracy of 94.40 %, highlighting their potential value in TMD diagnosis. The findings demonstrate that advanced kinematic analysis can provide valuable insights into TMJ biomechanics, enhancing the accuracy of TMD diagnosis and supporting individualized patient management. Incorporating kinematic assessments may facilitate earlier and more precise interventions for patients with TMD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 112849"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carboxymethyl chitosan microneedles patch with tunable stiffness regulates wound scar-free repair","authors":"Danli Chen ,&nbsp;Lei Sun ,&nbsp;Jiangxue Wang ,&nbsp;Ping Li ,&nbsp;Sen Hou ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Xufeng Niu ,&nbsp;Yubo Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of microneedles (MNs) as a mechanotherapy strategy to modulate mechanical microenvironment of wounds has garnered increasing attention. However, the influence of mechanical properties of MNs on wound healing and fibrosis remains underexplored. In this study, we developed a MNs patch composed of genipin cross-linked carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and investigated relationship between variations in MN patch stiffness and their efficacy in promoting wound healing and inhibiting fibrosis. To assess mechanical environment improvement, we constructed a finite element model of MNs patch-closed wounds. The results revealed that stiff MNs patch better reduced wound area but also elevated stress in <em>peri</em>-wound area. Via <em>in vivo</em> experiments and co-culture experiments with fibroblasts, we confirmed that stiff MNs patch accelerated wound closure rate (3.55 × 10⁻² ± 8.81 × 10⁻³) than soft MNs patch (5.38 × 10⁻² ± 3.68 × 10⁻³, <em>p =</em> 0.029), but promoted fibroblast proliferation (8.70 × 10⁻¹ ± 9.32 × 10⁻² for stiff MNs and 6.60 × 10⁻² ± 2.28 × 10⁻³ for soft MNs, <em>p &lt;</em> 0.0001) and myofibroblast differentiation (0.58 ± 6.85 × 10⁻³ for stiff MNs and 0.44 ± 1.14 × 10⁻² for soft MNs, <em>p &lt;</em> 0.0001), contributing to fibrosis. In contrast, soft MNs patch facilitated scar-free repair. In conclusion, MNs patches promote wound healing, stiffer MNs patches are more effective during initial stages of wound healing, whereas softer patches are preferable for minimizing fibrosis in later stages. These findings underscore that MNs’ mechanical properties must be carefully tailored to balance early-stage repair efficacy with long-term goal of scar-free healing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 112846"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding upper limbs in-water force in young swimmers with Statistical Parametric Mapping analysis","authors":"Catarina C. Santos ,&nbsp;Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro ,&nbsp;Diogo Martinho ,&nbsp;Francisco A. Ferreira ,&nbsp;Daniel A. Marinho ,&nbsp;Mário J. Costa","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aimed to compare swimmers’ in-water force according to swimming performance tiers within the same age group and compare the dominant and non-dominant upper limbs within the same tier throughout continuous and discrete analyses. Fifty-two young swimmers (girls and boys: 12.13 ± 0.71 years) were split up into two tiers based on the mean speed: Tier-1 (n = 28), low-tier; and Tier-2 (n = 24), top-tier. In-water forces of upper limbs were assessed with a differential pressure system composed of two hand sensors during 25 m front crawl swimming. Force-time curves of the underwater paths and the mean peak force (FPEAK, N) were considered for further analysis using discrete and continuous analyses (Statistical Parametric Mapping, SPM). Results showed that top-tier swimmers applied greater in-water forces in front crawl (∼61 N) when compared to the low-tier (∼51 N). With SPM, differences were found between 64–74 % and ∼60–90 % of the underwater path of the stroke cycle for the dominant and non-dominant upper limb, respectively. Both upper limbs appear to apply a similar in-water force (p &gt; 0.05), regardless of the performance tier. Therefore, swimmers within the same age group differ in the upper limbs applied in-water force during the front crawl. The SPM analysis seems to provide more insights into the applied force during the hand path,as it allows identifying differences according to the underwater phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 112847"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biplanar radiography for in-vivo assessment of six degrees of freedom glenohumeral kinematics in shoulder osteoarthritis: an intra- and inter-observer reliability study","authors":"Nazanin Daneshvarhashjin ,&nbsp;Philippe Debeer ,&nbsp;Michael S. Andersen ,&nbsp;Filip Verhaegen ,&nbsp;Lennart Scheys","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glenohumeral osteoarthritis affects glenohumeral kinematics, but these changes in functional arm positions during upright-standing remain poorly documented. We aimed to explore the use of a biplanar radiography-based methodology for semi-static three-dimensional reconstructions of six degrees of freedom glenohumeral kinematics and to document its reliability for patients with osteoarthritis. Using computed tomography images of ten patinets with glenohumeral osteoarthritis, three-dimensional models of the humerus and scapula were reconstructed, and their anatomic coordinate systems were defined. Subjects underwent low-dose biplanar radiography in eight functional arm positions: relaxed standing, 45 degrees of extension, 45, 90, and 120 degrees of flexion (45F, 90F, and 120F), and abduction (45AB, 90AB, and 120AB). Two raters, with one performing a repeated measurement, used custom-software to register the three-dimensional models to biplanar image pairs for each arm position and measure the corresponding semi-static glenohumeral kinematics. Based hereon, inter- and intra-observer reliability was assessed. Our results show that translational kinematics can be measured with moderate to excellent reliability across all arm poses except for 120F and 120AB. Caution should be taken when reconstructing the joint in 90F and 90AB, as the low ICC confidence intervals indicate the need for additional attention and further observer training. Furthermore, three-dimensional glenohumeral translations were more reliable than rotations with an average ICC of 0.77 compared to 0.62, respectively. Particularly, glenohumeral internal/external rotation proved to have poor reliability. The outcomes highlight the importance of reliability assessment in patients with osteoarthritis and support future research on integrating functional measurements into total shoulder arthroplasty preoperative planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 112845"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of patellofemoral joint stress in females who have undergone ACL reconstruction: Implications for early onset osteoarthritis","authors":"Thomas Demirjian ,&nbsp;Richard Souza ,&nbsp;Susan Sigward ,&nbsp;John Crues ,&nbsp;Christopher Powers","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abnormal patellofemoral joint (PFJ) stress (defined as the PFJ reaction force divided by the PFJ contact area) may be contributory to early-onset PFJ osteoarthritis in persons who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr). Using a model of the PFJ that takes into consideration subject-specific contact area, the purpose of this study was to compare peak PFJ stress during functional tasks between females who have undergone ACLr and healthy controls. It was hypothesized that persons post-ACLr would exhibit higher peak PFJ stress during walking, running, and drop landing tasks and that increased PFJ stress would be driven primarily by reduced PFJ contact area. Forty female athletes between the ages of 18–35 who participated in field or court sports participated. Twenty had previously undergone ACLr during the last 6–12 months and 20 were matched to healthy controls. Participants completed two phases of data collection: 1) loaded MRI assessment of the PFJ (35 % bwt) to quantify contact area, and 2) biomechanical assessment of walking, running and a single leg drop land task. A previously described subject-specific model of the PFJ was used to calculate PFJ stress. Peak PFJ stress did not differ between females post-ACLr and healthy controls across tasks. Lower PFJ reaction forces at the time of peak stress were observed in the ACLr group for each task, however this was offset by significantly lower utilized PFJ contact area. Large variability in peak stress was observed in the ACLr group suggesting that a subset of individuals may be at risk of overloading of the PFJ.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 112844"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of diverse active human models for simulating stochastic occupant responses during pre-crash vehicle maneuvers","authors":"Sujata Khandare ,&nbsp;Yang-Shen Lin ,&nbsp;Kyle Boyle ,&nbsp;Matthew Reed ,&nbsp;Jingwen Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Occupant kinematics in abrupt vehicle maneuvers are highly variable, yet previous active human body models provided only deterministic predictions for a limited range of body sizes. This study bridges the gap by developing and validating an efficient tool capable of stochastic predictions, thereby capturing behavioral variability across diverse occupant characteristics during pre-crash maneuvers.</div><div>A computationally efficient version of the midsize male GHBMC simplified model (GHBMCsi-pre) was first developed by rigidizing non-deformable body components in vehicle maneuvers while preserving key geometric and joint configurations. Closed-loop proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers were implemented at key joints to simulate active muscle responses. Twelve parametric models were then generated by morphing GHBMCsi-pre to represent diverse occupant characteristics (age, stature, and BMI). The models were validated against subject test data under abrupt braking and turn-and-brake maneuvers from a previous study.</div><div>Results showed that age and BMI significantly affect head excursions, with older and higher BMI occupants exhibiting smaller excursions, likely due to behavioral adaptations. The parametric models accurately captured occupant variability, covering the full range of corridors for subject-tested head excursions without requiring stiffness adjustments for stature. The developed GHBMCsi-pre model also reduced computational time by 80% compared to the original GHBMC model, making it feasible for long-duration pre-crash simulations.</div><div>This study presents a robust and scalable tool for simulating diverse occupant responses during pre-crash scenarios with stochastic predictions, supporting the design and development of adaptive safety systems. Further work is needed to better understand age and BMI effects on pre-crash occupant kinematics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 112835"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}